Water and the Earth

The hydrosphere 326 million mi3

Closed System

Small Comets?

6 millimeters of rainfall/10,000 years

20 to 40 tons

Radius: 3986.5 mi (4000 Mi)Diameter: 7973 mi (8000 Mi)Circumference: 25,048 mi (25,000 mi)

Surface area: 200 million mi2

Oceans: 140 million mi2

Land: 60 million mi2

Dimensions of the Earth

World Population: 6.5 billion

6 ac/person

How much do you get?

What’s your share of the water?

326 million mi3

6.5 billion people

0.05 mi3

55 billion gallons

Total Earth WaterTotal Earth Water

OceansOceans

Ice and Glaciers Ice and Glaciers

AtmosphereAtmosphere

Aquifer/Groundwater Aquifer/Groundwater

LakesLakes

RiversRivers

Soil Soil

}99.2%

}0.8%

Oceans – 97% of the Earth’s Water

Approximate volume: 316 million mi3

6000 feet deep

Earth’s OceansEarth’s Oceans

about 4% of the Earth’s surface

surrounds Antarctica extending to the latitude 60° South

-2°C to 10°C

Southern Ocean

Antarctic Circumpolar Current

Designated in 2000

Sizes and Depths

Largest: Pacific

AtlanticIndianSouthern

Smallest: Arctic

Sizes

Average Ocean DepthsAverage Ocean Depths

Pacific 14,100 ft

Atlantic 12,900 ft

Indian 12,700 ft

Southern 12,000 ft

Arctic 4,300f ft

Overall Average Depth: 2.33 miles

Land and Sea

SOUTHERN OCEAN

The World Ocean

Caspian SeaBlack SeaMediterranean

Strait of Gibraltar

Water and Civilization

The First Necessary ConditionFor the Establishment of a Civilization

A dependable supply of water

Development

Paleolithic (old stone age)was the first period in the development of human technology of the Stone Age.

2 million years

~12,000 years

Stone Tools

Homo habilis

Neolithic (new stone age)was a period in the development of human technology that is traditionally the last part of the Stone Age (not necessarily chronological)

Domestication Pottery Weaving Hafted Axes

-12,000 -3500 years

Development

Cause?

Agriculture

20,000 years ago

8,000 years ago

DevelopmentOf Agriculture(systematic/irrigated)

Development was slow and variable

Neolithic Revolution

food gatherers to food producers

Fewer Farmers Surplus Food

Specialized skillsDiverse abilities

CraftsmenTradersTechnicians

Why?

tool users

agriculture

iron age

industrial revolution

Steam Power

space flight

2,000,000 yrs

8,500 yrs

3,000 yrs

150 yrs

Time Perspective

Climate and Water

Forced Adaptation

Homo sapiens

Retreat of the Ice

fresher

saltier

Gibraltar

•Overpopulation of lands around the Mediterranean

•Overload of available resources

•Concentration of people into smaller areas

Consequences

depletion of plantsAnimal populations died back

•new survival strategiestill the earthPooled resourcesProtect/domesticate animals

Civilization

Neolithic Founder CropsWheatBarleyFlaxChick PeaLentil

Domesticated animals:cows, goats, sheep, and pigs

NileJordanTigrisEuphrates

Flood Stories

Water, Climate, and Contemporary Civilization

1o F

80o F

35o F

110o F

30o F

1o F

Surface Temperatures

Thermal Properties of Waterin Relation to Climate

Latent Heat

Heat Capacity

Latent Heat:

The amount of heat energy absorbedor released by water when it undergoesa phase change.

Solid Liquid Gas

Heat Capacity

Water can absorb a lot of heat before the temperature increases

Heat Capacity

Water 1.00 cal/g·oCAlcohol 0.06Mercury 0.03Oil 0.50

The amount of heat (calories) required raise the temperature of one gram

of a substance by 1o Celsius.

temperatures of large standing bodies of water remain relatively constant.

Prevents wide temperature fluctuations

Next: Water and Climate