Post on 16-May-2015
description
Vietnamese German University
Vietnam Profile
Ho Chi Minh City, June 3, 2011
Course: Population, Migration and Urban Development
Lecturer: Prof. Rod Burgess
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 2 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Group Section Students
1 Introduction + Environment Nguyen Ngoc AnhVo My YNguyen Thuy Linh
2 Demographic Nguyen Thanh XuanNguyen Dinh KhoaDao Phuc Quynh
3 Economic Phung Anh KietNguyen Tan HungMai BinhDoan Ngoc Anh Vu
4 Social Le Nguyen Huong GiangNguyen Thi Le HaNguyen Dan Quynh
5 Urbanization Do Thanh TamPhan Thanh BinhHoang Anh
Outline & Assignment
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 3 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Area : 331.051 km2
Population (2009) : 86.024.600 Density : 260 pp/km2 Location : Southeast Asia
N 16 ° 10 '- E 107 ° 50' Borders: China, Laos,
Cambodia,
South East Sea
Climate: tropical monsoon
Summer monsoon: May-October
Dry season: Dec - Apr
High humidity: Average 84%
Annual rainfall: 120-300 cm p.ann,
90% in summer
General info. Map & Location
Overview – Geographical background
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111BC-938AD: 1,000 years ruled by China 938AD-19th Century: Early independence
19th century: French colony
1945-1954: Indochina War 1954: Independent 1954-1975: Vietnam War 1975: United North & South
1986 : Doi Moi policy 1995: Member of ASEAN 2007: Member of WTO
Overview – History: Socialist Republic of Vietnam
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64 Provinces Districts Communes
In 8 Regions Urban division
05 centrally governed cities Provincial cities Towns
Overview – Administrative Division
Demographic Profile
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Distribution of
population
Population growth
rates
Population density
Ethnicity
Population Pyramids
Sex ratios
Life expectancy
Households
Demographic - Profile
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Outline: (Duration based on the last 2 cencus in Vietnam 1999-2009
Compare 05 countries on the following aspects:
Part 1. Size of total population (mil.)
Population growth rate is a basic indicator reflecting the level of
population increased or decreased during a year as the result of the natural increase
or migration in comparison with average population in the year.
1. Annual population growth rate (% p.a.)
2. Birth rate & death rate (per 1000)
>> work out the natural growth rate: live births – deaths
4. Distribution of population by sex (% total population)
Part 2. Also compare 05 countries
3. Population structure by age groups and sex
4. Life expectance from birth
Demographic - Indicators
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High population: 85,5 million people (in 13th world population ranking level)
Rapid Growth but getting slowdown. Irregular distribution of population.
1990 2000 2010 20200
20,000,000
40,000,000
60,000,000
80,000,000
100,000,000
120,000,000
140,000,000Population
Cambodia Vietnam Malaysia ThaiLandJapan
Camb.
..
Vietn
am
Mal
aysia
Thai
land
Japa
n
2.3
%
1.6
%
2.0
%
0.9
%
0.2
%
2.0
%
1.1
%
2.0
%
0.8
%
0.0
%
Population growth rate
1990 - 1995 2005 - 2010
Demographic - Population Growth Rates.
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 10 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Demographic - Population Distribution
Irregular distribution population: Plain, midland, mountain
75 % ppl in plain 25 % ppl in midland and
mountain Urban and rural
26,9 % ppl Urban 73,1 % ppl Rural
40%
14%3%6%
7%3%
14%
14%
Distribution of PPL by region
Red river Delta
Eastern North
Western North
Northen Middle
Southern Coastal Middle
Highland
Eastern South
Mekong Delta
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Demographic - Population Density Average density: 261 ppl/sqkm one of the highest levels in the world. High concentrate in two main economic region: Red river delta, Mekong
delta. Hung Yen Province: 1221 ppl/sqkm Can Tho Province: 420 ppl/sqkm Lai Chau Province: 40 ppl/sqkm
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Demographic - Ethnicity
86%
2%
2%1%
1%
7%
Ethnicity
Kinh
Tay
Thai
Muong
Khmer
Other
High diversity: 54 ethnic groups But Almost is minorities
53 Minority Ethnics have 13, 4 % population.
3,2 million Vietnamese are living abroad.
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Demographic - Population Growth (1980 – 2020)
19
80
-19
90
19
90
-19
95
20
00
.0
20
11
.0
20
20
.0
-2.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
0.6 0.3 0.2-0.3 -0.3
2.2
5.7
1.92.9
2.3
2.7
2.7
2.71.6
1.3
1.8
1.2
1.00.6
0.4
2.1
1.7
1.4
1.1
0.9
Population Growth (1980-2020)
Japan Cambodia Malaysia Thailand
1980-1990
1990-1995
2000
2011
2020
0 50,000 100,000 150,000
117,060
123,611
126,926
126,476
122,735
6,590
8,600
11,860
23,152
23,990
13,879
18,102
23,275
28,729
32,017
46,718
55,839
62,408
66,720
71,443
52,462
66,017
77,635
90,459
98,011
Population of 5 countries
Viet Nam Thailand MalaysiaCambodia Japan
Sources: www.CIA.gov ; www.aseansec.org
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Demographic - Population growth (1980 - 2020)
Sources: www.CIA.gov ; www.aseansec.org; http://data.un.org/
1980-1990 1990-1995 2000 2011 2020
Japan 1.75 1.48 1.3 1.21 1.35
Cambodia 4.7 5.6 5.1 2.9 3
Malaysia 4.2 3.8 3 2.67 2
Thailand 3.5 2.3 1.8 1.66 1.85
Viet Nam 5 3.7 2.3 1.91 1.85
0.50
1.50
2.50
3.50
4.50
5.50
Population Growth in 5 countries 1980-2020
Japan Cambodia Malaysia Thailand Viet Nam
Year
Gro
wth
ra
te (
%)
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Comparison of Population Pyramid Age and sex distribution (1990 - 1995):
Demographic - Population Pyramid
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Comparison of Population Pyramid Age and sex distribution (2000):
Demographic - Population Pyramid
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2000 2010 2020 20300
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
Households: Estimates & Projections
VietnamCambodiaThailandMalaysiaJapan
Year
Thous.
