IA

Report 2164

0 SILICONE BRAKE FLUIDS: TWO-YEAR FIELD TEST

4 -0

0 January 1976

Approved for publi relearns dihution noliled.

U.S. ARMY MOBILITY EQUIPMENTRESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMAND

FORT BELVOIR, VIRGINIA

Destroy this report when no longer needed.Do not return it to the originator.

The citation in this report of trade names of commercially available productsdoes not constitute official endorsement or approval of the use of such products.

i V

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE eWmtm, 000 Mnfte. 0________________

RIIO EORT DOUMENS: TON ARE TESTCMLEINFR

A.MONITORN NYNAUMBERRS(1 df~mi GOTm CE SSIfdONce k 5 SECUIPETS CALAS ( NUlM EoR)

I. SUPTLEMETR N -01 OTES -- E, OEE

Fieldl Test

SICONvEnto BRAKE FLUIDSTWYERVFDIS*

20. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 8 CONTRACT ONnftu GRAN reae i. fme.em i ietiybyboc ..

Provin Gond rcatYP~~G, rizoatdor onet year at theK ArtcTs Ietr(TC ort

ATTeNey Alaska.F Afte rmoyr Mobriat the TT and YPGtheaterintlrnslcnfluisere snificatlyete thmand Fth waerolran siicn and6 thW ovnioark

(Continued)e

SECURITY S. CLSS CAI 1 CTION/ DA O WNGR AfDINGee

ral.>~ Reprt

ViN(:LASSI FlEDS9CUMNY CLASSFICATION OF THIS OASR3t6 Die Xnuui.

(Block 20) Cont'd)

-,Did with respect to metal corrosion. At ATC, tests on the two water intolerant silicone fluidswere discontinued because of possible (crystallization at low temperatures and were replacedmidway through the first year with fluids having improved low-temperature properties Thesefluids were superior to the N11-11013910 arctic brake fluid after one year's service.

UNCLASSIFIED3WCUftITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGtUMu~ Dae E BlIreO

CONTENTS

Section Title Pg

I INTROI)UCTIONI

Ii DETAILS OF TEST 2

IIIDISC:USSION 2

IV C0N(;IUSIONS 26

iION .-- w-j:

nLUTAINFigure;Page Title Page

I T,.~ pical Set of Cylinders after 2 Years' Operation at T FTC

with) VV-11-68ran F lui o27

2 Typical Set of Cylinders after 2 Years' Operation at TT;with Water-Tnolerant Silicone 2

3 Typical Set oif Cylinders after 2 Year'Operation at TTCwil)th MIL-ll3'u1 Slidon 33

4 Typical Set of Cylinders after 1 Year'Operation at YTC

with Water-Intolerant Silicone- 34

Table Tae-olrn itle Pag

PaialtofClnesaae Ispetion 3-rain8t

8TpclStoCynesafe Inpeion Opeat-21tA

3 Alaska Inspection 22-25

iv

SILICO)NE BRKAKE~ FLUIDS: T'WO-YEAR FIILl)'TEST

1. lNTIO1) 1 (lI 0N

''the Arrinv uscs three h pes ot' autoniotl~- hy'draulic fluids. TIheise are covered lb%Sei icains V V -11-68(1, *Iirake- Fluid,.%it toinoti'%c,'' for operations ranging from plus

55'C to innti? 3C; MI - l-I 139) 10. Iv drauifi Fluuld, polar TN pe. Au tomhotive, AllVi iather. I'or operation to inwiu 55'.~( and M1L -P-4l60416. -Preser~ati~v Fluid, Aulto-

inoti~v Btrake- Systemn and ( oinpoinents. ifor brake systein., of' vehijcles li storage and asa packaging fluid for wheel and miaster cylfinders.

