Z

: (behaviorism) (constructivism) ( (constructionism)) ( ) (activity theory) (distributed cognition) (situated cognition)

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(Skinner) (Piaget) (Crowder) Papert (constructionism) Vygotsky (Gagn) (Bruner) (situated cognition) ( ) (distributed cognition) (Varela, Maturana) ( Vygotsky)

(behaviorism) I. Pavlov J.B. Watson, E.L. Thorndike, B. F. Skinner

J. B. Watson, 1913 :

: B.F. Skinner

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( S-R Stimuli - Response)

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( ) :

(B.F. Skinner) , , (), , .

B. Skinner N. Crowder

(Computer Assisted Instruction) (multiple choice).

(Instructional Design) (Gagn)

. B. F. Skinner R. Gagn.

Gagn ,

(needs analysis): . : . : .

(cognitive) ,

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J. Piaget Piaget ( )

Piaget :

1. 2. 3. 4.

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1. 2. 3. (contexts) 4. 5. . 6. . 7.

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(discovery learning) - J. Bruner

Bruner : . ( ) (enactive representations) . (iconic representations) .

Bruner , ,

- L. Vygotsky . , . .

Z (zone of proximal development) . .

(activity theory) (activity systems), , : , , , , , , .

( - ) . , .

() .. , (heuristics), .. , ... , , .

Information Processing (cognitive psychology)

(information processing), (cognitive psychology) R. Gagn, A. Newell H. Simon.

(representation) . , .

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