Demographic - Households
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 18 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
2000-10 2010-20 2020-300
0.51
1.52
2.53
3.54
Households: Annual Change Rate
Vietnam
Cambodia
Thailand
Malaysia
Japan C
ha
ng
ing
ra
te
2005-10 2010-15 2015-20 2020-25 2025-300
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000Changing of Households by the periods
Vietnam
Cambodia
Thailand
Malaysia
Japan
Nu
mb
er
of
ho
use
ho
lds
Demographic - Households
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Sex ratio: Imbalance, especially in Red river delta. Bac Giang province: 128 boys/100 girls Ha Giang province: 96 boys/100 girls
In ethnicity minority communities: More Girls than Boys
In Plain, Kinh ethnic: More Girls than Boys
Cam-bodia
Vietnam Malaysia Thailand Japan
59
72 7266
79
63
76 7772
86
Sex ratio
Male Female
Demographic - Sex Ratio
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 20 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Life expectance: (in world ranking) Cambodia: 178th
Vietnam: 129th
Malaysia: 112nd
Thailand: 113rd Japan: 5th
5972 72
6679
6376 77 72
86
Life Expectance (2010)
Male Female
1990 2000 2010 20200
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Vietnam Life expectance
Male Female
Demographic - Life Expectance
Economic Profile
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• Size & Growth of the Economy• Structure and Growth of Output• Saving & Investment• Import & Export• Foreign Direct Investment • Foreign Trade
• Unemployment Rate• Inflation Rate• Government Budget• External Debt• Lending & Borrowing• ODA Mobilization over 2006-2009
• Energy Infrastructure • Transport Infrastructure • Access to Information Technology
• Labour market trend• Employment and Unemployment trends• Wages and income• Social protection and Workplace safety
and health• Labor productivity and competitiveness
Economic - Profile
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GDP (Current Prices, US Dollars) for Vietnam in year 2010 is US$ 103.574 Billion. This makes Vietnam No. 59 in world rankings
The world's average GDP (Current Prices, US Dollars) value is US$ 1403.50 Billion; Vietnam is US$ 1,299.93 less than the average.
Economic - Size Of Economy - 2010
Vietnam Thailand Malaysia Laos -
100.000
200.000
300.000
400.000
500.000
600.000
700.000
GDP, 2010 (US Dollars)
GDP (Current Prices, US Dollars)
Source : World Bank
Source : IMF
Year 2010
Source : IMF
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2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 -
1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000
GDP per Capita 2006-2010
Vietnam Thailand
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
-8-6-4-202468
10
Growth Rate of GDP (% year by year)
Vietnam Thailand Malaysia Lao
Source : World Bank
Economic - Size, Growth Of Economy - 2010
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Economic - Structure & Growth
Agriculture Industry Services0
2
4
6
8
10
12Growth Rate by Sectors (av.ann. % growth)
2000 - 20042005 - 2009
Source : ADB - Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific
39%
25%
37%
Structure of Output 2000 (%)GDP at PPP $199 bills.
ServicesAgricultureIndustry
39%
21%
40%
Structure of Output 2000 (%)GDP at PPP $257.4 bills.
ServicesAgricul-tureIndustry
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Economic - Saving & Investment - 2010
• Investment of Vietnam in year 2010 is 38.077 % of GDP.This makes Vietnam No. 14 in world rankings according to Investment (% of GDP) in year 2010.
• The world's average Investment (% of GDP) value is 21.70 %; Vietnam is 16.38% more than the average.
• In the previous year, 2009, Investment (% of GDP) for Vietnam was 38.13 % . Investment for Vietnam in 2010 was 0.14% less than it was in 2009.
Gross National Savings (% of GDP) for Vietnam in year 2010 is 34.285 %. This makes VN No. 19 in world rankings according to GNS (% of GDP) in year 2010. • The world's average Gross National Savings (%
of GDP) value is 18.64 %; Vietnam is 15.65% more than the average.
• In the previous year, 2009, Gross National Savings (% of GDP) for Vietnam was 31.56 % Gross National Savings (% of GDP) for Vietnam in 2010 is 8.62% more than it was in 2009.Source : IMF
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Value of Oil Imports ( Billion US Dollars)
• Value of Oil Imports for Vietnam in year 2010 is US$ 6.846 Billions
This makes Vietnam No. 42 in world rankings according to Value of Oil Imports in year 2010. • The world's average Value of Oil
Imports value is US$ 9.94 Billions; Vietnam is US$ 3.09 Billions less than the average.
• In the previous year, 2009, Value of Oil Imports for Vietnam was US$ 6.77 Billions. Value of Oil Imports for Vietnam in 2010 is 1.12% more than it was in 2009.Value of Oil Exports ( Billion US
Dollars)
• Value of Oil Exports for Vietnam in year 2010 is US$ 4.958 Billions
This makes Vietnam No. 49 in world rankings according to Value of Oil Exports in year 2010. • The world's average Value of Oil
Exports value is US$ 10.16 Billions; Vietnam is US$ 5.20 Billions less than the average.
• In the previous year, 2009, Value of Oil Exports for Vietnam was US$ 6.20 Billions. Value of Oil Exports for Vietnam in 2010 is 19.97% less than it was in 2009.
