Post on 01-Apr-2015
U.S. History NotesU.S. History NotesThe Cold War EraThe Cold War Era
1945-19911945-1991
Vs.
Cold WarCold War
Conflict between the U.S.A and the Conflict between the U.S.A and the Soviet UnionSoviet Union
Never fought each other directlyNever fought each other directly
The United NationsThe United Nations Formed after WWIIFormed after WWII Main job is to work for world peaceMain job is to work for world peace
1. Also tries to improve people’s lives (food, 1. Also tries to improve people’s lives (food, money and technology)money and technology)
1947 – UN decided to split Palestine into 2 nations 1947 – UN decided to split Palestine into 2 nations (Palestine ruled by England)(Palestine ruled by England)1. One Arab and one Jewish (most people in 1. One Arab and one Jewish (most people in Palestine were Arab)Palestine were Arab)
1948 – Jewish settlers declared the founding of 1948 – Jewish settlers declared the founding of IsraelIsrael
Arab nations immediately attacked itArab nations immediately attacked it Israel won the war plus others in following yearsIsrael won the war plus others in following years
Soviet ExpansionSoviet Expansion
Soviet troops occupied most of Eastern Soviet troops occupied most of Eastern Europe at the end of WWIIEurope at the end of WWII
Stalin worried that people might elect anti-Stalin worried that people might elect anti-Soviet governmentsSoviet governments
He set up pro-Soviet communist He set up pro-Soviet communist governments in Eastern Europegovernments in Eastern Europe
Wanted to avoid another invasion form the Wanted to avoid another invasion form the westwest
U.S. thought communist wanted to take U.S. thought communist wanted to take over the worldover the world
Containing the SovietsContaining the Soviets
Truman Gov. used Truman Gov. used containment policycontainment policy
U.S. would work in U.S. would work in military and military and nonmilitary ways nonmilitary ways to prevent to prevent communism from communism from spreading.spreading.
Containing the Soviets Continued Containing the Soviets Continued
U.S. helped Greece U.S. helped Greece and Turkey defeat and Turkey defeat communist forcescommunist forces
Truman Doctrine – Truman Doctrine – said the U.S. would said the U.S. would help any free help any free nation attempting nation attempting to resist to resist communism communism
The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan European countries European countries
needed help after WWII needed help after WWII 1947 – U.S. announced the 1947 – U.S. announced the
Marshall PlanMarshall Plan1. Named after Secretary 1. Named after Secretary of State George Marshallof State George Marshall
Goal was to rebuild the Goal was to rebuild the cities, farms and industries cities, farms and industries of Europeof Europe
U.S. thought that it would U.S. thought that it would help Europe to resist help Europe to resist communismcommunism
The Marshall Plan ContinuedThe Marshall Plan Continued
Offered Marshal Plan Offered Marshal Plan to the Soviets and to the Soviets and Eastern EuropeEastern Europe
Stalin turned it down Stalin turned it down because he feared because he feared that it would that it would threaten communist threaten communist rulerule1. Soviet Union 1. Soviet Union developed own plan developed own plan for Eastern Europe for Eastern Europe called COMECON called COMECON
Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift 1945 – Germany divided 1945 – Germany divided
into zonesinto zones Parts controlled by U.S., Parts controlled by U.S.,
England, and France England, and France became West Germanybecame West Germany
Part controlled by Soviets Part controlled by Soviets became East Germanybecame East Germany
Former German capital of Former German capital of Berlin was also divided into Berlin was also divided into halveshalves1. It was located inside the 1. It was located inside the Soviet controlled East Soviet controlled East GermanyGermany
Berlin Airlift ContinuedBerlin Airlift Continued
Soviets wanted Soviets wanted west out of Berlin west out of Berlin and East Germanyand East Germany
1948 – soviets 1948 – soviets close all ground close all ground routes into the cityroutes into the city
