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Transcript of Is protected by the skull and three tough membranes known as meninges The spaces between the brain...
The Human Brain
The Brain
Is protected by the skull and three tough membranes known as meninges
The spaces between the brain and the skull are filled with cerebrospinal fluid, which acts as a shock absorber.
A concussion occurs if the brain is severely shaken and bumps against the skull.
The Brain, cont’d
Is a gas guzzler - it comprises 2% of the total body weight, yet uses 25% of the oxygen taken in by the body.
Major Parts of the Brain
Cerebrum - largest part of the brain (2/3), which sets humans apart from other animals. It is divided into left and right
hemispheres The outer layer is called the cerebral
cortex and is made of gray matter; the inner layer is white matter
The cerebral cortex carries out sensory functions, as well as memory, learning and thought
Two Hemispheres of Cerebrum
(top view)
Cerebrum
Major Parts of the Brain
Cerebellum - found at the back of the brain It is also divided into left and right
hemispheres with gray matter on the outside and white matter inside.
It controls all voluntary movements and plays a major role in balance and coordination
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Major Parts of the Brain
Medulla Oblongata - found at the base of the brain, below the cerebellum It is made mainly of nerve fibers that
connect the spinal cord to other parts of the brain.
It controls many involuntary actions such as breathing, heartbeat, blood flow, and coughing.
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata
Major Parts of the Brain
Corpus Callosum - found in the center of the cerebrum It is a bundle of nerve fibers in the inner
white matter. It makes a bridge-like connection
between the two hemispheres of the cerebrum so that information can pass between the two halves.
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata
Corpus Callosum
Corpus Callosum
(bottom view)
Major Parts of the Brain
Pons - found just above the medulla oblongata It serves as a relay system, connecting
the spinal cord, medulla oblongata, cerebellum and cerebrum
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata
Corpus Callosum
Pons
Major Parts of the Brain
Hypothalamus - found in the center of the cerebrum It controls body temperature, thirst and
hunger, sleep, and emotions. It is associated with maintaining
homeostasis. It also plays a role in the functioning of
the endocrine system.Thalamus – coordinates and
interprets sensory information and directs it to the cerebrum
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata
Corpus Callosum
Pons
Hypo-thalamus
Thalamus
MaintainingHomeostasis
Major Parts of the Brain
Pituitary Gland - found below the hypothalamus. It is referred to as the master gland
because it controls all the other endocrine glands.
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata
Corpus Callosum
Pons
Hypo-thalamus
Pituitary Gland
Thalamus
Meet Phineas Gage
The year is 1848. Phineas Gage is 25 years old. He is quiet, hard-working and responsible. He has been promoted to foreman and he and his team are blasting through rock to lay a railroad in Vermont. The correct procedure for blasting is to put dynamite down the hole, pour in some sand, and pack it down with a tamping iron. The dynamite would then be lit from a safe distance to blast the rock. Phineas forgot the sand and a spark from the tamping iron caused an accidental explosion. This caused the 3 foot tamping iron to be propelled through the bottom of his left cheekbone and out the top of his head. It flew in an arc across the sky and landed 100 feet behind him.
The amazing thing is that after a few moments of being unconscious, Phineas was sitting up and talking to his coworkers!
Phineas was alive but he was not the same man. The once mild-mannered, well-liked man had turned into a man with a violent temper, who swore all the time. He lost his job on the RR and had a hard time holding down a job at all. He eventually went travelling with the circus and telling his story. He took the famous tamping iron with him. He died about 12 years later from epileptic convulsions.
His body was buried in 1860 but exhumed in 1867. His skull and the tamping iron are now on display at Harvard University’s School of Medicine.
The accident destroyed much of Phineas’ left frontal lobe. His was the first case to suggest that parts of the brain might affect personality and behavior.
Lobes of the Cerebrum