Source : IMF
Source : IMF
Economic - Import & Export
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Economic - Foreign Direct Investment
35%
0%14%2%
41%
2% 5%Economic structure
Real Estate businessAgriculture, forestry, fisheriesIndustrial manufacturing & Process-ingMiningHotels, Foods & BeverageConstructionOther Services
2005 2006 2007 2008 20090
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
6.812
21.3
64
21.5
3.3 4.18
11.6 10
FDI by periods
Registered FDI
Source : General Statistics Office of Vietnam
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1990 1995 2000 2005 20090
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
26.432.8
55
69.4 68.3
Exports (% of GDP)
1990 1995 2000 2005 20090
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
35.7
41.9
57.5
73.578.7
Imports (% of GDP)
Source : World Bank
Economic - Foreign Trade
Import & Export of Goods, Services as % of GDP
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Origin of Merchandise Imports, 2009 (%)
Destination of Merchandise Export, 2009 (%)
Source : ADB- Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific
Economic - Foreign Trade (Cont)
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The unemployment rate in Vietnam was last reported at 2.9 percent in 2010
(Unemployment rate is defined as the level of unemployment divided by the
labor force)
Economic - Unemployment Rates
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The inflation rate in Vietnam was last reported at 17.5 percent in April of
2011(Inflation rate refers to a general rise in prices measured against a
standard level of purchasing power )
Economic - Inflation Rates
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Vietnam reported a government budget deficit equivalent to 7.70 percent of
the GDP in 2009. Government Budget is an itemized accounting of the
payments received by government (taxes and other fees) and the payments
made by government (purchases and transfer payments).
Economic - Government Budget
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source: IMF
Vietnam’s external debt position has historically been robust, but has been negatively affected by the global crisis and domestic macroeconomic instability since late 2008.
Vietnam remains at low risk of external debt distress, but debt indicators have deteriorated due to the negative impact of the global crisis and the increasedmacroeconomic risks in late 2009 (IMF Report, Sep 2010)
Debt – External: $33.45 billion (31 Dec 2010 est)$27.84 (31 Dec 2009 est)
Economic - External Debt
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• Total Government Gross Debt (% of GDP) for Vietnam in year 2010 is 52.847 % (3.30% more than it was in 2009).
This makes Vietnam No. 62 in world rankings according to Total Government Gross Debt (% of GDP) in year 2010. • The world's average Total Government
Gross Debt (% of GDP) value is 46.17 %; Vietnam is 6.68% more than the average.
• Total Government Net Lending/ Borrowing (% of GDP) for Vietnam in year 2010 is - 6.414 %
This makes Vietnam No. 144 in world rankings. • The world's average Total Government
Net Lending/ Borrowing (% of GDP) value is -1.89 %; Vietnam is 4.52 less than the average.
In the previous year, 2009, Total Government Net Lending/ Borrowing (% of GDP) for Vietnam was -8.99 %. Total Government Net Lending/ Borrowing (% of GDP) for Vietnam in 2010 was 28.68% less than it was in 2009.
Source : IMF
Economic - Lending & Borrowing - 2010
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Period Commitment
Signed Agreement
Disbursement
1993-1995
6,131 4,858.07 1,875
1996-2000
11,546.5 9,008.00 6,142
2001-2005
14,889.2 11,237.76 7,887
2006-2009
23,849.8 17,282.97 10,319
UNIT: Million USD
Commitment
Signed
Disbursement
Source: Ministry of planning & Investment
ODA commitment, signed agreement and disbursement – Comparison among different periods Unit: Million USD
23%
15%
15%13%
34%
Agricultural & Rural DevelopmentTransportationWaster supply & drainage, Urban developmentEnergyHealth, Education, Enviroment
1993 - 2000 2001 - 2005 2006 - 20090
20
40
60
80
100
Trend of ODA loans and grants over the periods
Loans Grants
Distribution of ODA by Sectors & Areas
ODA by periods
Economic - ODA Mobilization over 1993 - 2009
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Source: World Bank
1990 – 2008: Electricity production increase 88%, average annual growth rate of 4.9% pa
1990 – 2008: Electricity consumption increase 90.6%, average annual growth rate of 5.0%pa
80% households are supplied electricity
1990 1995 2000 2005 20080
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
8.68114.64
26.56
53.46
73.04
6.476
11.46
22.9
47.59
68.9
Vietnam Electricity Production and consumption 1990 - 2008
Electricity Production Electricity Consumption
Mill
ion
Mw
/h
Economic - Energy Infrastructure (1/3)
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Source: World Bank
Electricity production from natural gas, hydroelectric and coal increased
normally
Electricity production from oil decreased
1990 2000 2008
Coal source 2.001 3.135 15.173
Hydroelectric 5.369 14.551 25.986
Natural gas source 0.06 4.356 30.34
Oil source 1.305 4.519 1.551
2.500
7.500
12.500
17.500
22.500
27.500
32.500
Sources for Electricity Production(Million MWh)
Mil
lion
Mw
h
Economic - Energy Infrastructure (2/3)
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Massive increase in electricity production. Vietnam’s ratio of 8,0. Countries in Southeast Asia recorded large increases: Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, & Thailand.
Economic - Energy Infrastructure (3/3)Increase in Electricity Production
(Ratio: 2007/1990)
Source of Electricity, 2007
(percentage distribution)
Most electricity is generated in Asia by carbon fuels.
Source : ADB- Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific
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1990 1995 2000 2007 2008 -
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
96,100 106,048
120,546
160,089 163,647
Roads, total network (km)
Roads, total network (...
1990 1995 2000 2007 2008 2,600 2,700 2,800 2,900 3,000 3,100 3,200
2,832 2,832
3,142 3,147 3,147
Rail lines (total route-km)
Rail lines (total route-...
