© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where...

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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement • Articulations (joints) • Where two bones interconnect • Bones are relatively inflexible so joints are necessary to allow movement • Reflect compromise between need for strength versus need for mobility • Anatomical structure of each joint determines type and amount of movement possible

Transcript of © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where...

Page 1: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Section 1: Joint Design and Movement

• Articulations (joints)

• Where two bones interconnect

• Bones are relatively inflexible so joints are necessary to allow movement

• Reflect compromise between need for strength versus need for mobility

• Anatomical structure of each joint determines type and amount of movement possible

Page 2: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Section 1: Joint Design and Movement

• Three functional categories

1. Synarthrosis (no movement)

2. Amphiarthrosis (little movement)

3. Diarthrosis (free movement)

Page 3: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 8.1 1

The structure of synovial joints

Components of Synovial Joints

Articular cartilage

Joint capsule

Synovial fluid

Medullary cavity

Periosteum

Synovial membrane

Spongy bone of epiphysis

Compact bone

Synovial Joints

Page 4: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.1: Synovial joints

• Components of synovial joints

• Articular cartilages

• Slick and smooth, so reduce friction

• Are separated by thin film of synovial fluid

Page 5: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.1: Synovial joints

• Components of synovial joints (continued)

• Synovial fluid

• Similar in composition to ground substance in loose connective tissues

• Produced at the synovial membrane

Functions of synovial fluidLubricationNutrient distributionShock absorption

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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.1: Synovial joints

• Components of synovial joints (continued)

• Joint capsule

• Dense and fibrous

• Continuous with periosteum of each bone

Page 7: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 8.1 1

The structure of synovial joints

Components of Synovial Joints

Articular cartilage

Joint capsule

Synovial fluid

Medullary cavity

Periosteum

Synovial membrane

Spongy bone of epiphysis

Compact bone

Page 8: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.1: Synovial joints

• Accessory structures

• Provide support and additional stability

• Not all are included in every joint!

• Most are seen in the knee

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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.1: Synovial joints

• Accessory structures in knee

• Tendons

• Pass across joint

• Limit movement

• Provide mechanical support

• Bursa (a pouch)

• Small pocket filled with synovial fluid

• Often form in areas where tendon or ligament rubs against other tissues

• Reduce friction and act as shock absorbers

Page 10: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.1: Synovial joints

• Accessory structures in knee (continued)

• Fat pads

• Adipose tissue(aka:fat) covered by synovial membrane

• Protect articular cartilages

• Act as packing material for joint

• Meniscus (a crescent)

• Pad of fibrous cartilage between bones of synovial joint

• May subdivide joint cavity and affect fluid flow or allow variations in shapes of articular surfaces

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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.1: Synovial joints

• Accessory structures in knee (continued)

• Accessory ligaments

• Support, strengthen, and reinforce joint

• Intrinsic ligaments• Localized thickening of joint capsule

• Example: cruciate liagments of knee (ACL,MCL,PCL)

• Extrinsic ligaments• Separate from joint capsule

• May pass inside (intracapsular) or outside (extracapsular) the joint capsule

• Extracapsular example: patellar ligament

Page 12: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 8.1 3

Articularcartilage

Joint cavity

Joint capsule

Synovialmembrane

Patella

Tibia

Femur

Accessory Structures

Bursa

Fat pad

Meniscus

Extracapsular ligament

Intracapsular ligament

Tendon of the quadriceps muscles

Accessory structures of complex synovial joints,as seen in a diagrammatic view of asagittal section of the knee

Page 13: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.1: Synovial joints

• Mobility vs. strength in joints

• Greater range of motion = weaker joint

• Examples:• Synarthrosis (strongest type of joint, no movement)

• Diarthrosis (far weaker but broad range of motion)

• Dislocation (luxation)

• Movement beyond normal range of motion

• Articulating surfaces forced out of position

• Can damage joint structures

• No pain from inside joint but from nerves or surrounding structures

Page 14: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.1 Review

a. Define a joint dislocation (luxation).

b. Describe the components of a synovial joint, and identify the functions of each.

c. Why would improper circulation of synovial fluid lead to the degeneration of articular cartilages in the affected joint?