[it I1967. because of the success of silicone fluids iii hyd raulic applications, makersof these fluids became interested lin developing a single all-purpose lid to overcomethe# water -wnsitiv~ih~ of current fluidIs as well as to p~rovidet all-weather and] preservativeprope-rties. The producers were encouraged to develop) such a fluid since it wouldreduce miaintenane and] logistics costs substantially by providing increased brake sys-

tein rliabOfl5t eiintn the nieed to change fluids for CONU(S, Arctic, or storageconitins.aiit replacing the( three existing fluids with one-. D~uring the next three

Nears, dieficiencies such as poor lubrication properties and rubiber Incompatibilitywhichi shiowed up in laboratory testin wrlesndy(t-e incorporation of small

amounts of additives to the fluidls. Laboratory evaluation, including stroking testsbased on SAE specitications and storage tests for packaging and preservative properties,estaldislied that a silicone fluid could bx- formnulawcd tu pros ide heavy-duty and arctic-type performance and the preservative properties required by the current brake fluidsand packaging fluid. The remaining question of suitability under all operating condi-tions required the( cond~uct of a field test. During March and April 1973, therefore.tests were initiated( to obtain experience with silicone! fluids in operational vehicles

Three silicone- fluids (two water-intolerant and one water-tolerant) and a conven-tional specification fluid were installed in the brake systems of vehicles operated byArni> units in three areas representing climatic extremes: tropical (Tropic Test Center,Panama Canal Zone); extreme cold (Arctic Test C;enter. Fort Greeley, Alaska); ariddesert (Yuma Proving (;round, A.rizona).

The first year inspection was covered in USAMERDC Report 2132.* This por-tion of the test showed that the silicone brake fluids will equal or exceed the perfor-mance obtained from current specification fluids. The most significant improvementwas found in Panama where nume-rous malfunctions due to corrosion occurred withbrake syste~1s using the specification fluid. There were no malfunctions with the sili-cone brake fluids.

james It. C:onley, Robert jamison, and Charles Il. Jordan, "Siliconie Brake Fluids: One-Year Field Test,"USAMERDC Repo"t 2132. AD A012849 (Feb 75).

Iii )~ ini a the genteral jcPearaii'. of flit. S' steniiW*Ij wi li sitne flUid& wa.. oiIle-

Shat better than tim-- w ith the coeln'.iii ocal flltI.S. I lowver. noc mialfuncetions~tituirreeI %.hlch Avrc attribuctabcle to tlc, flldtl.

lic ,ainc idtuatim4i held true for thc kla~skaic portion of* the tve't m lwrt the per-foriacice of the systen which was opieratedi with the silicon(- lciid for one- year was4coniparabie to I hose systviiis W% ti the spJ4(ifieiltiofl fluid.

This report con tainis tbe final resutjlt, of the tv~ o~-,ear field test of silicone brakeflids oiperaitinig at T'l( and Y P( and I he one-Near test ot two low-tern perature fluidsoe~rating at A.vr

11. iDl-TAILS OF Tl1s'r

Tlhiree siliconie fluid,, (two water-intolerant an(] otie water-tolerant) and a conl-%eiitional specifiration fluidl (V V -B680) were used in Panama and Yumna. These. sili-cones were used iicitiall% in \laska. lestinig on tile water-int~1erant. fluids was dis-c-ontinuedl idw a% through the teAt, lie~ever, because of possible crystallization atteniperatures below ininius 46'C (5f 0 '), aiid two new silicones with improved low-temiperature properties were substituited aii(l compared to) coniventional NIIL-l 1-13910arctic b~rake fluide.

For these tests, new brake cylincder sets were packaged with fluid in the labora-ton. and shipped with new brake hoses to the appropriate area for installation on\1 15 1, "4-tori cargo vehicles and NI 715. I'/4-ton vehicles. After one year, half thecylinders from Paniama and Yumia were torn (]owui on sitce and examined for conditionI of the mectal parts and rubber compoundls atiol for appearance of the fluid. Samples ofthe fluids were sent back to the laboratory. The cylinders were then reinstalled andhrouight back to level with fresh fluid, and the vehicles were returned to operationl.I Cylinders of the other vehicles were left undisturbed. After two years' operation allcylindlers, hoses, anol samples of the fluid were returned to the laboratory for finale~valuation. In Alaska, all cvlinders were returned for examination after one vear'soperation. In addition to visual examination of the fluids, water pick-up wasdetermined 1y the Karl Fisher Method.