Total road network: 163.647km Road network density:
46km/100km2 Motor vehicles per 1000people
(2007): 13. Singapore: 149; Japan: 595; Laos: 21
Source: World Bank
Series10
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Road density (Km of road/ 1 Sqr Km of land)
Thailand Singapore Japan LaosVietnam
Km
of
road
Economic - Transport Infrastructure (1/2)
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Average Annual Percentage Growth in Road Networks, 1990 to Latest Year
Source : ADB- Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific
Economic - Transport Infrastructure (2/2)
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1990 1995 2000 2005 20080
10000000
20000000
30000000
40000000
50000000
60000000
70000000
80000000
The quantities of using technology in-formation
Mobile cellular subscriptions Telephone lines
Technology information has developed strongly within 10 years Ex: Internet, cell phone networks, 3G
Source: World Bank
Employment
Distribution of Mobil phone network
Economic - Information Technology
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From 2000 to 2007, The labour force increased by an average of 1.06 million people annually
In Year 2000 : 38,4 millions people and 46, 7 millions people in 2007, (24.1 million men and 22.6 million women), rate of 69,7 %.
The rate for females is higher than those for males in this period. The labour force remains mostly unskilled as 65.3 per cent did not have any
technical education in 2007
Distribution of population by age, 2000 – 2010 (10%)
Economic - Labor Market Trends
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• From 2000 to 2007, labour productivity in Viet Nam increased remarkably from VND 7.1
million to VND 10.1 million, an annual average increase of 5.1 per cent.• In those, Industry remained the leader in terms of productivity at nearly
VND 22 million, more than 50 per cent higher than productivity in services and more than six times the level in agriculture.• Measured in constant 1990 USD, Viet Nam's average output per worker
was USD 5,702 in 2008, or equal to only 61.4 per cent of the ASEAN average, 22 per cent of productivity in• Malaysia and 12.4 per cent of the level in Singapore.
Output per worker, 2000 and 2008 (constant 1990 USD)
Economic - Labor Productivity & Copetitiveness
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• From 2002 to 2006, worker’s income had increased continously.
• Monthly income per capita increased by 78.7 per cent, with rural income
growth (83.8 per
cent) outpacing the rise in urban income levels (70.1 per cent)
• The fluctuation between top richest and top poorest got from 8,2 % to
9,7%.
Average monthly wages type of enterprise, 1998, 2002, 2004 and 2006
Economic - Wages & Income
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• Only 8.5 million people, or less than one-fifth of the total workforce joined the insurance activities and represents about 80 per cent of those who were eligible.
• Almost employees in rural areas and household did not join insurance• The voluntary system has also been weak in attracting working youth.• Compulsory programmer• In 2008, The social assistance scheme, the voluntary social insurance
scheme and old-age pensions program have been built
Workplace safety and health • From 2006 through 2009, there were more than 6000 reported occupational
accidents each year in the formal sector and approximately 500 fatal accidents.
• In 2008, only 53.8 per cent of the 496 labor inspectors nationwide were professionally trained. There are more than two thousand handicraft villages producing or processing recycled metals, paper and other materials.
Participation in the compulsory social insurance scheme, 2001 - 2008
Economic - Social Protection
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• Viet Nam's labour force will continue to expand significantly from 2010 to 2015, at
an estimated 1.5 per cent each year, or by 738 thousand.• In the Period of 2000-2010, Vietnam’s labour force growth in absolute
terms will be among the highest in the ASEAN region, trailing only Indonesia and the Philippines.
Labor force growth in ASEAN, 2000 – 2010 & 2010 - 2015
Economic - Labor force growth
Social Profile
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1.Poverty
2. Education
3. Access to housing &
services
4. Health & nutrition
Social - Profile
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 50 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
0
5
10
15
20
Lao
Vietnam
Cam-bodia
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Vietnam
Thai
Cam-bodia
Population Below International Poverty Line
Population Below National Poverty Line
Social - Provety
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Total NET enrolment ratio in primacy education
1999 20080
20
40
60
80
100
120
Vietnam
Laos
Thai
Cam-bodia
Japan
0
20
40
60
80
100Vietnam
Cam-bodia
Thai
Japan
Laos
Adult literacy rate
Social - Education
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 52 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Comparing between 5 Countries Improved Sanitation & Water:
• Vietnam is the third position amongst these countries, higher than Cambodia, Lao PDR about 20-30% and lower than Thailand about 30-40%.
• The number of improved Sanitation increased faster than other countries.
Vietnam pay attention more in improving people’s living conditions.
1995 2000 2005 20080
20
40
60
80
100
120
Improved Sanitation Facilities ( % of pop. with access)
Cam-bodiaJapanLao PDRThailandVietnam
Pe
rce
nta
ge
1995 2000 2005 20080
20406080
100120
Improved Water Source ( % of pop. with access)
CambodiaJapanLao PDRThailandVietnam
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Social - Houses & Services (1/2)
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1990 2005 -
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
Population living in Slums ( % of urban population)
Cambodia Lao PDR Thailand
1992 2000 2007 -
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
Total debt service (% of exports of goods, services
and income)
Cambodia Lao PDRThailand Vietnam
1990 2005 2,009.0 (20.0) -
20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0
Net ODA received per capita (current US$)
Cambodia Lao PDRThailand Vietnam
Social - Houses & Services (2/2)
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 54 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
1990 1995 2000 2005 2009 -
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
65.5 69.4 71.9 73.7 74.6
Life expectancy at birth, total (years)
Cambodia Japan Lao PDRThailand Vietnam
1990 1995 2000 2005 2009 -
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
3.7
2.9
2.3 2.2 2.0
Fertility rate, total (births per woman)
Cambodia Japan Lao PDRThailand Vietnam
Social - Health & Nutrition (1/3)
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 55 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Series1
197259198427
210843219784
232925
Hopital beds in Vietnam 2005-2009
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
35547
48065
The number of staffs in hopital
Doctor Physician nurse
1990 1995 2000 2005 2009
Cambo-dia
0.5 1.4 1.3 0.8 0.5
Japan 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Lao PDR 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Thailand 1 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.3
Vietnam 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 -NaN
0.3 0.8 1.3 1.8 2.3
0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4
Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49)
Perc
enta
ge
-1945 Vietnam had 70 hospitals with a total of 3,000 beds, and it had1physician /180,000 popular.-1979 there were 713 hospitals with 205,700 beds- Quality of public health care and the level of medical technology remained inadequate, however, and authorities were increasingly concerned about such problems as nutritional deficiency, mental health, and old-age illnesses.
