, n n o f B o y t i s r e v i n , U e t u t i t s n l I a ... · F o r m a M l t h e i c s n d M a...
Transcript of , n n o f B o y t i s r e v i n , U e t u t i t s n l I a ... · F o r m a M l t h e i c s n d M a...
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FormalMathematicsandMathematicalPracticePeterKoepke,MathematicalInstitute,UniversityofBonn,Germany14thCongressofLogic,Methodology,andPhilosophyofScienceSpecialSymposium:MathematicsandtheNewTechnologiesNancy,July22,2011
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Pe ter Koepke : F orm a l M a them atics and M a them atic a l P ra ct ic e , N ancy , Ju ly 22, 2011Formalmathematics1. Formalmathematicshasbecomeanestablishedresearcharea.2. Formalmathematicsisalreadycoveringsubstantialmathematicalresults.3. Formalmathematicsisbeginningtointeractwithresearchmathematics.4. Formalmathematicscouldbecomepartofmathematicalpractice.5. Theacceptanceof formalmathematicsinmathematical practicewill dependonthenaturalnessofitsuse.6. Thenaturalnessofformalmathematicscanbeincreasedconsiderably.7. Formalmathematicswillbecomeaneverydaytoolinmathematicalpractice(?)
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Pe ter Koepke : F orm a l M a them atics and M a them atic a l P ra ct ic e , N ancy , Ju ly 22, 2011FoundationsofformalmathematicsKurtGodelÈ :UberÈ formalunentscheidbareSatzeÈ derPrincipiaMathematicaundverwandterSystemeI.DieEntwicklungderMathematikinderRichtungzugroûererÈ ExaktheithatbekanntlichdazugefuhrtÈ ,daûweiteGebietevonihrformalisiertwurden,inderArt,daûdasBeweisennacheinigenwenigenmechanischenRegelnvollzogenwerdenkann.DieumfassendstenderzeitaufgestelltenformalenSystemesinddasSystemderPrincipiaMathematica(PM)einerseits,dasZermelo-Fraenkelsche(vonJ.v.Neumannweiterausgebildete)Axiomen-systemderMengenlehreandererseits.DiesebeidenSystemesindsoweit,daûalleheuteinderMathematikangewendetenBeweismethodeninihnenformalisiert,d.h.aufeinigewenigeAxiomeundSchluûregelnzuruckgefuhrtÈ Èsind.
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Pe ter Koepke : F orm a l M a them atics and M a them atic a l P ra ct ic e , N ancy , Ju ly 22, 2011FoundationsofformalmathematicsKurtGodelÈ :UberÈ formalunentscheidbareSatzeÈ derPrincipiaMathematicaundverwandterSystemeI.Asiswell-knownthedevelopmentofmathematicstowardsgreaterexact-nesshasleadtothepointthatlargeareaswereformalisedinawaythatproofscanbecarriedoutaccordingtoasmallnumberofmechanicalrules.[...]Thesetwosystemsaresufficientlydevelopedsothatallproofmethodscurrentlyappliedinmathematicscanbeformalisedinthem,[...].
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Pe ter Koepke : F orm a l M a them atics and M a them atic a l P ra ct ic e , N ancy , Ju ly 22, 2011FoundationsofformalmathematicsKurtGodelÈ :UberÈ formalunentscheidbareSatzeÈ derPrincipiaMathematicaundverwandterSystemeI.Asiswell-knownthedevelopmentofmathematicstowardsgreaterexact-nesshasleadtothepointthatlargeareaswereformalisedinawaythatproofscanbecarriedoutaccordingtoasmallnumberofmechanicalrules.[...]Thesetwosystemsaresufficientlydevelopedsothatallproofmethodscurrentlyappliedinmathematicscanbeformalisedinthem,[...].
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Pe ter Koepke : F orm a l M a them atics and M a them atic a l P ra ct ic e , N ancy , Ju ly 22, 2011Foundationsof formalmathematics:modelingmathe-maticsbymathematicallogicMathematics MathematicallogicLanguage-basicnotions symbols -Syntaxstatements formulasproofs formalderivations(⊢)↔Ontology- structures sets,relations,etc -Settheoretictruth satisfactionrelation semanticsimplication logicalimplication(�)...
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Pe ter Koepke : F orm a l M a them atics and M a them atic a l P ra ct ic e , N ancy , Ju ly 22, 2011Foundationsof formalmathematics:modelingmathe-maticsbyformallogic
− excellentagreementbetweenontologyandsemantics:agroupisasetsuchthat...− completeagreementbetweensyntaxandsemantics:GodelÈ completenesstheorem:⊢ = �
− hence:everyproofcanbereplacedbyaformalderiva-tion− formalmathematics:toactuallyproduceformalderiva-tionsfrominformalproofs
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Pe ter Koepke : F orm a l M a them atics and M a them atic a l P ra ct ic e , N ancy , Ju ly 22, 2011OnthefeasabilityofformalmathematicsN.Bourbaki:[...]suchaprojectisabsolutelyunrealizable:thetiniestproofatthebeginningsoftheTheoryofSetswouldalreadyrequireseveralhundredsofsignsforitscompleteformalization.[...]formalizedmathematicscannotinpracticebewrittendowninfull,[...]J.McCarthy:Proofstobecheckedbycomputermaybebrieferandeasiertowritethantheinformalproofsacceptabletomathematicians.Thisisbecausethecomputercanbeaskedtodomuchmoreworktocheckeachstepthanahumaniswillingtodo,andthispermitslongerandfewersteps.
