U.S. History Notes The Cold War Era 1945-1991 Vs..

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U.S. History Notes U.S. History Notes The Cold War Era The Cold War Era 1945-1991 1945-1991 Vs.

Transcript of U.S. History Notes The Cold War Era 1945-1991 Vs..

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U.S. History NotesU.S. History NotesThe Cold War EraThe Cold War Era

1945-19911945-1991

Vs.

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Cold WarCold War

Conflict between the U.S.A and the Conflict between the U.S.A and the Soviet UnionSoviet Union

Never fought each other directlyNever fought each other directly

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The United NationsThe United Nations Formed after WWIIFormed after WWII Main job is to work for world peaceMain job is to work for world peace

1. Also tries to improve people’s lives (food, 1. Also tries to improve people’s lives (food, money and technology)money and technology)

1947 – UN decided to split Palestine into 2 nations 1947 – UN decided to split Palestine into 2 nations (Palestine ruled by England)(Palestine ruled by England)1. One Arab and one Jewish (most people in 1. One Arab and one Jewish (most people in Palestine were Arab)Palestine were Arab)

1948 – Jewish settlers declared the founding of 1948 – Jewish settlers declared the founding of IsraelIsrael

Arab nations immediately attacked itArab nations immediately attacked it Israel won the war plus others in following yearsIsrael won the war plus others in following years

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Soviet ExpansionSoviet Expansion

Soviet troops occupied most of Eastern Soviet troops occupied most of Eastern Europe at the end of WWIIEurope at the end of WWII

Stalin worried that people might elect anti-Stalin worried that people might elect anti-Soviet governmentsSoviet governments

He set up pro-Soviet communist He set up pro-Soviet communist governments in Eastern Europegovernments in Eastern Europe

Wanted to avoid another invasion form the Wanted to avoid another invasion form the westwest

U.S. thought communist wanted to take U.S. thought communist wanted to take over the worldover the world

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Containing the SovietsContaining the Soviets

Truman Gov. used Truman Gov. used containment policycontainment policy

U.S. would work in U.S. would work in military and military and nonmilitary ways nonmilitary ways to prevent to prevent communism from communism from spreading.spreading.

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Containing the Soviets Continued Containing the Soviets Continued

U.S. helped Greece U.S. helped Greece and Turkey defeat and Turkey defeat communist forcescommunist forces

Truman Doctrine – Truman Doctrine – said the U.S. would said the U.S. would help any free help any free nation attempting nation attempting to resist to resist communism communism

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The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan European countries European countries

needed help after WWII needed help after WWII 1947 – U.S. announced the 1947 – U.S. announced the

Marshall PlanMarshall Plan1. Named after Secretary 1. Named after Secretary of State George Marshallof State George Marshall

Goal was to rebuild the Goal was to rebuild the cities, farms and industries cities, farms and industries of Europeof Europe

U.S. thought that it would U.S. thought that it would help Europe to resist help Europe to resist communismcommunism

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The Marshall Plan ContinuedThe Marshall Plan Continued

Offered Marshal Plan Offered Marshal Plan to the Soviets and to the Soviets and Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

Stalin turned it down Stalin turned it down because he feared because he feared that it would that it would threaten communist threaten communist rulerule1. Soviet Union 1. Soviet Union developed own plan developed own plan for Eastern Europe for Eastern Europe called COMECON called COMECON

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Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift 1945 – Germany divided 1945 – Germany divided

into zonesinto zones Parts controlled by U.S., Parts controlled by U.S.,

England, and France England, and France became West Germanybecame West Germany

Part controlled by Soviets Part controlled by Soviets became East Germanybecame East Germany

Former German capital of Former German capital of Berlin was also divided into Berlin was also divided into halveshalves1. It was located inside the 1. It was located inside the Soviet controlled East Soviet controlled East GermanyGermany

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Berlin Airlift ContinuedBerlin Airlift Continued

Soviets wanted Soviets wanted west out of Berlin west out of Berlin and East Germanyand East Germany

1948 – soviets 1948 – soviets close all ground close all ground routes into the cityroutes into the city

U.S. and England U.S. and England flew supplies into flew supplies into West Berlin for West Berlin for nearly a yearnearly a year

