Vietnam profile

Vietnamese German University

Vietnam Profile

Ho Chi Minh City, June 3, 2011

Course: Population, Migration and Urban Development

Lecturer: Prof. Rod Burgess

By Vietnamese German University’ students ▌ 2011 Vietnam Profile

Group Section Students

1 Introduction + Environment Nguyen Ngoc AnhVo My YNguyen Thuy Linh

2 Demographic Nguyen Thanh XuanNguyen Dinh KhoaDao Phuc Quynh

3 Economic Phung Anh KietNguyen Tan HungMai BinhDoan Ngoc Anh Vu

4 Social Le Nguyen Huong GiangNguyen Thi Le HaNguyen Dan Quynh

5 Urbanization Do Thanh TamPhan Thanh BinhHoang Anh

Outline & Assignment


Area : 331.051 km2

Population (2009) : 86.024.600 Density : 260 pp/km2 Location : Southeast Asia

N 16 ° 10 '- E 107 ° 50' Borders: China, Laos,

Cambodia,

South East Sea

Climate: tropical monsoon

Summer monsoon: May-October

Dry season: Dec - Apr

High humidity: Average 84%

Annual rainfall: 120-300 cm p.ann,

90% in summer

General info. Map & Location

Overview – Geographical background


111BC-938AD: 1,000 years ruled by China 938AD-19th Century: Early independence

19th century: French colony

1945-1954: Indochina War 1954: Independent 1954-1975: Vietnam War 1975: United North & South

1986 : Doi Moi policy 1995: Member of ASEAN 2007: Member of WTO

Overview – History: Socialist Republic of Vietnam


64 Provinces Districts Communes

In 8 Regions Urban division

05 centrally governed cities Provincial cities Towns

Overview – Administrative Division

Demographic Profile


Distribution of

population

Population growth

rates

Population density

Ethnicity

Population Pyramids

Sex ratios

Life expectancy

Households

Demographic - Profile


Outline: (Duration based on the last 2 cencus in Vietnam 1999-2009

Compare 05 countries on the following aspects:

Part 1. Size of total population (mil.)

Population growth rate is a basic indicator reflecting the level of

population increased or decreased during a year as the result of the natural increase

or migration in comparison with average population in the year.

1. Annual population growth rate (% p.a.)

2. Birth rate & death rate (per 1000)

>> work out the natural growth rate: live births – deaths

4. Distribution of population by sex (% total population)

Part 2. Also compare 05 countries

3. Population structure by age groups and sex

4. Life expectance from birth

Demographic - Indicators


High population: 85,5 million people (in 13th world population ranking level)

Rapid Growth but getting slowdown. Irregular distribution of population.

1990 2000 2010 20200

20,000,000

40,000,000

60,000,000

80,000,000

100,000,000

120,000,000

140,000,000Population

Cambodia Vietnam Malaysia ThaiLandJapan

Camb.

..

Vietn

am

Mal

aysia

Thai

land

Japa

n

2.3

%

1.6

%

2.0

%

0.9

%

0.2

%

2.0

%

1.1

%

2.0

%

0.8

%

0.0

%

Population growth rate

1990 - 1995 2005 - 2010

Demographic - Population Growth Rates.


Demographic - Population Distribution

Irregular distribution population: Plain, midland, mountain

75 % ppl in plain 25 % ppl in midland and

mountain Urban and rural

26,9 % ppl Urban 73,1 % ppl Rural

40%

14%3%6%

7%3%

14%

14%

Distribution of PPL by region

Red river Delta

Eastern North

Western North

Northen Middle

Southern Coastal Middle

Highland

Eastern South

Mekong Delta


Demographic - Population Density Average density: 261 ppl/sqkm one of the highest levels in the world. High concentrate in two main economic region: Red river delta, Mekong

delta. Hung Yen Province: 1221 ppl/sqkm Can Tho Province: 420 ppl/sqkm Lai Chau Province: 40 ppl/sqkm


Demographic - Ethnicity

86%

2%

2%1%

1%

7%

Ethnicity

Kinh

Tay

Thai

Muong

Khmer

Other

High diversity: 54 ethnic groups But Almost is minorities

53 Minority Ethnics have 13, 4 % population.

3,2 million Vietnamese are living abroad.


Demographic - Population Growth (1980 – 2020)

19

80

-19

90

19

90

-19

95

20

00

.0

20

11

.0

20

20

.0

-2.0

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

0.6 0.3 0.2-0.3 -0.3

2.2

5.7

1.92.9

2.3

2.7

2.7

2.71.6

1.3

1.8

1.2

1.00.6

0.4

2.1

1.7

1.4

1.1

0.9

Population Growth (1980-2020)

Japan Cambodia Malaysia Thailand

1980-1990

1990-1995

2000

2011

2020

0 50,000 100,000 150,000

117,060

123,611

126,926

126,476

122,735

6,590

8,600

11,860

23,152

23,990

13,879

18,102

23,275

28,729

32,017

46,718

55,839

62,408

66,720

71,443

52,462

66,017

77,635

90,459

98,011

Population of 5 countries

Viet Nam Thailand MalaysiaCambodia Japan

Sources: www.CIA.gov ; www.aseansec.org

http://www.cia.gov/


Demographic - Population growth (1980 - 2020)

Sources: www.CIA.gov ; www.aseansec.org; http://data.un.org/

1980-1990 1990-1995 2000 2011 2020

Japan 1.75 1.48 1.3 1.21 1.35

Cambodia 4.7 5.6 5.1 2.9 3

Malaysia 4.2 3.8 3 2.67 2

Thailand 3.5 2.3 1.8 1.66 1.85

Viet Nam 5 3.7 2.3 1.91 1.85

0.50

1.50

2.50

3.50

4.50

5.50

Population Growth in 5 countries 1980-2020

Japan Cambodia Malaysia Thailand Viet Nam

Year

Gro

wth

ra

te (

%)

http://www.cia.gov/

http://www.aseansec.org/

http://data.un.org/


Comparison of Population Pyramid Age and sex distribution (1990 - 1995):

Demographic - Population Pyramid


Comparison of Population Pyramid Age and sex distribution (2000):

Demographic - Population Pyramid


2000 2010 2020 20300

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

Households: Estimates & Projections

VietnamCambodiaThailandMalaysiaJapan

Year

Thous.

