Post on 26-Dec-2015
Unit E
Terminology • Abduction • adduction • Appendicular skeleton• Axial skeleton• Ball and socket joint• Bursa• Circumduction• Compact bone• Diaphysis• Endosteum• Epiphysis• Extension• Flexion• Fontanel• Hemopoiesis
• Joint • Medullary canal• Ossification• Osteocytes• Periosteum• Pronation• Rotation• Spongy bone• Supination• Suture• Gliding joint• Hinge joint• Pivot joint• Synovial fluid
Disorders and Related Terminology
• Arthritis• Arthroscopy• Closed
reduction• Dislocation• Fractures• Greenstick
fracture• Kyphosis• Lordosis
• Open reduction• Scoliosis• Sprain• Strain• Traction
Skeletal System• 206 bones• Functions
1. Supports body and provides shape2. Protects internal organs3. Movement and anchorage of muscles4. Mineral storage (Calcium and
Phosphorus)5. Hemopoiesis-the process of blood cell
formation in the red bone morrow!
Osteocytes –composed of microscopic mature bone cell
Bone Formation
• Embryo skeletal starts as osteoblasts (primitive embryonic cells) – then change to cartilage
• Fontanel – soft spot on baby’s head
• 8 weeks:– Ossification begins (mineral matter
begins to replace cartilage– Infant bones soft because
ossification is not complete
Sutures• The areas where
cranial bones join together to form immovable joint (sutures) which allow firstly the head to pass through the birth canal and secondly postnatal brain growth.
• Chewing involves what bone?
Structure of Long Bone
• Diaphysis – shaft• Epiphyses – ends• Medullary cavity – center of
shaft, filled with yellow bone marrow, which is mostly fatty cells, also cells that form white blood cells
• Endosteum- lines marrow cavity
Structure of long Bone Continued
• Shaft is made of compact bone (DENSE bone) the ends are spongy bone (POROUS bone). Ends contain red marrow where red blood cells are made
• Periosteum – tough, outside covering of bone – contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves
The shaft of the long bone is?
• The outer covering of the bone is?
Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
• Axial – skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum, hyoid
• Appendicular – shoulder girdle, arms, pelvis, legs
• Ribs and sternum– Sternum divided into 3 parts
(bottom tips is xiphoid process)– 12 pairs of ribs – first 7 are true
ribs– Next three are false ribs– Next two are floating ribs
• Bones of the skull, spine & chest make up the ?
Largest bone in the body?
What bones make up the pelvis?
Another name for
breast bone?
Appendicular skeleton• Clavicle• Scapula• Humerus• Radius and ulna• Carpals• Metacarpals• Phalanges• Pelvis• Femur
• Tibia and Fibula• Patella• Tarsal bones• Calcaneus• Metatarsals
• The lower arm bone is located on the thumb side?
• The medical term for the finger bones is?
• Medical term for the knee cap?
If you damage ligaments, you will have a?
• A sprain - is an injury which occurs to ligaments caused by being stretched beyond their normal capacity and possibly torn. Muscular tears caused in the same manner are referred to as a strain.
Spine – Vertebral Column
• Encloses the spinal cord• Vertebrae – separated by pads of
cartilage – Intervertebral discs
• Cervical Vertebrae (7)– Atlas – 1st cervical vertebrae– Axis – 2nd cervical vertebrae
• Thoracic Vertebrae (12)• Lumbar Vertebrae (5)• Sacrum• Coccyx
muscles
become
paralysed
• What cranial bone is at the rear of the skull that connects with the spinal column?
Vertebral Column
Joints
• Joints are points of contact between 2 bones- classified according to movement:– Diarthrosis – movable – Amphiarthrosis – partially movable– Synarthrosis – immovable
• Articular cartilage – covers joint surface• Synovial Fluid – lubricating substance in
joints. The fluid that reduces friction during joint movement.
Types of Joints• What joint allows
the greatest freedom of movement?