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NATO – North Atlantic Treaty NATO – North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationOrganization

Western European countries, Western European countries, Canada, U.S. and Iceland promised to Canada, U.S. and Iceland promised to defend each Other in case of an defend each Other in case of an attackattack

Warsaw Pact – Eastern Europe Warsaw Pact – Eastern Europe formed a similar allianceformed a similar alliance

Europe was divided into two groupsEurope was divided into two groups

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Cold War in AsiaCold War in Asia China- Communist gained control China- Communist gained control

1. Led by Mao Zedong1. Led by Mao Zedong Former Chinese Gov. ( led by Chiang Kai-shek) fled to island Former Chinese Gov. ( led by Chiang Kai-shek) fled to island

of Formosa (Modern day Taiwan)of Formosa (Modern day Taiwan)

Mao Zedong Chiang Kai-shekMao Zedong Chiang Kai-shek

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Cold War in Asia ContinuedCold War in Asia Continued

U.S. saw this a part of a communist U.S. saw this a part of a communist plot to rule the worldplot to rule the world

Japan – General Macarthur became Japan – General Macarthur became military rulermilitary ruler1. Created a new democracy1. Created a new democracy

2. Also kept Japanese Emperor as a 2. Also kept Japanese Emperor as a symbol of the nationsymbol of the nation

3. U.S. helped rebuild Japan3. U.S. helped rebuild Japan 4. U.S. and Japan became close allies4. U.S. and Japan became close allies

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Cold War in Asia ContinuedCold War in Asia Continued

Korea – had been Japanese colony Korea – had been Japanese colony since 1910since 1910

1. Split into North and South after 1. Split into North and South after WWIIWWII

2. June 1950- communist North 2. June 1950- communist North Korea invaded South KoreaKorea invaded South Korea

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The Korean WarThe Korean War United nations sent United nations sent

troops from 16 countries troops from 16 countries to defend South Koreato defend South Korea

Gen. Macarthur Gen. Macarthur appointed to lead the appointed to lead the U.N. forcesU.N. forces

Landed forces behind Landed forces behind enemy linesenemy lines

Retook South Korean Retook South Korean capital within weekscapital within weeks

U.S. decided to free U.S. decided to free North Korea from North Korea from communist rulecommunist rule

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The Korean WarThe Korean War Tried to cut it off from Tried to cut it off from

ChinaChina China entered the warChina entered the war Macarthur wanted to Macarthur wanted to

bomb Chinabomb China Truman was afraid that Truman was afraid that

it would start World War it would start World War III III

Macarthur publicly said Macarthur publicly said that Truman was that Truman was denying him the tools he denying him the tools he needed to win the warneeded to win the war

Truman fired MacarthurTruman fired Macarthur

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End of the Korean WarEnd of the Korean War

War became War became unpopular in unpopular in AmericaAmerica

Truman retiredTruman retired 1952- Dwight 1952- Dwight

Eisenhower Eisenhower becomes presidentbecomes president

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End of the Korean War ContinuedEnd of the Korean War Continued

Eisenhower went to Eisenhower went to Korea let China Korea let China Know he would Know he would compromise to end compromise to end the warthe war

Also let China know Also let China know he would use he would use atomic bomb if war atomic bomb if war continuedcontinued

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Balance of TerrorBalance of Terror

1950’s U.S. and 1950’s U.S. and Russia develop Russia develop Hydrogen Bomb Hydrogen Bomb and missiles to and missiles to carry nuclear carry nuclear weaponsweapons

Threat of nuclear Threat of nuclear war becomes war becomes possibilitypossibility

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Cold War “Thaw”Cold War “Thaw”

Mid 1950s – Both Mid 1950s – Both AmericanAmerican and and Soviet Soviet leaders leaders wanted to reduce wanted to reduce cold war tensionscold war tensions

Khrushchev called Khrushchev called for peaceful for peaceful coexistence (Soviets coexistence (Soviets would compete with would compete with the west but avoid the west but avoid war) war)

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Cold War “Thaw”Cold War “Thaw”

Stated that the USSR would surpass Stated that the USSR would surpass the west economicallythe west economically