Demographic - Households


2000-10 2010-20 2020-300

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.54

Households: Annual Change Rate

Vietnam

Cambodia

Thailand

Malaysia

Japan C

ha

ng

ing

ra

te

2005-10 2010-15 2015-20 2020-25 2025-300

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000Changing of Households by the periods

Vietnam

Cambodia

Thailand

Malaysia

Japan

Nu

mb

er

of

ho

use

ho

lds

Demographic - Households


Sex ratio: Imbalance, especially in Red river delta. Bac Giang province: 128 boys/100 girls Ha Giang province: 96 boys/100 girls

In ethnicity minority communities: More Girls than Boys

In Plain, Kinh ethnic: More Girls than Boys

Cam-bodia

Vietnam Malaysia Thailand Japan

59

72 7266

79

63

76 7772

86

Sex ratio

Male Female

Demographic - Sex Ratio


Life expectance: (in world ranking) Cambodia: 178th

Vietnam: 129th

Malaysia: 112nd

Thailand: 113rd Japan: 5th

5972 72

6679

6376 77 72

86

Life Expectance (2010)

Male Female

1990 2000 2010 20200

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Vietnam Life expectance

Male Female

Demographic - Life Expectance

Economic Profile


• Size & Growth of the Economy• Structure and Growth of Output• Saving & Investment• Import & Export• Foreign Direct Investment • Foreign Trade

• Unemployment Rate• Inflation Rate• Government Budget• External Debt• Lending & Borrowing• ODA Mobilization over 2006-2009

• Energy Infrastructure • Transport Infrastructure • Access to Information Technology

• Labour market trend• Employment and Unemployment trends• Wages and income• Social protection and Workplace safety

and health• Labor productivity and competitiveness

Economic - Profile


GDP (Current Prices, US Dollars) for Vietnam in year 2010 is US$ 103.574 Billion. This makes Vietnam No. 59 in world rankings

The world's average GDP (Current Prices, US Dollars) value is US$ 1403.50 Billion; Vietnam is US$ 1,299.93 less than the average.

Economic - Size Of Economy - 2010

Vietnam Thailand Malaysia Laos -

100.000

200.000

300.000

400.000

500.000

600.000

700.000

GDP, 2010 (US Dollars)

GDP (Current Prices, US Dollars)

Source : World Bank

Source : IMF

Year 2010

Source : IMF


2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 -

1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000

GDP per Capita 2006-2010

Vietnam Thailand

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

-8-6-4-202468

10

Growth Rate of GDP (% year by year)

Vietnam Thailand Malaysia Lao

Source : World Bank

Economic - Size, Growth Of Economy - 2010


Economic - Structure & Growth

Agriculture Industry Services0

2

4

6

8

10

12Growth Rate by Sectors (av.ann. % growth)

2000 - 20042005 - 2009

Source : ADB - Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific

39%

25%

37%

Structure of Output 2000 (%)GDP at PPP $199 bills.

ServicesAgricultureIndustry

39%

21%

40%

Structure of Output 2000 (%)GDP at PPP $257.4 bills.

ServicesAgricul-tureIndustry


Economic - Saving & Investment - 2010

• Investment of Vietnam in year 2010 is 38.077 % of GDP.This makes Vietnam No. 14 in world rankings according to Investment (% of GDP) in year 2010.

• The world's average Investment (% of GDP) value is 21.70 %; Vietnam is 16.38% more than the average.

• In the previous year, 2009, Investment (% of GDP) for Vietnam was 38.13 % . Investment for Vietnam in 2010 was 0.14% less than it was in 2009.

Gross National Savings (% of GDP) for Vietnam in year 2010 is 34.285 %. This makes VN No. 19 in world rankings according to GNS (% of GDP) in year 2010. • The world's average Gross National Savings (%

of GDP) value is 18.64 %; Vietnam is 15.65% more than the average.

• In the previous year, 2009, Gross National Savings (% of GDP) for Vietnam was 31.56 % Gross National Savings (% of GDP) for Vietnam in 2010 is 8.62% more than it was in 2009.Source : IMF


Value of Oil Imports ( Billion US Dollars)

• Value of Oil Imports for Vietnam in year 2010 is US$ 6.846 Billions

This makes Vietnam No. 42 in world rankings according to Value of Oil Imports in year 2010. • The world's average Value of Oil

Imports value is US$ 9.94 Billions; Vietnam is US$ 3.09 Billions less than the average.

• In the previous year, 2009, Value of Oil Imports for Vietnam was US$ 6.77 Billions. Value of Oil Imports for Vietnam in 2010 is 1.12% more than it was in 2009.Value of Oil Exports ( Billion US

Dollars)

• Value of Oil Exports for Vietnam in year 2010 is US$ 4.958 Billions

This makes Vietnam No. 49 in world rankings according to Value of Oil Exports in year 2010. • The world's average Value of Oil

Exports value is US$ 10.16 Billions; Vietnam is US$ 5.20 Billions less than the average.