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Pe ter Koepke : F orm a l M a them atics and M a them atic a l P ra ct ic e , N ancy , Ju ly 22, 2011Thedevelopmentofformalmathematicssystems− Automath,deBruijn,~1967− Mizar,Trybulec,~1973− Isabelle/Isar,Paulson,Nipkow,Wenzel,~2002− Coq
− HOLLight,Harrison− manyothersystems
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Pe ter Koepke : F orm a l M a them atics and M a them atic a l P ra ct ic e , N ancy , Ju ly 22, 2011SubstantialmathematicsinAutomathvanBenthemJutting,1977CheckingEdmundLandau,GrundlagenderAnalysis
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Pe ter Koepke : F orm a l M a them atics and M a them atic a l P ra ct ic e , N ancy , Ju ly 22, 2011SubstantialmathematicsinMizarBanachFixedPointTheoremforcompactspaces,theBrouwerFixedPoint Theorem, theBirkhoff VarietyTheoremformanysortedalgebras,Fermat'sLittleTheorem,theFunda-mentalTheoremofAlgebra, theFundamentalTheoremofArithmetic, theGodelÈ CompletenessTheorem, theHahn-BanachTheoremforcomplexandrealspaces,theJordanCurveTheoremforspecialpolygons,..............
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Pe ter Koepke : F orm a l M a them atics and M a them atic a l P ra ct ic e , N ancy , Ju ly 22, 2011SubstantialmathematicsinIsabelle/Isarlargest...istheformalizationofGodelÈ 'sproofoftherelativeconsistencyoftheaxiomofchoice
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Pe ter Koepke : F orm a l M a them atics and M a them atic a l P ra ct ic e , N ancy , Ju ly 22, 2011SubstantialmathematicsinCoqFundamentalTheoremofAlgebrabyHermanGeuvers,FreekWiedijk,JanZwanenburg,RandyPollack,HenkBarendregtProofofBuchberger'salgorithmbyLaurentThery,HenrikPersson...
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Pe ter Koepke : F orm a l M a them atics and M a them atic a l P ra ct ic e , N ancy , Ju ly 22, 2011SubstantialmathematicsinHOLLightFundamental theoremofcalculus, fundamental theoremofalgebra,inversefunctiontheorem,Brouwer'sfixpointtheorem,Jordancurvetheorem,compactnessandLowenheimÈ -Skolemtheorem,GodelÈ 'sfirstincompletenesstheorem,...
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Pe ter Koepke : F orm a l M a them atics and M a them atic a l P ra ct ic e , N ancy , Ju ly 22, 2011BigtheoremsinIsabelle/IsarPrimeNumberTheorem,elementaryproof,byJ.Avigadetal.
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Pe ter Koepke : F orm a l M a them atics and M a them atic a l P ra ct ic e , N ancy , Ju ly 22, 2011BigtheoremsinHOLLightPrimeNumberTheorem,analyticalproof,byJ.Harrison
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Pe ter Koepke : F orm a l M a them atics and M a them atic a l P ra ct ic e , N ancy , Ju ly 22, 2011BigtheoremsinCoqFourColourTheorem,byG.Gonthier
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Pe ter Koepke : F orm a l M a them atics and M a them atic a l P ra ct ic e , N ancy , Ju ly 22, 2011TheflyspeckprojectFormalproofoftheKeplerconjecture(T.Halesetal.),usingvarioussystems.
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Pe ter Koepke : F orm a l M a them atics and M a them atic a l P ra ct ic e , N ancy , Ju ly 22, 2011Whyisformalmathematicsnotyetwidelyused?− Wiedijk:TheotherreasonthattherehasnotbeenmuchprogressonthevisionfromtheQEDmanifestoisthatcurrentlyformalizedmathematicsdoesnotresemblerealmathematicsatall.Formalproofslooklikecom-puterprogramsourcecode.− Sofar,formalmathematicsdoesnotfitcommonmathe-maticalpractice(s).
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Pe ter Koepke : F orm a l M a them atics and M a them atic a l P ra ct ic e , N ancy , Ju ly 22, 2011Naturalnessinformalmathematics− inputandoutputlanguagesandformats− userinterfaces
− logics
− backgroundtheories− automation− ...