Tried to make the USSR more Tried to make the USSR more economically competitiveeconomically competitive

1. Tied to improve working conditions 1. Tied to improve working conditions and housing and to increase consumer and housing and to increase consumer goodsgoods

2. Emphasized technological research2. Emphasized technological research

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Cold War “Thaw”Cold War “Thaw”

1957 – Soviet 1957 – Soviet launched the worlds launched the worlds 1st space satellite 1st space satellite ((Sputnik ISputnik I) )

- Stunned the - Stunned the U.S.A. and boosted U.S.A. and boosted the Soviet’s prestige the Soviet’s prestige

Both superpowers Both superpowers continued a massive continued a massive military buildupmilitary buildup

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Cold War “Thaw”Cold War “Thaw” - Late 1950s – - Late 1950s –

Successfully tested Successfully tested intercontinental intercontinental ballistic missilesballistic missiles (ICBM’s(ICBM’s))

Both sides sought Both sides sought peace as they peace as they continued arms race continued arms race (Summit meetings)(Summit meetings)

- 1955 – - 1955 – KhrushchevKhrushchev and and EisenhowerEisenhower met met in Geneva Switzerlandin Geneva Switzerland

-1959 – They met at -1959 – They met at Camp David in Camp David in MarylandMaryland

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Cold War “Thaw”Cold War “Thaw”

Planned a four-power Planned a four-power summit for Paris in summit for Paris in May 1960 May 1960

- Soviets shot down an - Soviets shot down an American U-2American U-2 spy spy planeplane and captured and captured its pilot shortly before its pilot shortly before the summit the summit

- Khrushchev - Khrushchev denounced the U.S.A denounced the U.S.A and cancelled the and cancelled the summitsummit

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Trouble in BerlinTrouble in Berlin

1960 – John F 1960 – John F Kennedy became Kennedy became presidentpresident

East Germans went East Germans went to West Berlin to to West Berlin to escape communismescape communism

Communist built the Communist built the Berlin WallBerlin Wall

1. Guards shot 1. Guards shot anyone tying to anyone tying to escapeescape

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Berlin WallBerlin Wall

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Berlin WallBerlin Wall

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Berlin WallBerlin Wall

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Bay of PigsBay of Pigs

1959- Fidel Castro 1959- Fidel Castro took over Cubatook over Cuba

Began taking over Began taking over American owned American owned businessesbusinesses

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Bay of Pigs ContinuedBay of Pigs Continued

Kennedy approved Kennedy approved plan for anti- plan for anti- Castro Cuban Castro Cuban exiles to invade exiles to invade Cuba and Cuba and overthrow Castro overthrow Castro (American help)(American help)1. Invaders were 1. Invaders were

crushed at the Bay crushed at the Bay of Pigsof Pigs

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Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis

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Cuban Missile CrisesCuban Missile Crises

Russia began putting nuclear Russia began putting nuclear missiles in Cubamissiles in Cuba

U.S. responded by blockading CubaU.S. responded by blockading Cuba Russian leader Nikita Khrushchev Russian leader Nikita Khrushchev

agreed to remove missiles if U.S. agreed to remove missiles if U.S. promised not to invade Cubapromised not to invade Cuba

Closest we ever came to nuclear warClosest we ever came to nuclear war Both sides began trying to improve Both sides began trying to improve

relations relations

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The Brezhnev EraThe Brezhnev Era

Mid 1970s - Mid 1970s - Leonid BrezhnevLeonid Brezhnev emerged as the emerged as the dominant leader dominant leader

Reversed Reversed Khrushchev’s de-Khrushchev’s de-Stalinization Stalinization policies policies

- Clamped down on - Clamped down on intellectuals and intellectuals and dissidents dissidents

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The Brezhnev EraThe Brezhnev Era

Increased the Increased the Soviet nuclear Soviet nuclear arsenal and arsenal and conventional conventional weaponsweapons

- Felt military - Felt military power gave the power gave the USSR a stronger USSR a stronger position in world position in world diplomacy diplomacy

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The Brezhnev EraThe Brezhnev Era

Military spending stifled growth in Military spending stifled growth in other sectorsother sectors