• In the previous year, 2009, Value of Oil Exports for Vietnam was US$ 6.20 Billions. Value of Oil Exports for Vietnam in 2010 is 19.97% less than it was in 2009.

Source : IMF

Source : IMF

Economic - Import & Export


Economic - Foreign Direct Investment

35%

0%14%2%

41%

2% 5%Economic structure

Real Estate businessAgriculture, forestry, fisheriesIndustrial manufacturing & Process-ingMiningHotels, Foods & BeverageConstructionOther Services

2005 2006 2007 2008 20090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

6.812

21.3

64

21.5

3.3 4.18

11.6 10

FDI by periods

Registered FDI

Source : General Statistics Office of Vietnam


1990 1995 2000 2005 20090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

26.432.8

55

69.4 68.3

Exports (% of GDP)

1990 1995 2000 2005 20090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

35.7

41.9

57.5

73.578.7

Imports (% of GDP)

Source : World Bank

Economic - Foreign Trade

Import & Export of Goods, Services as % of GDP


Origin of Merchandise Imports, 2009 (%)

Destination of Merchandise Export, 2009 (%)

Source : ADB- Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific

Economic - Foreign Trade (Cont)


The unemployment rate in Vietnam was last reported at 2.9 percent in 2010

(Unemployment rate is defined as the level of unemployment divided by the

labor force)

Economic - Unemployment Rates


The inflation rate in Vietnam was last reported at 17.5 percent in April of

2011(Inflation rate refers to a general rise in prices measured against a

standard level of purchasing power )

Economic - Inflation Rates


Vietnam reported a government budget deficit equivalent to 7.70 percent of

the GDP in 2009. Government Budget is an itemized accounting of the

payments received by government (taxes and other fees) and the payments

made by government (purchases and transfer payments).

Economic - Government Budget


source: IMF

Vietnam’s external debt position has historically been robust, but has been negatively affected by the global crisis and domestic macroeconomic instability since late 2008.

Vietnam remains at low risk of external debt distress, but debt indicators have deteriorated due to the negative impact of the global crisis and the increasedmacroeconomic risks in late 2009 (IMF Report, Sep 2010)

Debt – External: $33.45 billion (31 Dec 2010 est)$27.84 (31 Dec 2009 est)

Economic - External Debt


• Total Government Gross Debt (% of GDP) for Vietnam in year 2010 is 52.847 % (3.30% more than it was in 2009).

This makes Vietnam No. 62 in world rankings according to Total Government Gross Debt (% of GDP) in year 2010. • The world's average Total Government

Gross Debt (% of GDP) value is 46.17 %; Vietnam is 6.68% more than the average.

• Total Government Net Lending/ Borrowing (% of GDP) for Vietnam in year 2010 is - 6.414 %

This makes Vietnam No. 144 in world rankings. • The world's average Total Government

Net Lending/ Borrowing (% of GDP) value is -1.89 %; Vietnam is 4.52 less than the average.

In the previous year, 2009, Total Government Net Lending/ Borrowing (% of GDP) for Vietnam was -8.99 %. Total Government Net Lending/ Borrowing (% of GDP) for Vietnam in 2010 was 28.68% less than it was in 2009.

Source : IMF

Economic - Lending & Borrowing - 2010


Period Commitment

Signed Agreement

Disbursement

1993-1995

6,131 4,858.07 1,875

1996-2000

11,546.5 9,008.00 6,142

2001-2005

14,889.2 11,237.76 7,887

2006-2009

23,849.8 17,282.97 10,319

UNIT: Million USD

Commitment

Signed

Disbursement

Source: Ministry of planning & Investment

ODA commitment, signed agreement and disbursement – Comparison among different periods Unit: Million USD

23%

15%

15%13%

34%

Agricultural & Rural DevelopmentTransportationWaster supply & drainage, Urban developmentEnergyHealth, Education, Enviroment

1993 - 2000 2001 - 2005 2006 - 20090

20

40

60

80

100

Trend of ODA loans and grants over the periods

Loans Grants

Distribution of ODA by Sectors & Areas

ODA by periods

Economic - ODA Mobilization over 1993 - 2009


Source: World Bank

1990 – 2008: Electricity production increase 88%, average annual growth rate of 4.9% pa

1990 – 2008: Electricity consumption increase 90.6%, average annual growth rate of 5.0%pa

80% households are supplied electricity

1990 1995 2000 2005 20080

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

8.68114.64

26.56

53.46

73.04

6.476

11.46

22.9

47.59

68.9

Vietnam Electricity Production and consumption 1990 - 2008

Electricity Production Electricity Consumption

Mill

ion

Mw

/h

Economic - Energy Infrastructure (1/3)


Source: World Bank

Electricity production from natural gas, hydroelectric and coal increased

normally

Electricity production from oil decreased

1990 2000 2008

Coal source 2.001 3.135 15.173

Hydroelectric 5.369 14.551 25.986

Natural gas source 0.06 4.356 30.34

Oil source 1.305 4.519 1.551

2.500

7.500

12.500

17.500

22.500

27.500

32.500

Sources for Electricity Production(Million MWh)

Mil

lion

Mw

h

Economic - Energy Infrastructure (2/3)


Massive increase in electricity production. Vietnam’s ratio of 8,0. Countries in Southeast Asia recorded large increases: Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, & Thailand.

Economic - Energy Infrastructure (3/3)Increase in Electricity Production

(Ratio: 2007/1990)

Source of Electricity, 2007

(percentage distribution)

Most electricity is generated in Asia by carbon fuels.