1l1. DISCUSSION

In Panama (Table! 1), three oif the four vehicles using the VV-13-680 fluid com-pleted the second year of operation without a brake malfunction (numerous failuresoccurred duing the first year) even though the cylinders were severely corroded. TIhe

* fourth vehicle was reported missing in February 1975, and no data are available.* During examination of the brake parts, a srong odor of gasoline and swelling of the

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sccmlar cup? V.erv noted il it-e mascr r ivliinler, fromn the . Iw P' 4-IAfl %iiic~ic..

a dir picup iti i fltuid rahigeh from 2.5 to 15 perctit.

lThe vIise usilg" thle silicone fluid.-, onltinlued to operate trouble free during the(

sec4ond y'ear. The ' liie l4Mwith thfle I nioul Carbide ( L T*( ) aiii I)ow C:ornting (D..( )".ater-Inl ~eraul t flids i'vere sautjsfactiry', %]it tite. latter shuowing a tenidenicy to stainait have mlgtl ore corrosionl of ite tat parts. The cylinders with the GeneralElectric (( F.) %.ater-toleranut fluid 5Iuo% tc onsjderablN' more corrosion than those".ithI othler silicone fluids but %c re still siustantially better thlan those V.ith the( V V -I-651(0 fluid. Thie odor of gasoline and swelling of the secondary -up Ii the nmastercylfinder were also nioted iii thet I Y4-t oi vehuices using the I .C. anld D.C. fluids. It was5nuot preseint in the vehticles using the ; I fluid. The rubber cups had a slight-to-

moderate scoring and scuffing with all tile fluids undter test.

Ilil din uvestigationl to dletermuine tile- causev for the gasoline odlor ill the( miaster

C% lirlders of ,oine of the I /4-toll vehicles, test personnel learned from TTlC personlnelthlat tlue- affected vehicles luad been eq~uiipped with deep water fording kits. These kits

verlt the( master cyvlindler into the( air breather whichu, in turn, allows gasoline vapors toenter thbc master cN.liniler anil cause the( rubber cup swelling that was notedl.

AI Yulna Proving G;round, Arizona, all vehicles except one containing Ui.C. sili-cone fluid completedl the second year of operation without a brake malfunction.Those brake parts were discarded inadIvertently and the cause of malfunction could notbe determined. Fluid performance was comparable to the Panama portion of the test.Visual inspection andl pertinent data are shown in Table 2.I ~ At Fort G;reeley, Alaska, the vehicle containing NllL-lI1-139 10, Arctic Brake Fluid,showed heavy corrosion of the wheel cylinders and scoring of the pistons. All thevehicles with the water-intolerant silicones gave comparable results, showing only slightstain of the cylinders and, with the exception of one vehicle using the D.C. fluid,showed no piston scoring (Table 3).

Photographs illustrating representative cylinders from each climatic area areshown in Figures I through 8.

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IV. (;ON(:LL.StNS

'[lis program has shio%u that silicone b~rake fluid will equal or exceed fte per-torniaiice obtaiiiet fromt current specification fluids in conventional hydraulic brakesystems. The water-intoleratit silicones show considerably less corrosion titan eitherflit- con'.ntiouial fluids or fte- water-tolerant silicone fluid after the two-year period.After onec year in fte arctic, both fte water-Intolerant and flit! water-tolerant siliconeswere coinparabile iii perfornmance.

Basedl on this study and previous laboratory evaluations, silicone brake fluids havedlemonstrated their potential for uts( in the bulk of fte Army fleet, which is composedof vehicles under I10,000) pounds gross weight aiid equipped with conventional hy-draulic brake systems.

During this test period, however, laboratory tests conducted by a brake partsmanufacturer indicated a potential problem with silicone fluids in vacuum over hydrau-lie brake systems used on vehicles of over 10,000 pounds gross weight. Since the Armyfleet includes vehicles with this type of hydraulic brake system, further studies and

tests are being conducted to resolve the problem.

Thue swelling of the rubber cups in the master cylinders of vehicles equipped withthe deep-water fording kit can produce brake system failures regardless of thle fluidused.