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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.2: Types of motion and structural types of synovial joints

• Types of motion permitted at synovial joints• Gliding

• Movement along two axes in one plane

• Angular motion• Movement along two axes in one plane with

additional change in angle

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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.2: Types of motion and structural types of synovial joints

• Types of motion permitted at synovial joints (continued)

• Circumduction• Special complex angular movement• Proximal end of bone remains fixed while distal end can

move in a circle (“trace circumference”)

• Rotation• Bone ends remain fixed and shaft rotates

Animation: Synovial Joints: Movement

Page 17: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 8.2 1 – 5

The general types of movement at synovial joints

Starting position

Gliding

Angular motion

Circumduction

Rotation

Page 18: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 8.2 6

Gliding joint

Hinge joint

Pivot joint

Ellipsoid joint

Saddle joint

Ball-and-socket joint

The anatomical types of synovial joints, with joint models and examples

Types of Synovial Joints Models of Joint Motion Examples

Manubrium

Clavicle

Ulna

Humerus

Atlas

Axis

Scaphoid bone

UlnaRadius

Metacarpal boneof thumb

Trapezium

Scapula

Humerus

• Acromioclavicular and claviculosternal joints• Intercarpal and intertarsal joints• Vertebrocostal joints• Sacro-iliac joints

• Elbow joints• Knee joints• Ankle joints• Interphalangeal joints

• Atlas/axis• Proximal radio-ulnar joints

• Radiocarpal joints• Metacarpophalangeal joints 2–5• Metatarsophalangeal joints

• First carpometacarpal joints

• Shoulder joints

• Hip joints

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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.2 Review

a. Identify the types of synovial joints based on the shapes of the articulating surfaces.

b. What type of synovial joint permits the widest range of motion?

c. Indicate the type of synovial joint for each of the following: shoulder, elbow, ankle, and thumb.

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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.3: Specific angular movements

• Flexion and extension

• Usually applied to movements of long bones of limbs but also axial skeleton

• Flexion

• Anterior/posterior movement that reduces angle between articulating elements• Lateral flexion

• Vertebral column bending to the side

• Dorsiflexion

• Flexion at ankle joint and elevation of sole

• Plantar flexion (planta, sole)

• Extension at ankle joint and elevation of heel

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Module 8.3: Specific angular movements

• Flexion and extension (continued)

• Extension

• Anterior/posterior movement that increases angle between articulating elements

• Hyperextension

• Extension past anatomical position

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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 8.3 1

Flexion and extension

Flexion

Extension

Hyperextension

Flexion

Extension

Flexion Hyperextension

Lateral flexion

Dorsiflexion(ankle flexion)

Plantar flexion(ankle extension)

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Module 8.3: Specific angular movements

• Abduction and Adduction

• Always refers to movements of appendicular skeleton, not axial

• Movements are usually toward or away from body midline

• For fingers or toes, movements are spreading digits apart or bringing them together

• Abduction (ab, from)

• Movement away from body longitudinal axis in frontal plane

• Adduction (ad, to)

• Movement toward body longitudinal axis in frontal plane

Page 24: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 8.3 2

Abduction and adduction

Abduction

Abduction

Abduction

Adduction

Adduction

Adduction

Adduction

Adduction

Abduction

Abduction

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Module 8.3: Specific angular movements

• Circumduction

• Moving arm or thigh as if to draw a big circle at distal end of limb

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Module 8.3 Review

a. When doing jumping jacks, which lower limb movements are necessary?

b. Which movements are associated with hinge joints?

c. Compare dorsiflexion to plantar flexion.