1990 1995 2000 2007 2008 -

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

96,100 106,048

120,546

160,089 163,647

Roads, total network (km)

Roads, total network (...

1990 1995 2000 2007 2008 2,600 2,700 2,800 2,900 3,000 3,100 3,200

2,832 2,832

3,142 3,147 3,147

Rail lines (total route-km)

Rail lines (total route-...

Total road network: 163.647km Road network density:

46km/100km2 Motor vehicles per 1000people

(2007): 13. Singapore: 149; Japan: 595; Laos: 21

Source: World Bank

Series10

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Road density (Km of road/ 1 Sqr Km of land)

Thailand Singapore Japan LaosVietnam

Km

of

road

Economic - Transport Infrastructure (1/2)


Average Annual Percentage Growth in Road Networks, 1990 to Latest Year


Economic - Transport Infrastructure (2/2)


1990 1995 2000 2005 20080

10000000

20000000

30000000

40000000

50000000

60000000

70000000

80000000

The quantities of using technology in-formation

Mobile cellular subscriptions Telephone lines

Technology information has developed strongly within 10 years Ex: Internet, cell phone networks, 3G

Source: World Bank

Employment

Distribution of Mobil phone network

Economic - Information Technology


From 2000 to 2007, The labour force increased by an average of 1.06 million people annually

In Year 2000 : 38,4 millions people and 46, 7 millions people in 2007, (24.1 million men and 22.6 million women), rate of 69,7 %.

The rate for females is higher than those for males in this period. The labour force remains mostly unskilled as 65.3 per cent did not have any

technical education in 2007

Distribution of population by age, 2000 – 2010 (10%)

Economic - Labor Market Trends


• From 2000 to 2007, labour productivity in Viet Nam increased remarkably from VND 7.1

million to VND 10.1 million, an annual average increase of 5.1 per cent.• In those, Industry remained the leader in terms of productivity at nearly

VND 22 million, more than 50 per cent higher than productivity in services and more than six times the level in agriculture.• Measured in constant 1990 USD, Viet Nam's average output per worker

was USD 5,702 in 2008, or equal to only 61.4 per cent of the ASEAN average, 22 per cent of productivity in• Malaysia and 12.4 per cent of the level in Singapore.

Output per worker, 2000 and 2008 (constant 1990 USD)

Economic - Labor Productivity & Copetitiveness


• From 2002 to 2006, worker’s income had increased continously.

• Monthly income per capita increased by 78.7 per cent, with rural income

growth (83.8 per

cent) outpacing the rise in urban income levels (70.1 per cent)

• The fluctuation between top richest and top poorest got from 8,2 % to

9,7%.

Average monthly wages type of enterprise, 1998, 2002, 2004 and 2006

Economic - Wages & Income


• Only 8.5 million people, or less than one-fifth of the total workforce joined the insurance activities and represents about 80 per cent of those who were eligible.

• Almost employees in rural areas and household did not join insurance• The voluntary system has also been weak in attracting working youth.• Compulsory programmer• In 2008, The social assistance scheme, the voluntary social insurance

scheme and old-age pensions program have been built

Workplace safety and health • From 2006 through 2009, there were more than 6000 reported occupational

accidents each year in the formal sector and approximately 500 fatal accidents.

• In 2008, only 53.8 per cent of the 496 labor inspectors nationwide were professionally trained. There are more than two thousand handicraft villages producing or processing recycled metals, paper and other materials.

Participation in the compulsory social insurance scheme, 2001 - 2008

Economic - Social Protection


• Viet Nam's labour force will continue to expand significantly from 2010 to 2015, at

an estimated 1.5 per cent each year, or by 738 thousand.• In the Period of 2000-2010, Vietnam’s labour force growth in absolute

terms will be among the highest in the ASEAN region, trailing only Indonesia and the Philippines.

Labor force growth in ASEAN, 2000 – 2010 & 2010 - 2015

Economic - Labor force growth

Social Profile


1.Poverty

2. Education

3. Access to housing &

services

4. Health & nutrition

Social - Profile


19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

0

5

10

15

20

Lao

Vietnam

Cam-bodia

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Vietnam

Thai

Cam-bodia

Population Below International Poverty Line

Population Below National Poverty Line

Social - Provety


Total NET enrolment ratio in primacy education

1999 20080

20

40

60

80

100

120

Vietnam

Laos

Thai

Cam-bodia

Japan

0

20

40

60

80

100Vietnam

Cam-bodia

Thai

Japan

Laos

Adult literacy rate

Social - Education


Comparing between 5 Countries Improved Sanitation & Water:

• Vietnam is the third position amongst these countries, higher than Cambodia, Lao PDR about 20-30% and lower than Thailand about 30-40%.

• The number of improved Sanitation increased faster than other countries.

Vietnam pay attention more in improving people’s living conditions.

1995 2000 2005 20080

20

40

60

80

100

120

Improved Sanitation Facilities ( % of pop. with access)

Cam-bodiaJapanLao PDRThailandVietnam

Pe

rce

nta

ge

1995 2000 2005 20080

20406080

100120

Improved Water Source ( % of pop. with access)

CambodiaJapanLao PDRThailandVietnam

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Social - Houses & Services (1/2)


1990 2005 -

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

Population living in Slums ( % of urban population)

Cambodia Lao PDR Thailand

1992 2000 2007 -

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

Total debt service (% of exports of goods, services

and income)

Cambodia Lao PDRThailand Vietnam

1990 2005 2,009.0 (20.0) -

20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0

Net ODA received per capita (current US$)

Cambodia Lao PDRThailand Vietnam

Social - Houses & Services (2/2)