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DISTRIBUTION FOR MERAIJCOM REPORT 2164

No. Copies Addressee No. Copies Addressee

Departoment of D~efense I D irectorArnmy Materials an(] Mechanics

I Director, Techn Iical InfIormIatio n Re~search (.en terI e fenise Advanced Re-search A'f N: lIXMR I-ST I,

Projects Agency Technical Library1400 Wilson B~lvdI Watertown, MA 02172

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ATTN: SAREA-TS-LDepartment of the Army Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD)

2101046 CommaunderwUS Army Materiel D~evelopmnent I Commander

and Readiness Command US Army Aberdeen Proving GroundAXTTN: 1)RCRI)-WB I)ll RI)-T AXTTN: SWEAP-NIT-U

l)RCRI)-( 1)RCRI)-F (GE Branch)DRCRDG DRCD-FPAberdeen Proving Ground, MID

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1 DirectorI Commander, 11Q TRAI)OC US Army Materiel Systems

ATTN: ATEN-ME Analysis AgencyFort Monroe, VA 23651 ATTN: DRXSY-CMI

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Commander Learning Resources Center

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and ServicesArmy Energy Office I CommanderRoom 1t)570 Frankford ArsenalWashington, I)C 20310 ATTN: SARFA-PDC

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36

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I Commander Department of the NavyUS Army Tank-Automotive

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Commander I Commander, Naval FacilitiesUS Army Tropic Test Center Engineering CommandATTN: STETC-TD-P Department of the NavyAPO New York 09827 ATTN: Code 032-A

200 Stovall StMERADCOM Alexandria, VA 22332

Commander 1 US Naval Oceanographic OfficeTechnical l)irector Library (Code 1600Assoc Tech Director (R&D) Washington, DC 20373Assoc Tech Director (Engr & Acq)Assoc Tech Director (Marl Asmt) 1 Officer-in-Charge (Code L31)Assoc Tech Director (Tech Asmt) Civil Engineering LaboratoryCIRCULATE Naval Construction Battalion

CenterChief, Lab 1000 Port Ilueneme, CA 93043Chief, Lab 3000Chief, Lab 4000 1 DirectorChief, Lab 5000 Earth Physics ProgramChief, Lab 6000 Code 463Chief, Lab 7000 Office of Naval ResearchChief, Lab 8000 Arlington, VA 22217Chief, Lab 9000Chief, Tech & Res Spt Ofc I CommanderCIRCULATE Naval Air Development Center

Code 302125 Lab 2000 Warminster, PA 18974

30 Fuels & Lubricants Div 1 CommanderNaval Ship Research and

2 Tech Reports Ofc Development CenterCode 2831

3 Security Ofc Annapolis LaboratoryAnnapolis, MD

2 Tech Documents Ctr

I CommanderI Requirements & Programs Office Naval Ship Research and

Development CenterI Information Ofc ATTN: Technical Library

Annapolis, MDI Legal Ofc

37

No. Copies Addressee

Department of the Air Force

IIQ USAF/RDPS (Mr. Allan Eaffy)Washington, DC 20330

Mr. William J. EngleChief, Utilities Branch[iQ IISAF/IPREEUWashington, D)C 20332

AFSC/INJAndrews AFB, MD 20334

1 OL-AA AFCEC/DEZKirtland AFB, NM 87117

I AFCEC/XR/21Tyndall AFB, FL 32401

I iIQ USAF/PREESATTN: Mr. Edwin B. MixonBoiling AFB-Bldg 626Washington, DC 20332

1, AFAPL/SFLWright-Patterson AFB, Oil 45433

ASD/ENCSPWright-Patterson AFB, OIl 45433

AFAPL/MBTWright-Patterson AFB, Oil 45433

Others

Professor Raymond R. FoxSchool of Engineering and Applied

ScienceThe George Washington UniversityWashington, DC 20052

Reliability Analysis CenterRome Air Development CenterATTN: I. L. Krulac(;riffiss AFB, NY 13441

Department of TransportationLibrary, FOB 10A, TAD494.6800 Independence Ave., SWWashington, DC 20591

38

2 3 4 67.81S- AG-Ft Belvoir