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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.4: Rotation and special movements

• Rotation

• When applied to the trunk, described as left and right rotation

• When applied to limbs

• Medial rotation (internal or inward rotation)

• Anterior surface of limb toward trunk long axis

• Lateral rotation (external or outward rotation)

• Anterior surface of limb away from trunk long axis

Page 28: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 8.4 1

Rotational movements

Rightrotation

Leftrotation

Lateral(external)

rotationMedial(internal)rotation

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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.4: Rotation and special movements

• Rotation (continued)

• Other special terms for rotation of forearm

• Pronation• Proximal end of radius rotates near ulna

• Distal end rolls across anterior ulnar surface

• Turns the wrist and hand from palm facing front to palm facing back

• Supination• Opposing movement

• Palm is turned anteriorly

Page 30: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 8.4 1

Rotational movements

Supination

Pronation

Page 31: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.4: Rotation and special movements

• Special movements

• Opposition

• Movement of thumb toward palm surface or other fingers

• Protraction

• Movement forward in anterior plane

• Retraction

• Reverse of protraction

• Inversion (in, into + vertere, to turn)

• Twisting foot motion to turn sole inward

• Eversion (e, out)

• Opposing movement to inversion

Page 32: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

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Module 8.4: Rotation and special movements

• Special movements (continued)

• Depression

• Movement inferiorly

• Elevation

• Movement superiorly

Page 33: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 8.4 2

Special movements

Opposition

Eversion Inversion

Retraction Protraction

Depression Elevation

Page 34: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

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Module 8.4 Review

a. Snapping your fingers involves what movement with the thumb and third metacarpophalangeal joint?

b. What movements are made possible by the rotation of the radius head?

Page 35: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

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Section 2: Articulations

• SPECIFIC ARTICULATIONS

Page 36: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

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Section 2: Articulations

• Axial skeleton articulations

• Typically are strong but very little movement

• Appendicular skeleton articulations

• Typically have extensive range of motion

• Often weaker than axial articulations

Page 37: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 8 Section 2 1

Joints of theAxial Skeleton

Sutures of the skull

Temporomandibular joint(temporal bone andmandible)

Atlanto-occipital joint(occipital bone and atlas)and the atlanto-axial joint(C1–C2)

Joints of the thoracic cage

Intervertebral joints

The lumbosacral joint,which attaches the lastlumbar vertebra to thesacrum

The sacrococcygeal andintercoccygeal joints,which structurallyresemble simplifiedintervertebral joints

Page 38: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 8 Section 2 2

Joints of the foot and toes

Ankle joint

Knee joint

Hip joint

Joints of the handand fingers

Wrist joint

Pubic symphysis

Superior and inferiorradio-ulnar joints

Elbow joint

The sacro-iliac joint, whichfirmly attaches the sacrumof the axial skeleton to thepelvic girdle of theappendicular skeleton

Shoulder joint

The sternoclavicular joint,the only articulation betweenthe axial skeleton and thepectoral girdle and upperlimb

Joints of theAppendicular Skeleton

Page 39: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

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Module 8.5: Vertebral articulations

• Vertebral articulations

• Between superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

• Gliding diarthrotic joints

• Permit flexion and rotation

• Adjacent vertebral bodies form symphyseal joints with intervertebral discs

• Numerous ligaments attach bodies and processes of vertebrae to stabilize column

Page 40: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.5: Vertebral articulations

• Intervertebral discs

• Composition

• Anulus fibrosis• Tough outer layer of fibrous cartilage

• Collagen fibers attach to adjacent vertebrae

• Nucleus pulposus• Soft, elastic, gelatinous core

• Provides resiliency and shock absorption

• Account for ¼ length of vertebral column

• Water loss from discs causes shortening of vertebral column with age and increases risk of disc injury

Page 41: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 8.5 1

An intervertebral disc

Superior view

Anulus fibrosus

Nucleus pulposus

Page 42: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.5: Vertebral articulations

• Primary vertebral ligaments• Ligamentum flavum

• Connects adjacent vertebral laminae• Posterior longitudinal ligament

• Connects posterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies• Interspinous ligament

• Connects spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae• Supraspinous ligament

• Connects spinous processes from sacrum to C7 • Ligamentum nuchae from C7 to base of skull

• Anterior longitudinal ligament• Connects anterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies

Page 43: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 8.5 2

The ligaments attached to the bodies and processes of all vertebrae

Primary Vertebral Ligaments

Ligamentum flavum

Posterior longitudinal ligament

Interspinous ligament

Supraspinous ligament

Anterior longitudinal ligament

Lateral view Sectional view

Posteriorlongitudinalligament

Spinal nerve

Spinal cord

Anulus fibrosus

Nucleus pulposus

Intervertebral disc

Page 44: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.5: Vertebral articulations

• Disorders of vertebral column

• Slipped disc

• Posterior longitudinal ligaments weaken causing more pressure on discs

• Nucleus pulposus compresses, distorts anulus fibrosus

• Disc bulges into vertebral canal (doesn’t actually slip!!!)

• Herniated disc

• Nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosus

• Spinal nerves are often affected

Page 45: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 8.5 3

A slipped disc, as seen in a lateral view

Normalintervertabraldisc

Slippeddisc

T12

L1

L2

Page 46: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 8.5 4

Anulusfibrosis

Spinal cord

Spinal nerve

Nucleus pulposusof herniated disc

Compressed areaof spinal nerve

A herniated disc, as seen in a superior view

Page 47: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.5: Vertebral articulations

• Disorders of vertebral column (continued)

• Osteopenia (penia, lacking)

• Inadequate ossification leading to loss of bone mass

• Often occurs with age beginning between ages 30 and 40

• More severe in women than men

• Osteoporosis (porosus, porous)

• Bone loss sufficient to affect normal function

Page 48: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 8.5 5

The effects of osteoporosis on spongy bone

Clinical scan of a compressionfracture in a lumbar vertebra

Page 49: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 8.5 5

The effects of osteoporosis on spongy bone

Normal spongy bone SEM x 25 SEM x 21Spongy bone withosteoporosis

Page 50: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.5 Review

.

a. Describe the nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus of an intervertebral disc.

b. Compare a slipped disc with a herniated disc.

Page 51: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.6: Shoulder and hip joints

• Shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint)

• Greatest range of motion of any joint• Most frequently dislocated joint

• Demonstrates stability sacrificed for mobility

• Most stability provided by surrounding skeletal muscles, associated tendons, and various ligaments

• Ball-and-socket diarthrosis

• Formed by head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula

• Socket of glenoid cavity increased by fibrous-cartilaginous glenoid labrum (labrum, lip or edge)

Page 52: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

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Module 8.6: Shoulder and hip joints

• Shoulder joint (continued)

• Ligaments stabilizing the shoulder

• Coracoclavicular ligaments

• Acromioclavicular ligament

• Coraco-acromial ligament

• Coracohumeral ligament

• Glenohumeral ligaments

Page 53: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 8.6 1

The shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint)

Coracoid process Clavicle

Acromion

Bursae

Articularcapsule Scapula

Humerus

Tendon of the bicepsbrachii muscle

Ligaments Stabilizingthe Shoulder

Coracoclavicular ligaments

Acromioclavicular ligament

Coraco-acromial ligament

Coracohumeral ligament

Glenohumeral ligaments

Page 54: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 8.6 2 – 3

The structures within and surrounding the shoulder joint

A frontal section of the shoulder joint A lateral view of the shoulder joint

Subdeltoidbursa

Articularcapsule

Coraco-acromialligament

Coracoclavicularligaments

Clavicle

HumerusScapula

Articularcartilages

Glenoidlabrum

Synovialmembrane

Frontal section

Glenoidlabrum

Articularcapsule

Acromioclavicularligament Clavicle Tendon of

supraspinatus muscle

Tendon ofinfraspinatus muscle

Tendon of bicepsbrachii muscle

Coracohumeralligament (cut)

Glenohumeralligaments

Subscapularis muscle

Teres minor muscle

Scapula

Lateral view

Glenoidcavity

Acromion

Page 55: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.6: Shoulder and hip joints

• Hip joint

• Sturdy ball-and-socket joint

• Permits flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction, and rotation