1. Many industries technology was 1. Many industries technology was outdated by 20 yearsoutdated by 20 years

2. Farmers were only 1/6 as 2. Farmers were only 1/6 as productive as American counterparts productive as American counterparts

3. Forced to again import grain from 3. Forced to again import grain from the West the West

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The Brezhnev EraThe Brezhnev Era

1972 - Brezhnev introduced policy of 1972 - Brezhnev introduced policy of détente détente 1. Improvement of American- Soviet relations 1. Improvement of American- Soviet relations

Brezhnev wanted to reduce military spending Brezhnev wanted to reduce military spending without falling behind without falling behind

- Also needed access to western technology, - Also needed access to western technology, grain, and consumer goodsgrain, and consumer goods

1972 - Brezhnev – Nixon summit led to the 1972 - Brezhnev – Nixon summit led to the signing of the signing of the Strategic Arms Limitations Strategic Arms Limitations Agreement Treaty (SALT) Agreement Treaty (SALT)

Détente lasted from 1972 to 1979Détente lasted from 1972 to 1979

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The Brezhnev EraThe Brezhnev Era

1979 – Soviet 1979 – Soviet Union invaded Union invaded AfghanistanAfghanistan to to reinforce local reinforce local Communist controlCommunist control

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Chapter 30Chapter 30Section 2 NotesSection 2 Notes

The Vietnam WarThe Vietnam War

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Background of the Vietnam WarBackground of the Vietnam War

1950- France 1950- France wanted U.S. to help wanted U.S. to help it keep Vietnamit keep Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh led Ho Chi Minh led Vietnamese Vietnamese communist to communist to victory against the victory against the FrenchFrench

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The Geneva AccordsThe Geneva Accords Meeting held in Geneva Meeting held in Geneva

SwitzerlandSwitzerland Divided Vietnam into two Divided Vietnam into two

halveshalves1. North was communist – 1. North was communist – led by Ho Chi Minh led by Ho Chi Minh

2. South was 2. South was noncommunist – led by noncommunist – led by Ngo Dinh DiemNgo Dinh Diem

Accords called for free Accords called for free elections to in 1956elections to in 19561. Diem refused to hold 1. Diem refused to hold elections in the south elections in the south (knew he would lose)(knew he would lose)

U.S. sent military advisors U.S. sent military advisors to help him keep controlto help him keep control

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VietcongVietcong

South Vietnamese communistSouth Vietnamese communist Goal was to drive Diem and the Goal was to drive Diem and the

Americans out and reunite VietnamAmericans out and reunite Vietnam 1961 – JFK becomes president and 1961 – JFK becomes president and

sends more military advisorssends more military advisors

1. Let the military overthrow Diem1. Let the military overthrow Diem

2. Believed a better leader could win 2. Believed a better leader could win the warthe war

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Deeper U.S. involvementDeeper U.S. involvement

1963 Lyndon B 1963 Lyndon B Johnson became Johnson became presidentpresident

1. 11. 1stst President to President to send combat troops to send combat troops to VietnamVietnam

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Deeper U.S. Involvement Deeper U.S. Involvement ContinuedContinued

Gulf of Tonkin Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – gave Resolution – gave President Johnson President Johnson the power to take the power to take all necessary all necessary measures to protect measures to protect Americans in Americans in Vietnam Vietnam

Johnson used this as Johnson used this as a declaration of wara declaration of war

1. Began bombing 1. Began bombing North VietnamNorth Vietnam

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Debate over war Debate over war

Most people supported the war in the Most people supported the war in the beginningbeginning

Military leaders told everyone that the war Military leaders told everyone that the war was going wellwas going well

Some people wanted the U.S. to launch a Some people wanted the U.S. to launch a full scale of North Vietnamfull scale of North Vietnam

Some people wanted the U.S. to pull outSome people wanted the U.S. to pull out

1. Soldiers had little support among the 1. Soldiers had little support among the Vietnamese peopleVietnamese people

2. Couldn’t tell who the enemy was2. Couldn’t tell who the enemy was

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The Tet OffensiveThe Tet Offensive