1990 1995 2000 2005 2009 -

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

65.5 69.4 71.9 73.7 74.6

Life expectancy at birth, total (years)

Cambodia Japan Lao PDRThailand Vietnam

1990 1995 2000 2005 2009 -

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

3.7

2.9

2.3 2.2 2.0

Fertility rate, total (births per woman)

Cambodia Japan Lao PDRThailand Vietnam

Social - Health & Nutrition (1/3)


Series1

197259198427

210843219784

232925

Hopital beds in Vietnam 2005-2009

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

35547

48065

The number of staffs in hopital

Doctor Physician nurse

1990 1995 2000 2005 2009

Cambo-dia

0.5 1.4 1.3 0.8 0.5

Japan 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Lao PDR 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Thailand 1 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.3

Vietnam 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 -NaN

0.3 0.8 1.3 1.8 2.3

0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4

Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49)

Perc

enta

ge

-1945 Vietnam had 70 hospitals with a total of 3,000 beds, and it had1physician /180,000 popular.-1979 there were 713 hospitals with 205,700 beds- Quality of public health care and the level of medical technology remained inadequate, however, and authorities were increasingly concerned about such problems as nutritional deficiency, mental health, and old-age illnesses.



1980 - 1985

1995 - 2000

Cambo-dia

20 NaN 46

Lao PDR 36.5 NaN 40

Thailand 36 NaN 19

Viet Nam 52 NaN 33

5

25

45

Child Malnutrition (% of Urder Age 5)

1980 1990 1999

1701.9 1829.91999.6

2083.7 2159.22151.8

2277.4 2141.72411.3

2142.2 2218.8

2564

Daily per capita Calorie Supply (calories)

1. PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON HEALTH 2001 (% GDP): 5.1%

2. HEALTH EXPENDITURE PER CAPITA 2003 (PPP US $) : $134

3. INFANTILE MORTALITY RATE per 1000 live births 1990 39.1 2009 19.5

4. UNDER FIVE MORTALITY RATE (per 1000 live births) 1990 202 2009 23.6

5. TOTAL FERTILITY RATE ( births per woman ) (MDG) 1990 3.7 2009 2

6. MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE (per one hundred thousand live births adjusted) 2001 :56


Environmental Profile


1. Land Use

2. Biodiversity

3. Water

4. Energy

5. Emissions

6. Disasters

7. Commitment

Environmental - Profile


Forest area29%

Other land52%

Arable land16%

Permanent cropland

3%

Land use in 1990(% total land area)

Forest area43%

Other land26%

Arable land21%

Permanent cropland

10%

Land use in 2007(% total land area)

Source: World Bank 2010 Table 3.1 & 5Source: PADhttp://www.mekong-protected-areas.org/index.htm

Environmental - Land use

Land use ratios (has per capita)

1975 1992

Arable & permanent crops 0.13 0.10

Pastures 0.01 -

Forest & Woodlands 0.28 0.14

Other Land 0.26 0.23


0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.50

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

54

3933

147

Threaten species in 2008

Y-Values

Source: World Bank 2010 Table 3.4

CambodiaJapan MalaysiaThailanVietnam0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

GEF benefits index for bio-diversity

Environmental - Biodiversity


Cambo

dia

Japa

n

Mal

aysia

Thai

lan

Vietn

am

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

Average annual deforestation(% change)

1990 2007

Forest area: 134 thousand sq.km % of total land: 43.3 Average annual deforestation (%

change)

Source: World Bank 2010 Table 3.4

Cambodia Japan Malaysia Thailan Vietnam

73.368.4 68.1

31.228.8

56.768.2

62.7

28.243.3

Forest area in 1990 and 2007(% total land area)

1990

Environmental - Deforestation (2007)


Supply

Freshwater Resources 2007: 4304 m3 per capita Demand

Annual Freshwater Withdrawals

Total: 71.4 billion m3

% of total resources: 19.5

Distribution of Withdrawals (%)

Irrigated land (% of cropland)

1979-1981: 24.11994-1996: 29.62001-2003: 33.9

68%

24%

8%

Distribution of Withdrawals

For agriculture

For industry

For domestic use

Source: World Bank 2000, 2008, 2010

Environmental - Water Using & Consumption


Energy consumption(Sectral Energy: 2006)

http://www.asiabiomass.jp

- about 65% of population lives in rural areas where firewood, straw, and wood are used as the energy source for cooking at homes.

- Most of the biomass energy is utilized in rural areas as home energy.

Energy distribution(Fuel Energy: 2006)

Environmental - Energy in General View

http://www.asiabiomass.jp/


Vietnam Forecast of power generation mix % by fuel from 2009 – 2015 (source BMI – Industry Forecast Scenario, Q1 2011)

Environmental - Energy in General View


Environmental - Energy – Petroleum

1980 1990 2000 20090

100200300400500600700800

Total Oil Production1980 1990 2000 2009

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Cam-bodiaMalaysiaVietnamThailandJapan

Crude Oil Production

Petroleum Consumption1980 1990 2000 2009

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000- Now: Vietnam is an export country of petroleum (crude oil).- In the future: Vietnam is an import country of petroleum (crude oil)- In 5 countries group (2009):• Vietnam produced less Total Oil and

Crude Oil than Malaysia (highest production).

• Vietnam used less Petroleum than Japan (highest consumption), Thailand and Malaysia.

(Source: EIA-Energy Information Administration)


Environmental - Energy – Oil Refinery

DUNG QUAT oil refinery NGHI SON oil refinery

- Before: 100% refined petroleum production were import (from Chinese, Singapore, Taipei…)

- In 2009: DUNG QUOC Oil Refinery Plant operated and has provided 30% refined oil production for demand inner Vietnam.