• Formed by head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone

Page 56: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 8.6 4

The hip joint in lateral view

Acetabulum

Transverse acetabular ligament

Iliofemoral ligament Fibrous cartilage pad

Acetabular labrum

Ligamentum teres(ligament of thefemoral head)

Fat pad

Page 57: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.6: Shoulder and hip joints

• Hip joint (continued)

• Reinforcing ligaments

1. Transverse acetabular ligament

• Crosses acetabular notch, filling gap in inferior border

2. Ligamentum teres (teres, long and round)

• Originates along transverse acetabular ligament and attached to fovea capitis

3. Pubofemoral ligament

4. Iliofemoral ligament

5. Ischiofemoral ligament

Page 58: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 8.6 5

Greatertrochanter

Inter-trochantericline

Lesser trochanter Anterior view

The ligaments of the hip joint in anterior view

The ligaments of the hip joint in posterior view

Posterior view

Ischialtuberosity

Pubofemoral ligament

Iliofemoral ligament

Ischiofemoral ligament

Reinforcing Ligaments

The ligaments of the hip joint

Page 59: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.6 Review

a. Which tissues or structures provide most of the stability for the shoulder joint?

b. At what site are the iliofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament, and ischiofemoral ligament located?

Page 60: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.7: Elbow and knee joints

• Elbow joint

• Complex hinge joint involving humerus, radius, and ulna

• Extremely strong and stable due to:

1. Bony surfaces of humerus and ulna interlock

2. Single, thick articular capsule surrounds both humero-ulnar and proximal radio-ulnar joints

3. Articular capsule reinforced by strong ligaments

• Muscles flexing elbow attach on anterior while those extending attach on the posterior

Page 61: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.7: Elbow and knee joints

• Elbow joint (continued)

• Specific joints of the elbow

• Humeroradial joint

• Capitulum of humerus articulating with head of radius

• Humero-ulnar joint

• Largest and strongest articulation

• Trochlea of humerus articulates with trochlear notch of ulna

• Shape of ulnar notch determines plane of movement

• Shapes of olecranon fossa and olecranon limit degree of extension

• Proximal radio-ulnar joint is not part of elbow joint

Page 62: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 8.7 1

The elbow joint

Anteriorview Humerus

Humeroradial joint

Humeroulnar joint

UlnaRadius

Proximal radio-ulnar joint(not part of the elbow joint)

Page 63: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

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Module 8.7: Elbow and knee joints

• Elbow joint (continued)

• Reinforcing ligaments

• Radial collateral ligament

• Stabilizes lateral surface of joint

• Ulnar collateral ligament

• Stabilizes medial surface of joint

• Annular ligament

• Binds head of radius to ulna

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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 8.7 1

The elbow joint

Humeroulnar joint

Posteriorview

Olecranonfossa

Olecranon

Ulna

Humerus

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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.7: Elbow and knee joints

• Knee joint

• Contains three separate articulations

1. Medial condyle of tibia to medial condyle of femur

2. Lateral condyle of tibia to lateral condyle of femur

3. Patella and patellar surface of femur

• Permits flexion, extension, and very limited rotation

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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.7: Elbow and knee joints

• Knee joint (continued)

• External support

• Quadriceps tendon to patella

• Continues as patellar ligament to anterior tibia

• Fibular collateral ligament

• Lateral support

• Tibial collateral ligament

• Medial support

• Popliteal ligaments

• Posterior support extending between femur and heads of tibia and fibula

• Tendons of several muscles that attach to femur and tibia

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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 8.7 3 – 4

Superficialanterior view

Superficialposterior view

The knee joint

Quadricepstendon

Fibularcollateralligament

Fibula Tibia

Patellarligament

Patella

Joint capsule

Bursa

Tibial collateralligament

Popliteal ligaments

Femur

Tibia

Fibula

Fibularcollateralligament

Cut tendonof bicepsfemorismuscle

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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.7: Elbow and knee joints

• Knee joint (continued)

• Internal support

• Cruciate ligaments limit anterior/posterior movement of femur and maintain alignment of condyles• Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