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Pe ter Koepke : F orm a l M a them atics and M a them atic a l P ra ct ic e , N ancy , Ju ly 22, 2011Naturallanguage
− mathematicallanguage=naturallanguage+formulas− usecomputationallinguisticstoparseinputlanguage− formalgrammarsdefinecontrollednaturallanguagesformathematics− discourserepresentationtheorycanhandlemathemat-icaltextsasdiscourses(likestories)− usenaturallanguagetodescribe/steerCoqorHOLstyleproofs?
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Pe ter Koepke : F orm a l M a them atics and M a them atic a l P ra ct ic e , N ancy , Ju ly 22, 2011Userinterfaces
− useLATEX-stylelanguageformathematicaltypesetting− mergeexistingformal mathematicsinterfaceswithLATEXeditors− useLATEXqualitywysiwygeditorslikeTEXMACS
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Pe ter Koepke : F orm a l M a them atics and M a them atic a l P ra ct ic e , N ancy , Ju ly 22, 2011Logics
− classicallogic
− rich(dependent)typesystem− declarativeproofstyle− manyfiguresofproof/argumentation
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Pe ter Koepke : F orm a l M a them atics and M a them atic a l P ra ct ic e , N ancy , Ju ly 22, 2011Automation
− usestronggeneralorspecialpurposeautomaticthe-oremproverstoderivestatementsinproofsfrompre-cedingpremises− use``reasoner''modulesforstraightforwardinferencesandsubstitutions,beforeinvokingautomatictheoremprovers− premiseselectionaccordingtonaturallanguagecuesandtextstructure
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Pe ter Koepke : F orm a l M a them atics and M a them atic a l P ra ct ic e , N ancy , Ju ly 22, 2011TheSADproject:SystemforAutomatedDeduction− A.Lyaletski,A.Paskevich,K.Verchinine− ForTheL:FormulaTheoryLanguage,acombinationofcontrolledEnglishwithmathematicalnotation− Reasonerperforming``obvious''inferences− genericinterfacetofirst-orderprovers
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Pe ter Koepke : F orm a l M a them atics and M a them atic a l P ra ct ic e , N ancy , Ju ly 22, 2011TheSADproject:SystemforAutomatedDeductionTheoremMain.Forallnonzeronaturalnumbersn,m,pifp*(m*m)=(n*n)thenpiscompound.Proofbyinduction.Letn,m,pbenonzeronaturalnumbers.Assumethatp*(m*m)=(n*n).Assumethatpisprime.Hencepdividesn*nandpdividesn.Takeq=n/p.Thenm*m=p*(q*q).Indeedp*(m*m)=p*(p*(q*q)).m<n.Indeedn<=m=>n*n<=m*m.Hencepiscompound.qed.
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Pe ter Koepke : F orm a l M a them atics and M a them atic a l P ra ct ic e , N ancy , Ju ly 22, 2011TheNaprocheproject:Naturallanguageproofchecking− studiesthesyntaxandsemanticsofthelanguageofmathematicalproofs,emphasizingnaturallanguageandnaturalargumentation,relatingthemtoformalmathe-matics
− modelsnatural languageproofsusingcomputer-sup-portedmethodsofformallinguistics(naturallanguageprocessing) andformal logic (automatic theoremprovers)
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Pe ter Koepke : F orm a l M a them atics and M a them atic a l P ra ct ic e , N ancy , Ju ly 22, 2011E.Landau,GrundlagenderAnalysis,1930? Theorem30:Forallx, y, z , x ∗ (y + z) = (x ∗
y) + (x ∗ z).Proof:Fixx, y.x ∗ (y + 1) = x ∗ y ′ = x ∗ y +x= (x ∗ y) + (x ∗ 1).Nowsupposex ∗ (y + z) = (x ∗ y) + (x ∗ z).Thenx ∗ (y + z ′) = x ∗ ((y + z)′) = (x ∗ (y +z)) + x = ((x ∗ y) + (x ∗ z)) + x = (x ∗ y) +((x ∗ z) + x) = (x ∗ y)+ (x ∗ z ′).Thusbyinduction,forall z,x ∗ (y + z) = (x ∗y) + (x ∗ z).Qed.
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Pe ter Koepke : F orm a l M a them atics and M a them atic a l P ra ct ic e , N ancy , Ju ly 22, 2011CombiningSADwithnaturallanguageTheorem 1. (Fuerstenberg) Let S = {Arseq(0, r) |r is prime}. Then S is
infinite.
Proof. We have −⋃
S = {1,− 1}, indeed n belongs to⋃
S iff n has a primedivisor.
Assume that S is finite. Then⋃
S is closed and −⋃
S is open. Take p suchthat ArSeq(1, p)⊆−
⋃S.
Claim. ArSeq(1, p) has an element that does not belong to {1,− 1}.Proof . 1 + p and 1 − p are elements of ArSeq(1, p). 1 + p � 1 ∧ 1 − p � 1. 1 +p� − 1 ∨ 1− p� − 1. qed .
Contradiction. �
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Pe ter Koepke : F orm a l M a them atics and M a them atic a l P ra ct ic e , N ancy , Ju ly 22, 2011Outlook
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