U.S. and England U.S. and England flew supplies into flew supplies into West Berlin for West Berlin for nearly a yearnearly a year
NATO – North Atlantic Treaty NATO – North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationOrganization
Western European countries, Western European countries, Canada, U.S. and Iceland promised to Canada, U.S. and Iceland promised to defend each Other in case of an defend each Other in case of an attackattack
Warsaw Pact – Eastern Europe Warsaw Pact – Eastern Europe formed a similar allianceformed a similar alliance
Europe was divided into two groupsEurope was divided into two groups
Cold War in AsiaCold War in Asia China- Communist gained control China- Communist gained control
1. Led by Mao Zedong1. Led by Mao Zedong Former Chinese Gov. ( led by Chiang Kai-shek) fled to island Former Chinese Gov. ( led by Chiang Kai-shek) fled to island
of Formosa (Modern day Taiwan)of Formosa (Modern day Taiwan)
Mao Zedong Chiang Kai-shekMao Zedong Chiang Kai-shek
Cold War in Asia ContinuedCold War in Asia Continued
U.S. saw this a part of a communist U.S. saw this a part of a communist plot to rule the worldplot to rule the world
Japan – General Macarthur became Japan – General Macarthur became military rulermilitary ruler1. Created a new democracy1. Created a new democracy
2. Also kept Japanese Emperor as a 2. Also kept Japanese Emperor as a symbol of the nationsymbol of the nation
3. U.S. helped rebuild Japan3. U.S. helped rebuild Japan 4. U.S. and Japan became close allies4. U.S. and Japan became close allies
Cold War in Asia ContinuedCold War in Asia Continued
Korea – had been Japanese colony Korea – had been Japanese colony since 1910since 1910
1. Split into North and South after 1. Split into North and South after WWIIWWII
2. June 1950- communist North 2. June 1950- communist North Korea invaded South KoreaKorea invaded South Korea
The Korean WarThe Korean War United nations sent United nations sent
troops from 16 countries troops from 16 countries to defend South Koreato defend South Korea
Gen. Macarthur Gen. Macarthur appointed to lead the appointed to lead the U.N. forcesU.N. forces
Landed forces behind Landed forces behind enemy linesenemy lines
Retook South Korean Retook South Korean capital within weekscapital within weeks
U.S. decided to free U.S. decided to free North Korea from North Korea from communist rulecommunist rule
The Korean WarThe Korean War Tried to cut it off from Tried to cut it off from
ChinaChina China entered the warChina entered the war Macarthur wanted to Macarthur wanted to
bomb Chinabomb China Truman was afraid that Truman was afraid that
it would start World War it would start World War III III
Macarthur publicly said Macarthur publicly said that Truman was that Truman was denying him the tools he denying him the tools he needed to win the warneeded to win the war
Truman fired MacarthurTruman fired Macarthur
End of the Korean WarEnd of the Korean War
War became War became unpopular in unpopular in AmericaAmerica
Truman retiredTruman retired 1952- Dwight 1952- Dwight
Eisenhower Eisenhower becomes presidentbecomes president
End of the Korean War ContinuedEnd of the Korean War Continued
Eisenhower went to Eisenhower went to Korea let China Korea let China Know he would Know he would compromise to end compromise to end the warthe war
Also let China know Also let China know he would use he would use atomic bomb if war atomic bomb if war continuedcontinued
Balance of TerrorBalance of Terror
1950’s U.S. and 1950’s U.S. and Russia develop Russia develop Hydrogen Bomb Hydrogen Bomb and missiles to and missiles to carry nuclear carry nuclear weaponsweapons
Threat of nuclear Threat of nuclear war becomes war becomes possibilitypossibility
Cold War “Thaw”Cold War “Thaw”
Mid 1950s – Both Mid 1950s – Both AmericanAmerican and and Soviet Soviet leaders leaders wanted to reduce wanted to reduce cold war tensionscold war tensions
Khrushchev called Khrushchev called for peaceful for peaceful coexistence (Soviets coexistence (Soviets would compete with would compete with the west but avoid the west but avoid war) war)
Cold War “Thaw”Cold War “Thaw”
Stated that the USSR would surpass Stated that the USSR would surpass the west economicallythe west economically