- In 2015: NGHI SON Oil Refinery Plant will be finished and will provided 80%

refined oil production for demand inner Vietnam.


Environmental - Energy – Natural Gas

Natural Gas Production Natural Gas Consumption

1980 1990 2000 20090

500

1000

1500

2000

2500


1980 1990 2000 20090

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

- In 5 countries group (2009)

• Vietnam produced les Natural Gas than Malaysia (highest production) and Thailand.

• Vietnam used less Natural Gas than Malaysia, Thailand and Japan (highest consumption)



Environmental - Energy – Coal

Coal Production Coal Consumption

1980 1990 2000 20090

10

20

30

40

50

60


1980 1990 2000 20090

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

- Vietnam's coal reserves are very large (about 10.5 billion tons of Quang Ninh mine-source).

- In 5 countries group (2009):

• Vietnam produced a highest Coal production

• Vietnam used less Coal than Thailand and Japan (highest consumption)(Source: EIA-Energy Information Administration)


Environmental - Energy – Electricity

Electricity Net Generation Electricity Net Consumption

1980 1990 2000 20080

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Cam-bodia

Malaysia

Vietnam

Thailand

Japan

1980 1990 2000 20080

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

- Vietnam's electricity generation mostly from hydropower.

- In 5 countries group (2008):

• Vietnam generated & used less Electricity than Malaysia, Thailand and Japan (highest production)



Trung Son Hydropower Project – Source: WB• Generator: Vietnam Electricity (EVN)• Cost: US$380 million.• Supporter: World Bank (financial and technical).• Loan: from International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). (Source: EIA-Energy Information Administration)

- Vietnamese’s hydropower resources are being develop to provide clean, renewable and low cost energy for growth.

- This makes sense as Vietnam seeks to curb carbon emission to mitigate predicted negative impacts of global warming

Environmental - Energy – Electricity


Environmental - Total Primary Energy

Total Primary Energy Production Total Primary Energy Consumption

1980 1990 2000 20080

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5


1980 1990 2000 20080

5

10

15

20

25


In the 5 countries group: Vietnam produced and used less primary Energy than Malaysia, Thailand and Japan (highest production and consumption-world rank: 3)(Source: EIA-Energy Information Administration)


- Vietnam’s CO2 emissions are lower than regional and global levels.

- National CO2 emission: 14 million tons (1980), increased to 80 (2005)

- Rapid of Co2 in transport sector (14% to 25%)- Methane Mainly from Agricultural: decreased 70% (1990) to 67% (2005)

- Industrial increased 10% (1990) to 18% (2005)

Environmental - Emission: CO2 & Methane


Environmental - Emission: NO2, other Greenhouse Gas

- Nitrous oxide Mostly from Agricultural: increased 83% (1990) to 95% (2005).


Source : Annual Disaster Statistical Review 2010 EMDAT 2010Vietnam is not in top ten countries in term of disaster mortality, victims and

damage

Environmental - Disaster


Agreement Cambodia Vietnam Malaysi

aThailand Japan

Climate Change 1992 1996 1995 1994 1995 1994

Law of The Sea 1982 - 2006 1996 - 1996

Kyoto 1997 2002 2008 2002 2002 2002

CITIES 1973 1997 1994 1983 1983 1980

Stockholm Convention2001 2006 2002 2005 2005 2002

Source : World Bank World Development Indicator 2010

Environmental - Government Commitments

Urbanization Profile


Urbanizatio

n

Urban

System

Cities’

Profile

Urbanization - Profile


2000 2010 2020 20300

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

12,780 15,224 18,102 18,10223,274 27,920 32,020 35,270

60,666 65,125 67,990 69,21879,094

90,845101,656

110,429

127,034 127,758 124,489118,252

Campodia Malaysia ThaiLan Vietnam JapanSource: Global report on Human settlement 2009 – table B.2

The number of population in Japan is highest in 5 countries, the second is Vietnam, and the Last one is Cambodia

The number of urban population in Vietnam and Japan is higher than other countries. The smallest number is Cambodia.

Urbanization - Urban Population


2000

2010

2020

2030

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000

2,161

3,470

5,355

7,678

14,424

20,150

25,130

28,994

18,893

22,118

26,456

31,682

19,204

26,191

35,230

46,123

82,847

85,385

86,420

86,304

Japan Vietnam ThaiLan Malaysia Campodia

Source: Global report on Human settlement 2009 – table B.2

Urbanization - Urban Population


Vietn

am

Thai

land

Mal

aysia

Cambo

dia

Japa

n0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

28.80 34.00

72.20

22.80

66.80

Source: Global report on Human settlement 2009 – table B.3

GDP per capital 2010

2000 2010 2020 20300

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

24.328.8

34.741.8

31.1 3438.9

45.8

62

72.278.5

82.2

16.922.8

29.637

65.2 66.8 69.473

Viet NamThailandMalaysiaCampodiaJapan

Vietn

am

Thailand

Malay

sia

Cambo

dia

Japa

n0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

1,113 3,893 7,030706

39,738

Level of urbanization 2010

The levels of urbanization in these regions are related with GDP per capital.