January 1968 – Vietcong launched surprise January 1968 – Vietcong launched surprise attacks on all cities in South Vietnamattacks on all cities in South Vietnam

Supposed to be a holiday ceasefire (Tet is Supposed to be a holiday ceasefire (Tet is Vietnamese new year)Vietnamese new year)

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The Tet Offensive ContinuedThe Tet Offensive Continued

Tet Offensive showed the American Tet Offensive showed the American people that the war was far from people that the war was far from overover

People found it hard to believe the People found it hard to believe the Government Government

Ending the war became more Ending the war became more important than winningimportant than winning

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Nixon Ends the WarNixon Ends the War 1968 – Richard Nixon 1968 – Richard Nixon

elected presidentelected president 1. Promised to end 1. Promised to end the warthe war

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Nixon Ends the War ContinuedNixon Ends the War Continued Withdrew American Withdrew American

soldiers and turned soldiers and turned the war over to the the war over to the South Vietnamese South Vietnamese armyarmy

1972 – last American 1972 – last American troops were withdrawntroops were withdrawn

More bombs dropped More bombs dropped on Vietnam than in all on Vietnam than in all of WWIIof WWII

MIAs – remainedMIAs – remained1. Vietnam remained a 1. Vietnam remained a painful scar in painful scar in American historyAmerican history

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Chapter 30Chapter 30Section 3 NotesSection 3 Notes

The End of the Cold WarThe End of the Cold War

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Nixon Eases the Cold WarNixon Eases the Cold War Nixon thought of foreign Nixon thought of foreign

policy in terms of power policy in terms of power not moralsnot morals1. Believed the enemies of 1. Believed the enemies of your enemies were your your enemies were your friendsfriends

Tried to divide China and Tried to divide China and RussiaRussia

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Nixon Eases the Cold WarNixon Eases the Cold WarContinued Continued

Nixon Traveled to Russia for Nixon Traveled to Russia for Strategic Arms Limitations Talks Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT)(SALT)

Signed 1Signed 1stst agreement with Russia to agreement with Russia to limit the growth of nuclear missileslimit the growth of nuclear missiles

Both sides were allowed 4,000 Both sides were allowed 4,000 missiles between themmissiles between them

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Nixon Eases the Cold War Nixon Eases the Cold War Continued Continued

President Gerald President Gerald Ford continued Ford continued Nixon’s policy of Nixon’s policy of detentedetente

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Carter’s Foreign PolicyCarter’s Foreign Policy Jimmy Carter served as Jimmy Carter served as

president from 1977 to president from 1977 to 19811981

Wanted to help 3rd world Wanted to help 3rd world countriescountries

Worried about human Worried about human rights – peoples basic rights – peoples basic rights because they are rights because they are human human

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Carter’s Foreign Policy ContinuedCarter’s Foreign Policy Continued

1977 - Signed a 1977 - Signed a treaty that gave treaty that gave the Panama Canal the Panama Canal back to Panama in back to Panama in the 2000the 2000

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Carter’s Foreign Policy ContinuedCarter’s Foreign Policy Continued

1979 – Soviet Union invaded 1979 – Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan (Attempting to save a Afghanistan (Attempting to save a failing communist government) failing communist government)

1. U.S. imposed an embargo on grain 1. U.S. imposed an embargo on grain shipments to the Soviet Union shipments to the Soviet Union

2. U.S. boycotted the 1980 Summer 2. U.S. boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics held in MoscowOlympics held in Moscow

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Carter’s Foreign Policy in the Carter’s Foreign Policy in the Middle EastMiddle East

President Carter President Carter experienced both experienced both his greatest his greatest achievement and achievement and worst setback in the worst setback in the Middle East Middle East

Camp David Camp David Accords – Egypt Accords – Egypt became the 1became the 1stst of of Israel’s neighbors to Israel’s neighbors to recognize its right recognize its right to exist to exist

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Carter’s Foreign Policy in the Carter’s Foreign Policy in the Middle East ContinuedMiddle East Continued

1979 – Group of 1979 – Group of Iranians seized the Iranians seized the American embassy American embassy and hold hostages and hold hostages for over a yearfor over a year