Tried to make the USSR more Tried to make the USSR more economically competitiveeconomically competitive
1. Tied to improve working conditions 1. Tied to improve working conditions and housing and to increase consumer and housing and to increase consumer goodsgoods
2. Emphasized technological research2. Emphasized technological research
Cold War “Thaw”Cold War “Thaw”
1957 – Soviet 1957 – Soviet launched the worlds launched the worlds 1st space satellite 1st space satellite ((Sputnik ISputnik I) )
- Stunned the - Stunned the U.S.A. and boosted U.S.A. and boosted the Soviet’s prestige the Soviet’s prestige
Both superpowers Both superpowers continued a massive continued a massive military buildupmilitary buildup
Cold War “Thaw”Cold War “Thaw” - Late 1950s – - Late 1950s –
Successfully tested Successfully tested intercontinental intercontinental ballistic missilesballistic missiles (ICBM’s(ICBM’s))
Both sides sought Both sides sought peace as they peace as they continued arms race continued arms race (Summit meetings)(Summit meetings)
- 1955 – - 1955 – KhrushchevKhrushchev and and EisenhowerEisenhower met met in Geneva Switzerlandin Geneva Switzerland
-1959 – They met at -1959 – They met at Camp David in Camp David in MarylandMaryland
Cold War “Thaw”Cold War “Thaw”
Planned a four-power Planned a four-power summit for Paris in summit for Paris in May 1960 May 1960
- Soviets shot down an - Soviets shot down an American U-2American U-2 spy spy planeplane and captured and captured its pilot shortly before its pilot shortly before the summit the summit
- Khrushchev - Khrushchev denounced the U.S.A denounced the U.S.A and cancelled the and cancelled the summitsummit
Trouble in BerlinTrouble in Berlin
1960 – John F 1960 – John F Kennedy became Kennedy became presidentpresident
East Germans went East Germans went to West Berlin to to West Berlin to escape communismescape communism
Communist built the Communist built the Berlin WallBerlin Wall
1. Guards shot 1. Guards shot anyone tying to anyone tying to escapeescape
Berlin WallBerlin Wall
Berlin WallBerlin Wall
Berlin WallBerlin Wall
Bay of PigsBay of Pigs
1959- Fidel Castro 1959- Fidel Castro took over Cubatook over Cuba
Began taking over Began taking over American owned American owned businessesbusinesses
Bay of Pigs ContinuedBay of Pigs Continued
Kennedy approved Kennedy approved plan for anti- plan for anti- Castro Cuban Castro Cuban exiles to invade exiles to invade Cuba and Cuba and overthrow Castro overthrow Castro (American help)(American help)1. Invaders were 1. Invaders were
crushed at the Bay crushed at the Bay of Pigsof Pigs
Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis
Cuban Missile CrisesCuban Missile Crises
Russia began putting nuclear Russia began putting nuclear missiles in Cubamissiles in Cuba
U.S. responded by blockading CubaU.S. responded by blockading Cuba Russian leader Nikita Khrushchev Russian leader Nikita Khrushchev
agreed to remove missiles if U.S. agreed to remove missiles if U.S. promised not to invade Cubapromised not to invade Cuba
Closest we ever came to nuclear warClosest we ever came to nuclear war Both sides began trying to improve Both sides began trying to improve
relations relations
The Brezhnev EraThe Brezhnev Era
Mid 1970s - Mid 1970s - Leonid BrezhnevLeonid Brezhnev emerged as the emerged as the dominant leader dominant leader
Reversed Reversed Khrushchev’s de-Khrushchev’s de-Stalinization Stalinization policies policies
- Clamped down on - Clamped down on intellectuals and intellectuals and dissidents dissidents
The Brezhnev EraThe Brezhnev Era
Increased the Increased the Soviet nuclear Soviet nuclear arsenal and arsenal and conventional conventional weaponsweapons
- Felt military - Felt military power gave the power gave the USSR a stronger USSR a stronger position in world position in world diplomacy diplomacy
The Brezhnev EraThe Brezhnev Era
Military spending stifled growth in Military spending stifled growth in other sectorsother sectors
1. Many industries technology was 1. Many industries technology was outdated by 20 yearsoutdated by 20 years
2. Farmers were only 1/6 as 2. Farmers were only 1/6 as productive as American counterparts productive as American counterparts