Social - Health & Nutrition (2/3)
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 56 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
1980 - 1985
1995 - 2000
Cambo-dia
20 NaN 46
Lao PDR 36.5 NaN 40
Thailand 36 NaN 19
Viet Nam 52 NaN 33
5
25
45
Child Malnutrition (% of Urder Age 5)
1980 1990 1999
1701.9 1829.91999.6
2083.7 2159.22151.8
2277.4 2141.72411.3
2142.2 2218.8
2564
Daily per capita Calorie Supply (calories)
1. PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON HEALTH 2001 (% GDP): 5.1%
2. HEALTH EXPENDITURE PER CAPITA 2003 (PPP US $) : $134
3. INFANTILE MORTALITY RATE per 1000 live births 1990 39.1 2009 19.5
4. UNDER FIVE MORTALITY RATE (per 1000 live births) 1990 202 2009 23.6
5. TOTAL FERTILITY RATE ( births per woman ) (MDG) 1990 3.7 2009 2
6. MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE (per one hundred thousand live births adjusted) 2001 :56
Social - Health & Nutrition (3/3)
Environmental Profile
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 58 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
1. Land Use
2. Biodiversity
3. Water
4. Energy
5. Emissions
6. Disasters
7. Commitment
Environmental - Profile
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 59 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Forest area29%
Other land52%
Arable land16%
Permanent cropland
3%
Land use in 1990(% total land area)
Forest area43%
Other land26%
Arable land21%
Permanent cropland
10%
Land use in 2007(% total land area)
Source: World Bank 2010 Table 3.1 & 5Source: PADhttp://www.mekong-protected-areas.org/index.htm
Environmental - Land use
Land use ratios (has per capita)
1975 1992
Arable & permanent crops 0.13 0.10
Pastures 0.01 -
Forest & Woodlands 0.28 0.14
Other Land 0.26 0.23
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 60 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.50
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
54
3933
147
Threaten species in 2008
Y-Values
Source: World Bank 2010 Table 3.4
CambodiaJapan MalaysiaThailanVietnam0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
GEF benefits index for bio-diversity
Environmental - Biodiversity
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 61 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Cambo
dia
Japa
n
Mal
aysia
Thai
lan
Vietn
am
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Average annual deforestation(% change)
1990 2007
Forest area: 134 thousand sq.km % of total land: 43.3 Average annual deforestation (%
change)
Source: World Bank 2010 Table 3.4
Cambodia Japan Malaysia Thailan Vietnam
73.368.4 68.1
31.228.8
56.768.2
62.7
28.243.3
Forest area in 1990 and 2007(% total land area)
1990
Environmental - Deforestation (2007)
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 62 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Supply
Freshwater Resources 2007: 4304 m3 per capita Demand
Annual Freshwater Withdrawals
Total: 71.4 billion m3
% of total resources: 19.5
Distribution of Withdrawals (%)
Irrigated land (% of cropland)
1979-1981: 24.11994-1996: 29.62001-2003: 33.9
68%
24%
8%
Distribution of Withdrawals
For agriculture
For industry
For domestic use
Source: World Bank 2000, 2008, 2010
Environmental - Water Using & Consumption
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 63 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Energy consumption(Sectral Energy: 2006)
http://www.asiabiomass.jp
- about 65% of population lives in rural areas where firewood, straw, and wood are used as the energy source for cooking at homes.
- Most of the biomass energy is utilized in rural areas as home energy.
Energy distribution(Fuel Energy: 2006)
Environmental - Energy in General View
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 64 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Vietnam Forecast of power generation mix % by fuel from 2009 – 2015 (source BMI – Industry Forecast Scenario, Q1 2011)
Environmental - Energy in General View
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 65 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Environmental - Energy – Petroleum
1980 1990 2000 20090
100200300400500600700800
Total Oil Production1980 1990 2000 2009
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Cam-bodiaMalaysiaVietnamThailandJapan
Crude Oil Production
Petroleum Consumption1980 1990 2000 2009
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000- Now: Vietnam is an export country of petroleum (crude oil).- In the future: Vietnam is an import country of petroleum (crude oil)- In 5 countries group (2009):• Vietnam produced less Total Oil and
Crude Oil than Malaysia (highest production).
• Vietnam used less Petroleum than Japan (highest consumption), Thailand and Malaysia.
(Source: EIA-Energy Information Administration)
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 66 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Environmental - Energy – Oil Refinery
DUNG QUAT oil refinery NGHI SON oil refinery
- Before: 100% refined petroleum production were import (from Chinese, Singapore, Taipei…)
- In 2009: DUNG QUOC Oil Refinery Plant operated and has provided 30% refined oil production for demand inner Vietnam.
- In 2015: NGHI SON Oil Refinery Plant will be finished and will provided 80%
refined oil production for demand inner Vietnam.