1. American 1. American hostages were hostages were freed in January freed in January 19811981

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Ronald ReaganRonald Reagan Became president in 1980Became president in 1980 Called Soviet Union an Evil Called Soviet Union an Evil

EmpireEmpire Began most expensive Began most expensive

arms build up in historyarms build up in history Defense system “star Defense system “star

wars”wars”

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Ronald ReaganRonald Reagan

Reagan challenged communist everywhereReagan challenged communist everywhere Smuggled weapons to the rebels in Smuggled weapons to the rebels in

Afghanistan Afghanistan Backed the Contra rebels in Nicaragua (Iran Backed the Contra rebels in Nicaragua (Iran

Contra Affair)Contra Affair) Backed the Government in El Salvador Backed the Government in El Salvador

against communist rebelsagainst communist rebels Invaded the Caribbean Island nation of Invaded the Caribbean Island nation of

Grenada to overthrow a communist Grenada to overthrow a communist governmentgovernment

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Reforming the Soviet Union Reforming the Soviet Union

1985 – Soviet Union was in trouble1985 – Soviet Union was in trouble Top leaders were old and sickTop leaders were old and sick Communist economy was falling apart Communist economy was falling apart Soviet Union was bogged down in a no win Soviet Union was bogged down in a no win

situation in Afghanistan situation in Afghanistan People didn’t have comfortable lives or People didn’t have comfortable lives or

freedom freedom Eastern Communist nations became restless Eastern Communist nations became restless

due to seeing how prosperous the West wasdue to seeing how prosperous the West was

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Reforming the Soviet Union Reforming the Soviet Union ContinuedContinued

Mikhail Gorbachev Mikhail Gorbachev became leader of became leader of Soviet UnionSoviet Union

Wanted stop arms Wanted stop arms race (Bankrupting race (Bankrupting Country)Country)

Wanted to reform Wanted to reform systemsystem

Allowed people to Allowed people to criticize criticize governmentgovernment

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Reforming the Soviet Union Reforming the Soviet Union ContinuedContinued

Reagan and Gorbachev Liked and Reagan and Gorbachev Liked and trusted each othertrusted each other

Soviet Union agreed not to use force Soviet Union agreed not to use force to control Eastern Europe and to end to control Eastern Europe and to end the war in Afghanistan in exchange the war in Afghanistan in exchange for the U.S. ending the arms race for the U.S. ending the arms race

1987 Reagan and Gorbachev signed 1987 Reagan and Gorbachev signed an agreement to destroy all of their an agreement to destroy all of their medium range nuclear missilesmedium range nuclear missiles

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The Soviet Union CollapsesThe Soviet Union Collapses 1988 – George Bush 1988 – George Bush

became presidentbecame president 1989 -Soviet Union pulled 1989 -Soviet Union pulled

the last troops out of the last troops out of AfghanistanAfghanistan

1989 – Berlin Wall was torn 1989 – Berlin Wall was torn downdown

1990 - East and West 1990 - East and West Germany officially reunited Germany officially reunited

Eastern European freed Eastern European freed themselves from themselves from Communism Communism

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The Soviet Union Collapses The Soviet Union Collapses ContinuedContinued

August 1991 – Hard August 1991 – Hard line Communist line Communist leaders tried to seize leaders tried to seize control of the control of the government government

Boris Yeltsin led the Boris Yeltsin led the fight to defeat the fight to defeat the communist and communist and became very popularbecame very popular

1. He was wiling to 1. He was wiling to break completely with break completely with communism communism

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The Soviet Union Collapses The Soviet Union Collapses ContinuedContinued

Gorbachev lost power Gorbachev lost power as a result of not as a result of not being trusted by being trusted by either the people or either the people or the communistthe communist

December 25, 1991 – December 25, 1991 – The Soviet flag was The Soviet flag was lowered for the last lowered for the last time in the Kremlintime in the Kremlin

Collapse of the Soviet Collapse of the Soviet Union meant the end Union meant the end of the Cold Warof the Cold War

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Cold War SimliaritesCold War Simliarites

Marshal PlanMarshal Plan NATONATO Vietnam Vietnam

COMECONCOMECON Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact Afghanistan Afghanistan