3. Forced to again import grain from 3. Forced to again import grain from the West the West
The Brezhnev EraThe Brezhnev Era
1972 - Brezhnev introduced policy of 1972 - Brezhnev introduced policy of détente détente 1. Improvement of American- Soviet relations 1. Improvement of American- Soviet relations
Brezhnev wanted to reduce military spending Brezhnev wanted to reduce military spending without falling behind without falling behind
- Also needed access to western technology, - Also needed access to western technology, grain, and consumer goodsgrain, and consumer goods
1972 - Brezhnev – Nixon summit led to the 1972 - Brezhnev – Nixon summit led to the signing of the signing of the Strategic Arms Limitations Strategic Arms Limitations Agreement Treaty (SALT) Agreement Treaty (SALT)
Détente lasted from 1972 to 1979Détente lasted from 1972 to 1979
The Brezhnev EraThe Brezhnev Era
1979 – Soviet 1979 – Soviet Union invaded Union invaded AfghanistanAfghanistan to to reinforce local reinforce local Communist controlCommunist control
Chapter 30Chapter 30Section 2 NotesSection 2 Notes
The Vietnam WarThe Vietnam War
Background of the Vietnam WarBackground of the Vietnam War
1950- France 1950- France wanted U.S. to help wanted U.S. to help it keep Vietnamit keep Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh led Ho Chi Minh led Vietnamese Vietnamese communist to communist to victory against the victory against the FrenchFrench
The Geneva AccordsThe Geneva Accords Meeting held in Geneva Meeting held in Geneva
SwitzerlandSwitzerland Divided Vietnam into two Divided Vietnam into two
halveshalves1. North was communist – 1. North was communist – led by Ho Chi Minh led by Ho Chi Minh
2. South was 2. South was noncommunist – led by noncommunist – led by Ngo Dinh DiemNgo Dinh Diem
Accords called for free Accords called for free elections to in 1956elections to in 19561. Diem refused to hold 1. Diem refused to hold elections in the south elections in the south (knew he would lose)(knew he would lose)
U.S. sent military advisors U.S. sent military advisors to help him keep controlto help him keep control
VietcongVietcong
South Vietnamese communistSouth Vietnamese communist Goal was to drive Diem and the Goal was to drive Diem and the
Americans out and reunite VietnamAmericans out and reunite Vietnam 1961 – JFK becomes president and 1961 – JFK becomes president and
sends more military advisorssends more military advisors
1. Let the military overthrow Diem1. Let the military overthrow Diem
2. Believed a better leader could win 2. Believed a better leader could win the warthe war
Deeper U.S. involvementDeeper U.S. involvement
1963 Lyndon B 1963 Lyndon B Johnson became Johnson became presidentpresident
1. 11. 1stst President to President to send combat troops to send combat troops to VietnamVietnam
Deeper U.S. Involvement Deeper U.S. Involvement ContinuedContinued
Gulf of Tonkin Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – gave Resolution – gave President Johnson President Johnson the power to take the power to take all necessary all necessary measures to protect measures to protect Americans in Americans in Vietnam Vietnam
Johnson used this as Johnson used this as a declaration of wara declaration of war
1. Began bombing 1. Began bombing North VietnamNorth Vietnam
Debate over war Debate over war
Most people supported the war in the Most people supported the war in the beginningbeginning
Military leaders told everyone that the war Military leaders told everyone that the war was going wellwas going well
Some people wanted the U.S. to launch a Some people wanted the U.S. to launch a full scale of North Vietnamfull scale of North Vietnam
Some people wanted the U.S. to pull outSome people wanted the U.S. to pull out
1. Soldiers had little support among the 1. Soldiers had little support among the Vietnamese peopleVietnamese people
2. Couldn’t tell who the enemy was2. Couldn’t tell who the enemy was
The Tet OffensiveThe Tet Offensive
January 1968 – Vietcong launched surprise January 1968 – Vietcong launched surprise attacks on all cities in South Vietnamattacks on all cities in South Vietnam
Supposed to be a holiday ceasefire (Tet is Supposed to be a holiday ceasefire (Tet is Vietnamese new year)Vietnamese new year)
