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Transcript of © Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade Homeroom Warm Up 2-28-14 List the 4 major layers of the...
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© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade
Homeroom Warm Up2-28-14
List the 4 major layers of the Earth from the hottest to the coolest. Also list at least one fact about each layer.
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© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade
Science Warm Up 2-28-14
Scientist theorize that the Atlantic Ocean is slowly increasing in width. Which is the best approximation of the rate at which lithospheric plates beneath the Atlantic Ocean are moving?
A. 2 millimeters per yearB. 2 centimeters per yearC. 2 meters per yearD. 2 kilometers per year
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© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade
Vocabulary WordsYou should be able to define all of the following words
1. Genes2. Genotype3. Phenotype4. Chromosome5. Inherited Trait6. Recessive Trait7. Dominant Trait8. Heredity9. Homozygous10. Heterozygous
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© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade
What is genetics?
• The scientific study of heredity
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© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade
copyright cmassengale
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Gregor Gregor MendelMendel
(1822-1884)(1822-1884)The Father The Father of Geneticsof Genetics
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© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade
Gregor Johann MendelGregor Johann MendelAustrian monkAustrian monkStudied the Studied the inheritanceinheritance of traits in of traits in pea plantspea plantsDeveloped the Developed the laws of laws of inheritanceinheritanceMendel's work was Mendel's work was not recognized until not recognized until the turn of thethe turn of the 20th 20th centurycentury
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© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade
Gregor Johann MendelGregor Johann Mendel
Between 1856 and Between 1856 and 1863, Mendel 1863, Mendel cultivated and tested cultivated and tested thousands of pea plantsthousands of pea plants
He found that the He found that the plants' offspring plants' offspring retained traits of the retained traits of the parentsparents
copyright cmassengale 7
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© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade
copyright cmassengale
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Mendel stated that Mendel stated that physical traits are physical traits are inherited as inherited as “particles”“particles”Mendel did not know Mendel did not know that the “particles” were that the “particles” were actually actually Chromosomes & Chromosomes & DNADNA
Particulate InheritanceParticulate Inheritance
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© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade
Why peas?Why peas?
Can be grown in a Can be grown in a small areasmall area Produce Produce lots of lots of offspring offspring Produce Produce purepure plants plants when allowed to when allowed to self-self-pollinatepollinate several several generations generations Can be Can be artificially artificially cross-pollinatedcross-pollinated
copyright cmassengale 9
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© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade
Mendel and His Peas
• Mendel tested 7 traits:1. Flower color2. Flower position3. Seed color4. Seed shape5. Pod shape6. Pod color7. Plant height
http://www.fieldmuseum.org/exhibits/traveling_mendel.htm
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© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade
Mendel and His Peas
• Mendel crossed flowers that were true-breeding for each characteristic.
• He crossed a purple (PP) flowered plant with a white (pp) flowered plant. (Parent Generation)
http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol114/KH_lecture_images/Mendel/Mendel.html
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© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade
Mendel and His Peas
• The first generation (F1) of plants all had purple flowers.
• Where did the white color go??
(Pp)
(Pp)
(Pp) (Pp)
Purple Parent (PP)
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© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade
Mendel and His Peas• Mendel took two of his
first generation (F1 x F1) purple flowered plants and crossed them together.
• In the second generation (F2) he had 3 purple flowered plants, and 1 white flowered plant.
(PP) (Pp)
(Pp) (pp)
Purple Parent (Pp)
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© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade
Mendel and His Peas
• Mendel noticed in the first generation, all of the white flowers seemed to disappear.
• He called this a recessive trait. • The white color faded into the
background at first. • It showed up in the next generation
when he pollinated the flowers.
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© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade
Mendel and His Peas
• The color (purple) that seemed to mask over the recessive color was named the dominant trait.
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© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade
Mendel and His Peas
• Mendel was responsible for figuring out that each plant carried two sets of instructions for each characteristic (one from the “mom” and one from the “dad”).
• Like many scientists, his work was not accepted until after his death.
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© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade
Let’s Review
1. If you crossed a true-breeding black rabbit with a true-breeding white rabbit, all of the offspring would be black. Which trait is dominant in rabbits: black fur or white fur?
2. Which trait is recessive?
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© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade
Answer
• The trait for black fur is dominant over the trait for white fur. The white fur trait is recessive.
http://www.buckeyevalleyfarms.freeservers.com/photo.html
(Bb)
(Bb)
(Bb) (Bb)
Black Rabbit (BB)
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© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade
Mendel and His Peas
Vocabulary1. Heredity- the passing of traits from parent
to offspring.2. Dominant trait- the trait observed when at
least one dominant allele for a characteristic is inherited
3. Recessive trait- a trait that is apparent only when two recessive alleles for the same characteristic are inherited
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© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade
Mendel and His Peas
4. Genes- a segment of DNA that carries hereditary instructions and is passed from parent to offspring. Genes are located on chromosomes.
5. Alleles- multiple forms of the same gene6. Genotype- an organisms inherited
combination of alleles7. Phenotype- an organisms inherited
appearance
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© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade
Probability• The likelihood of a
particular event occurring. Chance
• Can be expressed as a fraction or a percent.
• Example: coin flip.
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© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade
Punnett Square
• Developed by Reginald Punnett.
• A diagram used to show the probability or chances of a certain trait being passed from one generation to another.
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© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade
Reading Punnett squares
• Gametes are placed above and to the left of the square
• Offspring are placed in the square.• Capital letters (Y) represent dominant alleles.• Lower case letters (y) represent recessive
alleles.
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© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade
• Homozygous = when an organism possesses two identical alleles. ex.– YY or yy
• Heterozygous = when an organism possesses different alleles. ex.– Yy
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© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade
Phenotype vs genotype
• Genotype The genetic makeup Symbolized with letters Tt or TT
• Phenotype• Physical appearance of
the organism• Expression of the trait• Short, tall, yellow,
smooth, etc.
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© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade
Punnett square example
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© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade
More Practice2-28-14
Unit A : Chapter 1 : Section 1
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© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade
Punnett square review:
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© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade
Science Closure2-28-14
In a certain breed of dog, short hair (H) is dominant to long hair (h). A short-haired dog (Hh) is crossed with a long-haired dog (hh). A Punnett square of this cross is shown below. What is the probability that one of the puppies produced by these parents will have short hair?
A. 0%B. 25%C. 50%D.100%
Unit A : Chapter 1 : Section 1
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© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade
Science Closure2-27-14
The image shows a chromosome. What is located on the chromosome?
• A cells• B genes• C enzymes• D organelles