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 67 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Environmental - Energy – Natural Gas
Natural Gas Production Natural Gas Consumption
1980 1990 2000 20090
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Cam-bodiaMalaysiaVietnamThailandJapan
1980 1990 2000 20090
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
- In 5 countries group (2009)
• Vietnam produced les Natural Gas than Malaysia (highest production) and Thailand.
• Vietnam used less Natural Gas than Malaysia, Thailand and Japan (highest consumption)
(Source: EIA-Energy Information Administration)
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 68 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Environmental - Energy – Coal
Coal Production Coal Consumption
1980 1990 2000 20090
10
20
30
40
50
60
Cam-bodiaMalaysiaVietnamThailandJapan
1980 1990 2000 20090
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
- Vietnam's coal reserves are very large (about 10.5 billion tons of Quang Ninh mine-source).
- In 5 countries group (2009):
• Vietnam produced a highest Coal production
• Vietnam used less Coal than Thailand and Japan (highest consumption)(Source: EIA-Energy Information Administration)
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 69 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Environmental - Energy – Electricity
Electricity Net Generation Electricity Net Consumption
1980 1990 2000 20080
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Cam-bodia
Malaysia
Vietnam
Thailand
Japan
1980 1990 2000 20080
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
- Vietnam's electricity generation mostly from hydropower.
- In 5 countries group (2008):
• Vietnam generated & used less Electricity than Malaysia, Thailand and Japan (highest production)
(Source: EIA-Energy Information Administration)
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 70 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Trung Son Hydropower Project – Source: WB• Generator: Vietnam Electricity (EVN)• Cost: US$380 million.• Supporter: World Bank (financial and technical).• Loan: from International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). (Source: EIA-Energy Information Administration)
- Vietnamese’s hydropower resources are being develop to provide clean, renewable and low cost energy for growth.
- This makes sense as Vietnam seeks to curb carbon emission to mitigate predicted negative impacts of global warming
Environmental - Energy – Electricity
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 71 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Environmental - Total Primary Energy
Total Primary Energy Production Total Primary Energy Consumption
1980 1990 2000 20080
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Cam-bodiaMalaysiaVietnamThailandJapan
1980 1990 2000 20080
5
10
15
20
25
Cam-bodiaMalaysiaVietnamThailandJapan
In the 5 countries group: Vietnam produced and used less primary Energy than Malaysia, Thailand and Japan (highest production and consumption-world rank: 3)(Source: EIA-Energy Information Administration)
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 72 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
- Vietnam’s CO2 emissions are lower than regional and global levels.
- National CO2 emission: 14 million tons (1980), increased to 80 (2005)
- Rapid of Co2 in transport sector (14% to 25%)- Methane Mainly from Agricultural: decreased 70% (1990) to 67% (2005)
- Industrial increased 10% (1990) to 18% (2005)
Environmental - Emission: CO2 & Methane
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 73 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Environmental - Emission: NO2, other Greenhouse Gas
- Nitrous oxide Mostly from Agricultural: increased 83% (1990) to 95% (2005).
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 74 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Source : Annual Disaster Statistical Review 2010 EMDAT 2010Vietnam is not in top ten countries in term of disaster mortality, victims and
damage
Environmental - Disaster
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 75 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Agreement Cambodia Vietnam Malaysi
aThailand Japan
Climate Change 1992 1996 1995 1994 1995 1994
Law of The Sea 1982 - 2006 1996 - 1996
Kyoto 1997 2002 2008 2002 2002 2002
CITIES 1973 1997 1994 1983 1983 1980
Stockholm Convention2001 2006 2002 2005 2005 2002
Source : World Bank World Development Indicator 2010
Environmental - Government Commitments
Urbanization Profile
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 77 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Urbanizatio
n
Urban
System
Cities’
Profile
Urbanization - Profile
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 78 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
2000 2010 2020 20300
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
12,780 15,224 18,102 18,10223,274 27,920 32,020 35,270
60,666 65,125 67,990 69,21879,094
90,845101,656
110,429
127,034 127,758 124,489118,252
Campodia Malaysia ThaiLan Vietnam JapanSource: Global report on Human settlement 2009 – table B.2
The number of population in Japan is highest in 5 countries, the second is Vietnam, and the Last one is Cambodia
The number of urban population in Vietnam and Japan is higher than other countries. The smallest number is Cambodia.
Urbanization - Urban Population
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 79 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
2000
2010
2020
2030
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000
2,161
3,470
5,355
7,678
14,424
20,150
25,130
28,994
18,893
22,118
26,456
31,682
19,204
26,191
35,230
46,123
82,847
85,385
86,420
86,304
Japan Vietnam ThaiLan Malaysia Campodia
Source: Global report on Human settlement 2009 – table B.2
Urbanization - Urban Population
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 80 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Vietn
am
Thai
land
Mal
aysia
Cambo
dia
Japa
n0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
28.80 34.00
72.20
22.80
66.80
Source: Global report on Human settlement 2009 – table B.3
GDP per capital 2010
2000 2010 2020 20300
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
24.328.8
34.741.8
31.1 3438.9
45.8
62
72.278.5
82.2
16.922.8
29.637
65.2 66.8 69.473
Viet NamThailandMalaysiaCampodiaJapan
Vietn
am
Thailand
Malay
sia
Cambo
dia
Japa
n0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
1,113 3,893 7,030706
39,738
Level of urbanization 2010
The levels of urbanization in these regions are related with GDP per capital.