The Tet Offensive ContinuedThe Tet Offensive Continued
Tet Offensive showed the American Tet Offensive showed the American people that the war was far from people that the war was far from overover
People found it hard to believe the People found it hard to believe the Government Government
Ending the war became more Ending the war became more important than winningimportant than winning
Nixon Ends the WarNixon Ends the War 1968 – Richard Nixon 1968 – Richard Nixon
elected presidentelected president 1. Promised to end 1. Promised to end the warthe war
Nixon Ends the War ContinuedNixon Ends the War Continued Withdrew American Withdrew American
soldiers and turned soldiers and turned the war over to the the war over to the South Vietnamese South Vietnamese armyarmy
1972 – last American 1972 – last American troops were withdrawntroops were withdrawn
More bombs dropped More bombs dropped on Vietnam than in all on Vietnam than in all of WWIIof WWII
MIAs – remainedMIAs – remained1. Vietnam remained a 1. Vietnam remained a painful scar in painful scar in American historyAmerican history
Chapter 30Chapter 30Section 3 NotesSection 3 Notes
The End of the Cold WarThe End of the Cold War
Nixon Eases the Cold WarNixon Eases the Cold War Nixon thought of foreign Nixon thought of foreign
policy in terms of power policy in terms of power not moralsnot morals1. Believed the enemies of 1. Believed the enemies of your enemies were your your enemies were your friendsfriends
Tried to divide China and Tried to divide China and RussiaRussia
Nixon Eases the Cold WarNixon Eases the Cold WarContinued Continued
Nixon Traveled to Russia for Nixon Traveled to Russia for Strategic Arms Limitations Talks Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT)(SALT)
Signed 1Signed 1stst agreement with Russia to agreement with Russia to limit the growth of nuclear missileslimit the growth of nuclear missiles
Both sides were allowed 4,000 Both sides were allowed 4,000 missiles between themmissiles between them
Nixon Eases the Cold War Nixon Eases the Cold War Continued Continued
President Gerald President Gerald Ford continued Ford continued Nixon’s policy of Nixon’s policy of detentedetente
Carter’s Foreign PolicyCarter’s Foreign Policy Jimmy Carter served as Jimmy Carter served as
president from 1977 to president from 1977 to 19811981
Wanted to help 3rd world Wanted to help 3rd world countriescountries
Worried about human Worried about human rights – peoples basic rights – peoples basic rights because they are rights because they are human human
Carter’s Foreign Policy ContinuedCarter’s Foreign Policy Continued
1977 - Signed a 1977 - Signed a treaty that gave treaty that gave the Panama Canal the Panama Canal back to Panama in back to Panama in the 2000the 2000
Carter’s Foreign Policy ContinuedCarter’s Foreign Policy Continued
1979 – Soviet Union invaded 1979 – Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan (Attempting to save a Afghanistan (Attempting to save a failing communist government) failing communist government)
1. U.S. imposed an embargo on grain 1. U.S. imposed an embargo on grain shipments to the Soviet Union shipments to the Soviet Union
2. U.S. boycotted the 1980 Summer 2. U.S. boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics held in MoscowOlympics held in Moscow
Carter’s Foreign Policy in the Carter’s Foreign Policy in the Middle EastMiddle East
President Carter President Carter experienced both experienced both his greatest his greatest achievement and achievement and worst setback in the worst setback in the Middle East Middle East
Camp David Camp David Accords – Egypt Accords – Egypt became the 1became the 1stst of of Israel’s neighbors to Israel’s neighbors to recognize its right recognize its right to exist to exist
Carter’s Foreign Policy in the Carter’s Foreign Policy in the Middle East ContinuedMiddle East Continued
1979 – Group of 1979 – Group of Iranians seized the Iranians seized the American embassy American embassy and hold hostages and hold hostages for over a yearfor over a year
1. American 1. American hostages were hostages were freed in January freed in January 19811981