Types of Joints
• Ball and socket– Bone with ball shaped head fits into concave
socket of 2nd bone. Shoulders and hips• Hinge
– Move in one direction or plane. Knees, elbows, outer joints of fingers
• Pivot– Those with an extension rotate on a 2nd arch
shaped bone. Radius and ulna, atlas and axis• Gliding
– Flat surfaces glide across each other. Vertebrae of spine
Articular Cartilage
• It is composed of collagen fibers and/or elastic fibers, and can supply smooth surfaces for the movement of articulating bones.
Synovial Fluid
• It’s a boundary-layer lubrication, which reduces friction between opposing surfaces of cartilage.
Types of Motion
• Flexion• Extension• Abduction• Adduction• Circumduction• Rotation• Pronation• Supination
FLEXION
• Flexion is a position that is made possible by the joint angle decreasing.
Extension
A movement of a joint in which one part of the body is moved away from another.
If you go from a sitting position to a standing position, the joint action at the knee is extension!
• AbductionA motion that pulls a structure or part away the midline of the body.
• Adduction• A motion that
pulls a structure or part towards the midline of the body
Circumduction
• The circular or a more precise movement of a body part, such as a ball-and-socket joint or the eye.
Rotation
• A motion that occurs when a part turns on its axis. What movements occurs when you turn your head from side to side?
Pronation• A rotation of
the forearm that moves the palm from an anterior-facing position to a posterior-facing position, or palm facing down.
Supination• The opposite
of pronation, the rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly, or palm facing up.
Disorders of the Bones and Joints
• Fracture- a break• Treated by:
– Closed reduction- cast or splint applied
– Open reduction- surgical intervention with devices such as wired, metal plates or screws to hold bone in alignment (internal fixation)
– Traction- pulling force used to hold the bone in place• Used for fractures of long bones
Fractures
• Closed or simple – bone broken, broken ends don’t break skin
• Open or compound – broken bone pierce the skin, can lead to infection
• Greenstick – in children, bone bent and splintered but never completely
separates• Comminuted
– splintered or broken into many pieces• Spiral
– bone twists, resulting in one or more breaks
COMPOUND FRACTURE• A bone that
breaks through the skin is?
Disorders Cont.
• Dislocation – Bone displaced from proper
position in joint
• Sprain – sudden or unusual motion,
ligaments torn but joint is not dislocated
• Radiology– X-rays for diagnosis evaluation of
bones
Curvature of Spine
• Kyphosis• Hunchback • Lordosis
– Swayback• Scoliosis
– Lateral curvature
Bone Disorders
• Osteoporosis- % of those infected are women. Mineral density of bone is reduced 35 – 65%. The loss of bone mass leaves the bone thinner, porous and more prone to fracture.
• Osteomyelitis – bone infection
• Osteosarcoma – bone cancer
• When bones becomes more porous, loses calcium & phosphorous they are likely to fracture.
Dx and Rx
• Arthroscopy- examination into joint using arthroscope with fiber optic lens
• Arthroplasty- reconstruction of joint
• Microdiskectomy- operation to remove damaged Intervertebral disc through tiny incision. Bone plug is usually used to replace the damaged disc.
Diseases of Bone
• Bursitis- inflammation of a bursa (joint sac)
Diseases of Bone cont…
• Arthritis An inflammation of one or more joints.
• Osteoarthritis- degenerative, occurs with aging, 80% of Americans suffer, joints become enlarged and painful
Rheumatoid Arthritis
– A chronic, autoimmune disease- joints become swollen and painful, joint deformities common
Bursitis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Diseases of Bones cont.• Gout- Increase of uric acid
deposited in joint cavity, mostly the great toe in men.
Herniated disc
Intervertebral disc ruptures or protrudes, putting pressure on spinal nerves.
Rickets
Found in children, caused by lack of vitamin D, bones become soft.
Diseases of Bones Cont.
• Osteomalacia – softening of bones caused by deficiency in phosphorous or calcium
• Bone marrow aspiration – removal of marrow sample with a needle for diagnostic purposes
Bone Marrow Aspiration
That the bones of it!