The level of four countries (Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia, and Thailand) are increasing as they enter the second phase of curve “S”. However, Japan is increasing slowly as enters in the fourth phase of “S” curve (flatten off)
Source: World bank
Urbanization - Lever of Urbanization 2000 - 2030
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 81 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
2000-2010
2010-2020
2020-2030
Total 1.7 1.86 1.86
Ur-ban
3.1 2.96 2.69
Rural 0.77000000000000
1
0.27 -0.32
-0.25
0.25
0.75
1.25
1.75
2.25
2.75
3.25
1.71.86 1.86
3.1 2.962.69
0.770000000000001
0.27
-0.32
%
Source: Global report on Human settlement 2009 – table B.2 – B.3
Period
Urban Growth (Rate A)
Rural Growth (Rate B)
Tempo of Urbanization (A-B)
2000-2010
3.1 0.77 2.33
2010-2020
2.96 0.27 2.69
2020-2030
2.69 -0.32 3.01
The urban growth rate decrease from 3.1% to 2,69%, although the national population growth rate increase. The rural growth rate also decreases from 0.77% to -0.32%.
Thus, the Tempo of urbanization increase from 2.33% to 3.01% over 3 periods.
Urbanization - Rate of Urbanization 2000 - 2030
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 82 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
2000-2010 2010-2020 2020-2030
Viet-nam
2.33 2.69 3.01
Thai-land
1.29 2.14 2.81
Malaysia
4.3 2.5 3.5
Cam-podia
2.4 4.4 1.8
Japan 2 2 3
0.25
1.25
2.25
3.25
4.25 The Tempo of urbanization in
Thailand, Malaysia, and Cambodia decrease, The others in Vietnam, Japan increase over 3 periods.
Cambodia is the country which has the highest percentage of Tempo of urbanization over 3 periods. In contrast, Japan is the country which has the smallest percentage of Tempo of urbanization over 3 periods
It mean: there is a big difference between the rate of growth of the urban and rural population in Cambodia, a small ones in Japan from 2000 to 2030.
Source: Global report on Human settlement 2009 – table B.1 – B.3
Urbanization - Tempo of Urbanization
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 83 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Share of net migration to urban growth
1975-2000 2000-20250
20
40
60
80
100
120
23.9
59.5
76.1
40.5
Contribution of Migration to Urban Growth
in Vietnam
migrants nat.increase
The big change in contribution of Migration to Urban growth in Vietnam in the periods of time from 1275 to 2000 and from 2000 to 2025.
The rate of migrants in the first 25 years was just one fourth but it increased rapidly to over a half ò total urban population in t he next 25 years. The speed of urbanization in Vietnam higher an higher.
The rate of migrants in the comparison with the rate of nature increase population proved that migrants keep the main role in contribution to Urban Growth in Vietnam.
Urbanization - Rural - Urban Migration
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 84 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Urban slum Dwellers in Vietnam
The data indicate a growing deterioration in a key urban issue during the 19th, the percentage of urban population living in slum is nearly 50% of the population in Vietnam
Year Total slum weller (Millions)
% of total urban population
1999
8,100 60.5
2001
9,197 47.4
Series10
10
20
30
40
50
60
7060.5
47.4
19902001
Source: Global report on human settlement 2005
Urbanization - Rural - Urban Migration
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 85 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Understand urban systems in terms of urban hierarchies. When settlements are grouped together in different size classes (e.g. cities over one million; cities between I mill and 500,000; cities between 500,000 and 250,000 and so on) planners have identified urban systems as being organized as urban hierarchies.
The Table of Urban Hierarchy in Vietnam in 2010 in the next lin.
Urbanization - Urban Network (>100.000 Populations)
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 86 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Special Ct.
1st City 2nd City 3rdCity 4thCity 5thCity(634)
Hanoi Hai Phong Viet Tri Cao Bang Dong Hoi Bac Can Ayun Pa
HCM Da Nang Ha Long Lang Son Dong Ha Nghia Lo Buon Ho
Can Tho Hai Duong Bac Giang Tam Ky Viet Quang EaKar
Hue Nam Dinh Song Cong Hoi An Lai Chau Gia Nghia
Vinh Thanh Hoa Lao Cai Quang Ngai Mong Lay Lien Nghia
Da Lat Phan Thiet Yen Bai Tuy Hoa Tu Son Di An
Nha Trang Pleiku Ha Giang Cam Ranh Phuc Yen Lai Thieu
Quy Nhon Vung Tau Tuyen Quang Phan Rang Chi Linh Dong Xoai
BMThuoc Bien Hoa Hoa Binh Kon Tum Tam Diep Binh Long
Thai Nguyen My Tho Phu Tho Bao Loc Sam Son Phuoc Long
Long Xuyen Son La Ba Ria Bim Son Long Khanh
Ca Mau DBPhu Thu Dau Mot Thai Hoa Tay Ninh
Bac Ninh Tan An Hong Linh Moc Hoa
Vinh Yen Ben Tre Quang Tri Ben Luc
Son Tay Tra Vinh Huong Thuy Hau Nghia
Mong Cai Vinh Long Tu Ha Go Cong
Uong Bi Cao Lanh Binh Dinh Cai Lay
Cam Pha Sa Dec Bong Son Cai Von
Hung Yen Chau Doc Song Cau Hong Ngu
Thai Binh Rach Gia Ninh Hoa My An
Phu Ly Vi Thanh Van Gia Tan Chau
Ninh Binh Soc Trang Dien Khanh Ha Tien
Cua Lo Bac Lieu Lagi Nga Bay
Ha Tinh Dong Hoi An Khe Long My
Urbanization - Urban Hierachy
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 87 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Identify how urban growth is distributed amongst cities of different sizes. The rescaling of urban systems has occurred historically: spatial efficiency; spatial equity and social justice; spatial division of labor; the friction of distance.
Urban Agglomerations
Population Size (1975-2015) Annual Average Growth Rate (1975-2015)
Year Ho Chi Minh (mills.)
Hanoi (mills.)
Year Ho Chi Minh (mills.)
Hanoi (mills.)