Ronald ReaganRonald Reagan Became president in 1980Became president in 1980 Called Soviet Union an Evil Called Soviet Union an Evil
EmpireEmpire Began most expensive Began most expensive
arms build up in historyarms build up in history Defense system “star Defense system “star
wars”wars”
Ronald ReaganRonald Reagan
Reagan challenged communist everywhereReagan challenged communist everywhere Smuggled weapons to the rebels in Smuggled weapons to the rebels in
Afghanistan Afghanistan Backed the Contra rebels in Nicaragua (Iran Backed the Contra rebels in Nicaragua (Iran
Contra Affair)Contra Affair) Backed the Government in El Salvador Backed the Government in El Salvador
against communist rebelsagainst communist rebels Invaded the Caribbean Island nation of Invaded the Caribbean Island nation of
Grenada to overthrow a communist Grenada to overthrow a communist governmentgovernment
Reforming the Soviet Union Reforming the Soviet Union
1985 – Soviet Union was in trouble1985 – Soviet Union was in trouble Top leaders were old and sickTop leaders were old and sick Communist economy was falling apart Communist economy was falling apart Soviet Union was bogged down in a no win Soviet Union was bogged down in a no win
situation in Afghanistan situation in Afghanistan People didn’t have comfortable lives or People didn’t have comfortable lives or
freedom freedom Eastern Communist nations became restless Eastern Communist nations became restless
due to seeing how prosperous the West wasdue to seeing how prosperous the West was
Reforming the Soviet Union Reforming the Soviet Union ContinuedContinued
Mikhail Gorbachev Mikhail Gorbachev became leader of became leader of Soviet UnionSoviet Union
Wanted stop arms Wanted stop arms race (Bankrupting race (Bankrupting Country)Country)
Wanted to reform Wanted to reform systemsystem
Allowed people to Allowed people to criticize criticize governmentgovernment
Reforming the Soviet Union Reforming the Soviet Union ContinuedContinued
Reagan and Gorbachev Liked and Reagan and Gorbachev Liked and trusted each othertrusted each other
Soviet Union agreed not to use force Soviet Union agreed not to use force to control Eastern Europe and to end to control Eastern Europe and to end the war in Afghanistan in exchange the war in Afghanistan in exchange for the U.S. ending the arms race for the U.S. ending the arms race
1987 Reagan and Gorbachev signed 1987 Reagan and Gorbachev signed an agreement to destroy all of their an agreement to destroy all of their medium range nuclear missilesmedium range nuclear missiles
The Soviet Union CollapsesThe Soviet Union Collapses 1988 – George Bush 1988 – George Bush
became presidentbecame president 1989 -Soviet Union pulled 1989 -Soviet Union pulled
the last troops out of the last troops out of AfghanistanAfghanistan
1989 – Berlin Wall was torn 1989 – Berlin Wall was torn downdown
1990 - East and West 1990 - East and West Germany officially reunited Germany officially reunited
Eastern European freed Eastern European freed themselves from themselves from Communism Communism
The Soviet Union Collapses The Soviet Union Collapses ContinuedContinued
August 1991 – Hard August 1991 – Hard line Communist line Communist leaders tried to seize leaders tried to seize control of the control of the government government
Boris Yeltsin led the Boris Yeltsin led the fight to defeat the fight to defeat the communist and communist and became very popularbecame very popular
1. He was wiling to 1. He was wiling to break completely with break completely with communism communism
The Soviet Union Collapses The Soviet Union Collapses ContinuedContinued
Gorbachev lost power Gorbachev lost power as a result of not as a result of not being trusted by being trusted by either the people or either the people or the communistthe communist
December 25, 1991 – December 25, 1991 – The Soviet flag was The Soviet flag was lowered for the last lowered for the last time in the Kremlintime in the Kremlin
Collapse of the Soviet Collapse of the Soviet Union meant the end Union meant the end of the Cold Warof the Cold War
Cold War SimliaritesCold War Simliarites
Marshal PlanMarshal Plan NATONATO Vietnam Vietnam
COMECONCOMECON Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact Afghanistan Afghanistan