The EarlyCold War:1945-1991

The EarlyCold War:1945-1991

Competition between US and the Competition between US and the Soviet UnionSoviet Union

Competition between US and the Competition between US and the Soviet UnionSoviet Union

The Ideological StruggleThe Ideological StruggleSoviet Union United

States

GOAL Communism spread world-wide

Communism

GOAL Capitalism

“CONTAINMENT” of Communism

METHODOLOGIES:

Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]

Arms Race [nuclear escalation]

“Proxy Wars” [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]

NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

Space Race

The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain”

From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an the Adriatic, an iron curtainiron curtain has descended has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

Truman Doctrine [1947]Truman Doctrine [1947]

The U. S. should support free The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed were resisting takeovers by armed

minorities or outside pressures…We minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out must assist free peoples to work out

their own destinies in their own their own destinies in their own way.way.

The U. S. should support free The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed were resisting takeovers by armed

minorities or outside pressures…We minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out must assist free peoples to work out

their own destinies in their own their own destinies in their own way.way.

Ex) The U.S. gave Greece & Ex) The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.Turkey $400 million in aid.Ex) The U.S. gave Greece & Ex) The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.Turkey $400 million in aid.

Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]

-$12.5 billion of US aid sent to -$12.5 billion of US aid sent to Western Europe extended to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].this was rejected].

-$12.5 billion of US aid sent to -$12.5 billion of US aid sent to Western Europe extended to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].this was rejected].

-“European Recovery -“European Recovery Program.”Program.”

-The U. S. should provide -The U. S. should provide aid to aid to allall European nations European nations that need it. This move that need it. This move is not against any country or is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and poverty, desperation, and chaos.chaos.

-“European Recovery -“European Recovery Program.”Program.”

-The U. S. should provide -The U. S. should provide aid to aid to allall European nations European nations that need it. This move that need it. This move is not against any country or is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and poverty, desperation, and chaos.chaos.

Post-War GermanyPost-War Germany

Berlin Blockade & Airlift Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)(1948-49)

The Arms Race:The Arms Race:A “Missile Gap?”A “Missile Gap?”

} The Soviet The Soviet Union Union exploded its exploded its first A-bomb in first A-bomb in 1949.1949.

} Now there Now there were two were two nuclear nuclear superpowers!superpowers!

NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganization (1949)rganization (1949)

United StatesUnited States

BelgiumBelgium

BritainBritain

CanadaCanada

DenmarkDenmark

FranceFrance

IcelandIceland

ItalyItaly

LuxemburgLuxemburg

NetherlandsNetherlands

NorwayNorway

PortugalPortugal

1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey

1955: West 1955: West GermanyGermany

1983: Spain1983: Spain

Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)

} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.

} AlbaniaAlbania

} BulgariaBulgaria

} CzechoslovakCzechoslovakiaia

} East East GermanyGermany

} HungaryHungary

} PolandPoland

} RumaniaRumania

Premier Nikita Premier Nikita KhrushchevKhrushchev

About the capitalist About the capitalist states, it doesn't states, it doesn't depend on you depend on you whether we whether we (Soviet Union) exist.(Soviet Union) exist.If you don't like us, If you don't like us, don't accept our don't accept our invitations, and don'tinvitations, and don'tinvite us to come invite us to come to see you. Whether to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on you like it our not, history is on our side. our side. We will bury youWe will bury you. -- . -- 19561956

De-Stalinization De-Stalinization ProgramProgram

China Becomes Communist China Becomes Communist 19491949

Who lost China? – A 2Who lost China? – A 2ndnd }} Power!Power!

The Korean War: A The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-“Police Action” (1950-

1953)1953)

Syngman RheeSyngman Rhee

Kim Il-SungKim Il-Sung

““Domino Theory”Domino Theory”

CommuniCommunistst

Pro-DemocraticPro-Democratic

Russia & Russia & ChinaChina

United United StatesStates

Radio Free Europe/Radio Radio Free Europe/Radio LibertyLiberty

The Hungarian Uprising: The Hungarian Uprising: 19561956

Imre Nagy, Imre Nagy, HungarianHungarian

Prime MinisterPrime Minister} Promised free Promised free

elections.elections.

} This could lead to This could lead to the end of the end of communist rule in communist rule in Hungary.Hungary.

Sputnik I (1957)Sputnik I (1957)

The Russians have beaten America The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the in space—they have the

technological edge!technological edge!

U-2 Spy Incident (1960)U-2 Spy Incident (1960)

Col. Francis Gary Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was Powers’ plane was

shot down over shot down over Soviet airspace.Soviet airspace.

Paris, 1961Paris, 1961

Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev

thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.and can be rolled.

The Berlin Wall Goes Up The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)(1961)

CheckpoinCheckpointt

CharlieCharlie

• Attempt to escape over the Wall

Ich bin ein Ich bin ein Berliner!Berliner!

(1963)(1963)

President President Kennedy tells Kennedy tells Berliners that Berliners that

the West is the West is with them!with them!

Khruschev Embraces Khruschev Embraces Castro,Castro,19611961

Bay of Pigs Debacle Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)(1961)

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!Russians, and the other man blinked!

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

Vietnam War: 1965-1973Vietnam War: 1965-1973

““Prague Spring” (1968)Prague Spring” (1968)

Former Czech President, Former Czech President, Alexander DubčekAlexander Dubček

Communism with a human Communism with a human face!face!

““Prague Spring” Dashed!Prague Spring” Dashed!

Dissidents/playwrights arrested [like Dissidents/playwrights arrested [like Vaclav HavelVaclav Havel—future president of a —future president of a

free free Czech RepublicCzech Republic].].

Student Riots in ParisStudent Riots in Paris(May, 1968)(May, 1968)

Chilling out on the Nukes • SALT I (1969-

1972)

• SALT II (1972) Sets limits on number of weapons each country can build

• Start II (1993) Open inspections

Charlie Wilson’s War

• Charlie supported the Muhjahadeen

Russian-Afghan War

• Proxy War

• Afghan using an American Stinger to shoot down Soviet aircraft

Gorbachev 1985-1991

• Glasnost-a policy of the Soviet government allowing freer discussion of social problems

• Perestroika-(restructuring) allowed minimal free trade

Communism begins to Crumble

• There were unexpected consequences from Gorbachev’s glasnost and perestroika policies

• Seen as a weakness

• Countries under Soviet influence start question the govt.

1989

• East Germany

• Poland

• Czechoslovakia

• Hungary

• Bulgaria

• Albania

“Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!!”

During 1989 the Berlin Wall came down, borders opened, and free elections ousted Communist regimes everywhere in eastern Europe.

During 1989 the Berlin Wall came down, borders opened, and free elections ousted Communist regimes everywhere in eastern Europe.

And the Wall falls

Cold War Ends!

“The end of the Cold War is our common victory” Mikhail Gorbachev, January 1992

“The end of the Cold War is our common victory” Mikhail Gorbachev, January 1992

Impact on Culture