The level of four countries (Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia, and Thailand) are increasing as they enter the second phase of curve “S”. However, Japan is increasing slowly as enters in the fourth phase of “S” curve (flatten off)

Source: World bank

Urbanization - Lever of Urbanization 2000 - 2030


2000-2010

2010-2020

2020-2030

Total 1.7 1.86 1.86

Ur-ban

3.1 2.96 2.69

Rural 0.77000000000000

1

0.27 -0.32

-0.25

0.25

0.75

1.25

1.75

2.25

2.75

3.25

1.71.86 1.86

3.1 2.962.69

0.770000000000001

0.27

-0.32

%

Source: Global report on Human settlement 2009 – table B.2 – B.3

Period

Urban Growth (Rate A)

Rural Growth (Rate B)

Tempo of Urbanization (A-B)

2000-2010

3.1 0.77 2.33

2010-2020

2.96 0.27 2.69

2020-2030

2.69 -0.32 3.01

The urban growth rate decrease from 3.1% to 2,69%, although the national population growth rate increase. The rural growth rate also decreases from 0.77% to -0.32%.

Thus, the Tempo of urbanization increase from 2.33% to 3.01% over 3 periods.

Urbanization - Rate of Urbanization 2000 - 2030


2000-2010 2010-2020 2020-2030

Viet-nam

2.33 2.69 3.01

Thai-land

1.29 2.14 2.81

Malaysia

4.3 2.5 3.5

Cam-podia

2.4 4.4 1.8

Japan 2 2 3

0.25

1.25

2.25

3.25

4.25 The Tempo of urbanization in

Thailand, Malaysia, and Cambodia decrease, The others in Vietnam, Japan increase over 3 periods.

Cambodia is the country which has the highest percentage of Tempo of urbanization over 3 periods. In contrast, Japan is the country which has the smallest percentage of Tempo of urbanization over 3 periods

It mean: there is a big difference between the rate of growth of the urban and rural population in Cambodia, a small ones in Japan from 2000 to 2030.

Source: Global report on Human settlement 2009 – table B.1 – B.3

Urbanization - Tempo of Urbanization


Share of net migration to urban growth

1975-2000 2000-20250

20

40

60

80

100

120

23.9

59.5

76.1

40.5

Contribution of Migration to Urban Growth

in Vietnam

migrants nat.increase

The big change in contribution of Migration to Urban growth in Vietnam in the periods of time from 1275 to 2000 and from 2000 to 2025.

The rate of migrants in the first 25 years was just one fourth but it increased rapidly to over a half ò total urban population in t he next 25 years. The speed of urbanization in Vietnam higher an higher.

The rate of migrants in the comparison with the rate of nature increase population proved that migrants keep the main role in contribution to Urban Growth in Vietnam.

Urbanization - Rural - Urban Migration


Urban slum Dwellers in Vietnam

The data indicate a growing deterioration in a key urban issue during the 19th, the percentage of urban population living in slum is nearly 50% of the population in Vietnam

Year Total slum weller (Millions)

% of total urban population

1999

8,100 60.5

2001

9,197 47.4

Series10

10

20

30

40

50

60

7060.5

47.4

19902001

Source: Global report on human settlement 2005

Urbanization - Rural - Urban Migration


Understand urban systems in terms of urban hierarchies. When settlements are grouped together in different size classes (e.g. cities over one million; cities between I mill and 500,000; cities between 500,000 and 250,000 and so on) planners have identified urban systems as being organized as urban hierarchies.

The Table of Urban Hierarchy in Vietnam in 2010 in the next lin.

Urbanization - Urban Network (>100.000 Populations)


Special Ct.

1st City 2nd City 3rdCity 4thCity 5thCity(634)

Hanoi Hai Phong Viet Tri Cao Bang Dong Hoi Bac Can Ayun Pa

HCM Da Nang Ha Long Lang Son Dong Ha Nghia Lo Buon Ho

Can Tho Hai Duong Bac Giang Tam Ky Viet Quang EaKar

Hue Nam Dinh Song Cong Hoi An Lai Chau Gia Nghia

Vinh Thanh Hoa Lao Cai Quang Ngai Mong Lay Lien Nghia

Da Lat Phan Thiet Yen Bai Tuy Hoa Tu Son Di An

Nha Trang Pleiku Ha Giang Cam Ranh Phuc Yen Lai Thieu

Quy Nhon Vung Tau Tuyen Quang Phan Rang Chi Linh Dong Xoai

BMThuoc Bien Hoa Hoa Binh Kon Tum Tam Diep Binh Long

Thai Nguyen My Tho Phu Tho Bao Loc Sam Son Phuoc Long

Long Xuyen Son La Ba Ria Bim Son Long Khanh

Ca Mau DBPhu Thu Dau Mot Thai Hoa Tay Ninh

Bac Ninh Tan An Hong Linh Moc Hoa

Vinh Yen Ben Tre Quang Tri Ben Luc

Son Tay Tra Vinh Huong Thuy Hau Nghia

Mong Cai Vinh Long Tu Ha Go Cong

Uong Bi Cao Lanh Binh Dinh Cai Lay

Cam Pha Sa Dec Bong Son Cai Von

Hung Yen Chau Doc Song Cau Hong Ngu

Thai Binh Rach Gia Ninh Hoa My An

Phu Ly Vi Thanh Van Gia Tan Chau

Ninh Binh Soc Trang Dien Khanh Ha Tien

Cua Lo Bac Lieu Lagi Nga Bay

Ha Tinh Dong Hoi An Khe Long My

Urbanization - Urban Hierachy


Identify how urban growth is distributed amongst cities of different sizes. The rescaling of urban systems has occurred historically: spatial efficiency; spatial equity and social justice; spatial division of labor; the friction of distance.

Urban Agglomerations

Population Size (1975-2015) Annual Average Growth Rate (1975-2015)

Year Ho Chi Minh (mills.)

Hanoi (mills.)

Year Ho Chi Minh (mills.)

Hanoi (mills.)