1975 2.35 0.82 1975-1985
2.35 2.12
1980 2.73 0.91 1985-1995
1.78 2.12
1985 2.98 1.01 1995-2005
2.59 2.84
1990 3.24 1.12 2005-2015
3.35 3.35
1995 3.56 1.25
2000 3.99 1.42
2005 4.61 1.66
2010 5.43 1.97
2015 6.44 2.36
(Source: VN Demographic Yearbook 1998, Table 8)
Urbanization - Urban System - Rank Size Distribution
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 88 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Urban primacy exists when the difference in the size of the largest city and other cities in the urban system is much greater than that predicted by the rank size rule.
Urban primacy is not measured in terms of size alone.
Year Two City Index
Ho Chi Minh A (mills.)
Hanoi B (mills.) 2 City Index A/B
1995 3.47 1.28 2.71
2000 4.38 1.60 2.74
2005 5.14 2.05 2.51
2010 6.12 2.70 2.27Year Four City Index
Ho Chi Minh (mills.)
Hanoi (mills.)
Danang (mill)
Haiphong (mill)
4 City Index
1995 3.47 1.28 0.426 0.524 1.56
2000 4.38 1.60 0.566 0.594 1.59
2005 5.14 2.05 0.675 0.724 1.49
2010 6.12 2.70 0.775 0.86 1.41
Urbanization - Urban System - Urban Primacy
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 89 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam, it is in the center of Hong river delta. Hanoi is the second most populous city and important centre of politic, culture, economy, and education of Vietnam.
Hanoi became the capital of Vietnam after moved the capital by the first king Ly in 1010.
Hanoi Ho Chi Minh city is the most populous city, is also the importantly economic, cultural, and educational centre of Vietnam.
The city was formed in 1698 by the southern exploration of The Nguyen Dynasty.
Ho Chi Minh city
Urbanization - The City‘s Profile
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 90 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
1995 2000 2005 20100
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1.2749 1.6032.0461
2.70083.4661
4.3755.1445
6.1215
Urban Population Growth
Ha Noi HoChiMinh city
Popula
tion (
million p
eople
)
1995 2000 2005 2010
23.20% 23.36% 23.04% 23.61%
8.53% 8.56% 9.16% 10.42%
Occupancy of Total Urban Popu-lation
HoChiMinh city Hanoi
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
GDP per CapitaSource: General Statistic Office; Statistical Year Books
Urban Population density of Hanoi is estimated around 6509 p/km2. The highest density area is up to 35341 people/km2 – Dong Da district. Population density of Ho Chi Minh city in 2009: 3399p/km2. In 1999: 2410 p/km2
In 2010, Hanoi contributed around 12% National GDP, while HCM city contributed nearly one third GDP of whole country.
Urbanization - The City‘s Profile - Population & GDP
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 91 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
86.40%
13.23%
0.25%0.12%
Hanoi
Permanent Semi-permanentLess-permanent Simple-non_stated
20.64%
77.48%
1.16%
0.72%
Ho Chi Minh city
Permanent Semi-permanentLess-permanent Simple-non_stated
Source: General Statistic Office
Quality of housing in Hanoi is considered better than Ho Chi Minh city by the census of population and housing in 2009. In Hanoi, permanent houses occupied the majority of Hanoi houses with the number of 86.40%, while the majority of houses in Ho Chi Minh city if semi permanent with 77.48%.
In 2010, Hanoi contributed around 12% National GDP, while HCM city contributed nearly one third GDP of whole country.
Urbanization - The City‘s Profile - Urban Housing
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 92 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Fragmentation in urban area
Inequality in Ho Chi Minh city is very evident by the contrast of rich areas and slums in the urban space. The gap between the rich and the poor is bigger and bigger.
Spatial structure inner urban is broken by the imbalance development. Fragmentation is occurring in Ho Chi Minh city.
Urbanization - Fragmentation
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 93 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Health care Source: http://www.medinet.hochiminhcity.gov.vn
CONTENT 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Total of medical officials
18,32
18,54
18,79
20,12
19,82
21,78 25,73
27,57 29,66
Medical doctors3,69
03,84
33,98
35,21
34,30
14,19
44,371
4,776
5,597
Officials/10.000 residents
35.47
35.09
34.49
35.31
32.4 35 40 42 43.5
Doctors/10.000 residents
7.14 7.27 7.31 9.14 7.55 6.72 6.8 8.1 8.2
Pharmacists 628 513 455 385 481 223 336 231 266
Nurses4,88
44,26
45,06
05,27
15,29
44,82
35,762
6,610
6,884
Midwives1,29
31,21
91,36
21,44
51,45
91,54
51,578
1,712
1,807
83.76%
16.24%Safe water
Unidenti-fied
The number of Medical doctor for every 10,000 resident in Ho Chi Minh city up to the year of 2008 is 8.2. It is much lower than the international standard that is around 25.
HCM city is the medical centre of the whole country, so all the hospitals and health care centre were overload.
Number of population which was provided safe water in Ho Chi Minh city was lower than the demand
Source: SAWACO: 2009
Fresh water
Urbanization - Ho Chi Minh City ‘s Services
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 94 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Transportation
The transportation system in Ho Chi Minh city at the current time is inadequate. Ratio of landuse for transportation is only 4.87% of total urban area.
The invasion of motorbikes and complicated road system leads congestions inside the city.
Transportation planning was established and the first line of metro system is under construction to solve transport problem in Ho Chi Minh city.
Urbanization - Ho Chi Minh City ‘s Infrastructure
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 95 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
Drainage
The poor infrastructure of drainage system causes flooding in some location inside Ho Chi Minh city which is one main reason leading to the terrible traffic congestion.
Canal system is seriously polluted by untreated waste water and garbage
Sanitation
Urbanization - Ho Chi Minh City ‘s Infrastructure
By Vietnamese German University’ studentsPage 96 ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile
The end!