• At full extension, knee becomes “locked” (slight lateral rotation tightens ACL, and lateral meniscus forced between tibia and femur)

• Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 8.7: Elbow and knee joints

• Knee joint (continued)

• Internal support (continued)

• Medial and lateral menisci

• Fibrous cartilage pads between tibial and femoral condyles

• Act as cushions and provide lateral stability to joint

Page 70: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 8.7 3 – 4

Deep anteriorview, flexed

Fibularcollateralligament

Fibula

Tibia

Lateralcondyle

Medialcondyle

Patellarsurfaceof femur

PCL

ACL PCL

ACL

Tibial collateral ligament

Medial and lateral menisci

Medialcondyle

Lateralcondyle

Fibularcollateralligament

Tibia Fibula

Femur

Deep posteriorview, extended

The knee joint

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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 8.8 5

Page 72: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 6.7 Review

a. Define intramembranous ossification.

b. During intramembranous ossification, which type(s) of tissue is (are) replaced by bone?

c. Explain the primary difference between endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification.

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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Endocrine and metabolic problems can affect the skeletal system

• Disorders causing shortened bones

• Pituitary growth failure

• Reduction in growth hormone leads to reduced epiphyseal cartilage activity and short bones

• Rare due to treatment with synthetic growth hormone

• Achondroplasia

• Epiphyseal cartilage grows unusually slowly

• Limbs are short

• Trunk is normal size

Module 6.8 CLINICAL MODULE: Abnormal bone growth and development

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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 6.8 1

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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 6.8 2

Page 76: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Disorders causing lengthened bones

• Marfan syndrome

• Excessive cartilage formation at epiphyseal cartilage

• Causes long, slender limbs

• Other connective tissue abnormalities cause cardiovascular issues

• Gigantism

• Overproduction of growth hormone before puberty

Module 6.8 CLINICAL MODULE: Abnormal bone growth and development

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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 6.8 3

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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 6.8 4

Page 79: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (joints) Where two bones interconnect Bones are relatively inflexible.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Other skeletal growth abnormalities

• Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP)

• Gene mutation that causes bone deposition around skeletal muscles• Bones developing in unusual places = heterotopic

(hetero, place) or ectopic (ektos, outside)

• Acromegaly

• Growth hormone levels rise after epiphyseal plates close

• Bones get thicker• Especially those in face, jaw, and hands

Module 6.8 CLINICAL MODULE: Abnormal bone growth and development

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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 6.8 5

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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 6.8 6

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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Module 6.8 CLINICAL MODULE: Review

a. Describe Marfan syndrome.

b. Compare gigantism with acromegaly.

c. Why is pituitary dwarfism less common today in the United States?


Articulations AKA Joints. Articulations Where two bones meet. (Joint) Where two bones meet. (Joint)

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The Elbow Chapter 23. n Bones: composed of 3 bones »- »Articulations: permits »- Elbow Anatomy.

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The Skeletal System. Joints Articulations of bones Functions of joints –Hold bones together –Allow for mobility Ways joints are classified –Functionally.

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Skulls bones and articulations

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ARTICULATIONS Joints in the Human Body. WHAT ARE ARTICULATIONS? Articulations are joints Places where two or more bones meet.

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Articulations of bones Functions of joints ◦ All joints hold bones together ◦ Allow for mobility Ways joints are classified ◦ Functionally ◦ Structurally.

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Articulations and Movement. Articulations or Joints Articulation or Joint –Place where two bones come together –Freely movable to limited to no apparent.

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Chapter 9: Articulations 1. Articulations Body movement occurs at joints where 2 bones connect Articulation = joints; site where two or more bones meet.

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Articulations!! (the Joints). Section 1: Joint Design and Movement Articulations (_____________________) – Where two bones interconnect – Bones are relatively.

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Articulations. Articulations (Joints) Articulations – wherever 2 bones meet Classified by function –Synarthrosis (Immovable) –Amphiarthrosis (slightly.

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Ex 13. Articulations- joints - hold bones together - Allows for movement Classified based on - Structure - functionality.

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