1975 2.35 0.82 1975-1985

2.35 2.12

1980 2.73 0.91 1985-1995

1.78 2.12

1985 2.98 1.01 1995-2005

2.59 2.84

1990 3.24 1.12 2005-2015

3.35 3.35

1995 3.56 1.25

2000 3.99 1.42

2005 4.61 1.66

2010 5.43 1.97

2015 6.44 2.36

(Source: VN Demographic Yearbook 1998, Table 8)

Urbanization - Urban System - Rank Size Distribution


Urban primacy exists when the difference in the size of the largest city and other cities in the urban system is much greater than that predicted by the rank size rule.

Urban primacy is not measured in terms of size alone.

Year Two City Index

Ho Chi Minh A (mills.)

Hanoi B (mills.) 2 City Index A/B

1995 3.47 1.28 2.71

2000 4.38 1.60 2.74

2005 5.14 2.05 2.51

2010 6.12 2.70 2.27Year Four City Index

Ho Chi Minh (mills.)

Hanoi (mills.)

Danang (mill)

Haiphong (mill)

4 City Index

1995 3.47 1.28 0.426 0.524 1.56

2000 4.38 1.60 0.566 0.594 1.59

2005 5.14 2.05 0.675 0.724 1.49

2010 6.12 2.70 0.775 0.86 1.41

Urbanization - Urban System - Urban Primacy


Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam, it is in the center of Hong river delta. Hanoi is the second most populous city and important centre of politic, culture, economy, and education of Vietnam.

Hanoi became the capital of Vietnam after moved the capital by the first king Ly in 1010.

Hanoi Ho Chi Minh city is the most populous city, is also the importantly economic, cultural, and educational centre of Vietnam.

The city was formed in 1698 by the southern exploration of The Nguyen Dynasty.

Ho Chi Minh city

Urbanization - The City‘s Profile


1995 2000 2005 20100

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1.2749 1.6032.0461

2.70083.4661

4.3755.1445

6.1215

Urban Population Growth

Ha Noi HoChiMinh city

Popula

tion (

million p

eople

)

1995 2000 2005 2010

23.20% 23.36% 23.04% 23.61%

8.53% 8.56% 9.16% 10.42%

Occupancy of Total Urban Popu-lation

HoChiMinh city Hanoi

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

GDP per CapitaSource: General Statistic Office; Statistical Year Books

Urban Population density of Hanoi is estimated around 6509 p/km2. The highest density area is up to 35341 people/km2 – Dong Da district. Population density of Ho Chi Minh city in 2009: 3399p/km2. In 1999: 2410 p/km2

In 2010, Hanoi contributed around 12% National GDP, while HCM city contributed nearly one third GDP of whole country.

Urbanization - The City‘s Profile - Population & GDP


86.40%

13.23%

0.25%0.12%

Hanoi

Permanent Semi-permanentLess-permanent Simple-non_stated

20.64%

77.48%

1.16%

0.72%

Ho Chi Minh city

Permanent Semi-permanentLess-permanent Simple-non_stated

Source: General Statistic Office

Quality of housing in Hanoi is considered better than Ho Chi Minh city by the census of population and housing in 2009. In Hanoi, permanent houses occupied the majority of Hanoi houses with the number of 86.40%, while the majority of houses in Ho Chi Minh city if semi permanent with 77.48%.

In 2010, Hanoi contributed around 12% National GDP, while HCM city contributed nearly one third GDP of whole country.

Urbanization - The City‘s Profile - Urban Housing


Fragmentation in urban area

Inequality in Ho Chi Minh city is very evident by the contrast of rich areas and slums in the urban space. The gap between the rich and the poor is bigger and bigger.

Spatial structure inner urban is broken by the imbalance development. Fragmentation is occurring in Ho Chi Minh city.

Urbanization - Fragmentation


Health care Source: http://www.medinet.hochiminhcity.gov.vn

CONTENT 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Total of medical officials

18,32

18,54

18,79

20,12

19,82

21,78 25,73

27,57 29,66

Medical doctors3,69

03,84

33,98

35,21

34,30

14,19

44,371

4,776

5,597

Officials/10.000 residents

35.47

35.09

34.49

35.31

32.4 35 40 42 43.5

Doctors/10.000 residents

7.14 7.27 7.31 9.14 7.55 6.72 6.8 8.1 8.2

Pharmacists 628 513 455 385 481 223 336 231 266

Nurses4,88

44,26

45,06

05,27

15,29

44,82

35,762

6,610

6,884

Midwives1,29

31,21

91,36

21,44

51,45

91,54

51,578

1,712

1,807

83.76%

16.24%Safe water

Unidenti-fied

The number of Medical doctor for every 10,000 resident in Ho Chi Minh city up to the year of 2008 is 8.2. It is much lower than the international standard that is around 25.

HCM city is the medical centre of the whole country, so all the hospitals and health care centre were overload.

Number of population which was provided safe water in Ho Chi Minh city was lower than the demand

Source: SAWACO: 2009

Fresh water

Urbanization - Ho Chi Minh City ‘s Services


Transportation

The transportation system in Ho Chi Minh city at the current time is inadequate. Ratio of landuse for transportation is only 4.87% of total urban area.

The invasion of motorbikes and complicated road system leads congestions inside the city.

Transportation planning was established and the first line of metro system is under construction to solve transport problem in Ho Chi Minh city.

Urbanization - Ho Chi Minh City ‘s Infrastructure


Drainage

The poor infrastructure of drainage system causes flooding in some location inside Ho Chi Minh city which is one main reason leading to the terrible traffic congestion.

Canal system is seriously polluted by untreated waste water and garbage

Sanitation

Urbanization - Ho Chi Minh City ‘s Infrastructure


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