Unit E

Terminology • Abduction • adduction • Appendicular skeleton• Axial skeleton• Ball and socket joint• Bursa• Circumduction• Compact bone• Diaphysis• Endosteum• Epiphysis• Extension• Flexion• Fontanel• Hemopoiesis

• Joint • Medullary canal• Ossification• Osteocytes• Periosteum• Pronation• Rotation• Spongy bone• Supination• Suture• Gliding joint• Hinge joint• Pivot joint• Synovial fluid

Disorders and Related Terminology

• Arthritis• Arthroscopy• Closed

reduction• Dislocation• Fractures• Greenstick

fracture• Kyphosis• Lordosis

• Open reduction• Scoliosis• Sprain• Strain• Traction

Skeletal System• 206 bones• Functions

1. Supports body and provides shape2. Protects internal organs3. Movement and anchorage of muscles4. Mineral storage (Calcium and

Phosphorus)5. Hemopoiesis-the process of blood cell

formation in the red bone morrow!

Osteocytes –composed of microscopic mature bone cell

Bone Formation

• Embryo skeletal starts as osteoblasts (primitive embryonic cells) – then change to cartilage

• Fontanel – soft spot on baby’s head

• 8 weeks:– Ossification begins (mineral matter

begins to replace cartilage– Infant bones soft because

ossification is not complete

Sutures• The areas where

cranial bones join together to form immovable joint (sutures) which allow firstly the head to pass through the birth canal and secondly postnatal brain growth.

• Chewing involves what bone?

Structure of Long Bone

• Diaphysis – shaft• Epiphyses – ends• Medullary cavity – center of

shaft, filled with yellow bone marrow, which is mostly fatty cells, also cells that form white blood cells

• Endosteum- lines marrow cavity

Structure of long Bone Continued

• Shaft is made of compact bone (DENSE bone) the ends are spongy bone (POROUS bone). Ends contain red marrow where red blood cells are made

• Periosteum – tough, outside covering of bone – contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves

The shaft of the long bone is?

• The outer covering of the bone is?

Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

• Axial – skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum, hyoid

• Appendicular – shoulder girdle, arms, pelvis, legs

• Ribs and sternum– Sternum divided into 3 parts

(bottom tips is xiphoid process)– 12 pairs of ribs – first 7 are true

ribs– Next three are false ribs– Next two are floating ribs

• Bones of the skull, spine & chest make up the ?

Largest bone in the body?

What bones make up the pelvis?

Another name for

breast bone?

Appendicular skeleton• Clavicle• Scapula• Humerus• Radius and ulna• Carpals• Metacarpals• Phalanges• Pelvis• Femur

• Tibia and Fibula• Patella• Tarsal bones• Calcaneus• Metatarsals

• The lower arm bone is located on the thumb side?

• The medical term for the finger bones is?

• Medical term for the knee cap?

If you damage ligaments, you will have a?

• A sprain - is an injury which occurs to ligaments caused by being stretched beyond their normal capacity and possibly torn. Muscular tears caused in the same manner are referred to as a strain.

Spine – Vertebral Column

• Encloses the spinal cord• Vertebrae – separated by pads of

cartilage – Intervertebral discs

• Cervical Vertebrae (7)– Atlas – 1st cervical vertebrae– Axis – 2nd cervical vertebrae

• Thoracic Vertebrae (12)• Lumbar Vertebrae (5)• Sacrum• Coccyx

muscles

become

paralysed

• What cranial bone is at the rear of the skull that connects with the spinal column?

Vertebral Column

Joints

• Joints are points of contact between 2 bones- classified according to movement:– Diarthrosis – movable – Amphiarthrosis – partially movable– Synarthrosis – immovable

• Articular cartilage – covers joint surface• Synovial Fluid – lubricating substance in

joints. The fluid that reduces friction during joint movement.

                           

                  

Types of Joints• What joint allows

the greatest freedom of movement?

Types of Joints

• Ball and socket– Bone with ball shaped head fits into concave

socket of 2nd bone. Shoulders and hips• Hinge

– Move in one direction or plane. Knees, elbows, outer joints of fingers

• Pivot– Those with an extension rotate on a 2nd arch

shaped bone. Radius and ulna, atlas and axis• Gliding

– Flat surfaces glide across each other. Vertebrae of spine

Articular Cartilage

• It is composed of collagen fibers and/or elastic fibers, and can supply smooth surfaces for the movement of articulating bones.

Synovial Fluid

• It’s a boundary-layer lubrication, which reduces friction between opposing surfaces of cartilage.

Types of Motion

• Flexion• Extension• Abduction• Adduction• Circumduction• Rotation• Pronation• Supination

FLEXION

• Flexion is a position that is made possible by the joint angle decreasing.

Extension

A movement of a joint in which one part of the body is moved away from another.

If you go from a sitting position to a standing position, the joint action at the knee is extension!

• AbductionA motion that pulls a structure or part away the midline of the body.

• Adduction• A motion that

pulls a structure or part towards the midline of the body

Circumduction

• The circular or a more precise movement of a body part, such as a ball-and-socket joint or the eye.

Rotation

• A motion that occurs when a part turns on its axis. What movements occurs when you turn your head from side to side?

Pronation• A rotation of

the forearm that moves the palm from an anterior-facing position to a posterior-facing position, or palm facing down.

Supination• The opposite

of pronation, the rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly, or palm facing up.

Disorders of the Bones and Joints

• Fracture- a break• Treated by:

– Closed reduction- cast or splint applied

– Open reduction- surgical intervention with devices such as wired, metal plates or screws to hold bone in alignment (internal fixation)

– Traction- pulling force used to hold the bone in place• Used for fractures of long bones

Fractures

• Closed or simple – bone broken, broken ends don’t break skin

• Open or compound – broken bone pierce the skin, can lead to infection

• Greenstick – in children, bone bent and splintered but never completely

separates• Comminuted

– splintered or broken into many pieces• Spiral

– bone twists, resulting in one or more breaks

COMPOUND FRACTURE• A bone that

breaks through the skin is?

Disorders Cont.

• Dislocation – Bone displaced from proper

position in joint

• Sprain – sudden or unusual motion,

ligaments torn but joint is not dislocated

• Radiology– X-rays for diagnosis evaluation of

bones

Curvature of Spine

• Kyphosis• Hunchback • Lordosis

– Swayback• Scoliosis

– Lateral curvature

Bone Disorders

• Osteoporosis- % of those infected are women. Mineral density of bone is reduced 35 – 65%. The loss of bone mass leaves the bone thinner, porous and more prone to fracture.

• Osteomyelitis – bone infection

• Osteosarcoma – bone cancer

• When bones becomes more porous, loses calcium & phosphorous they are likely to fracture.

Dx and Rx

• Arthroscopy- examination into joint using arthroscope with fiber optic lens

• Arthroplasty- reconstruction of joint

• Microdiskectomy- operation to remove damaged Intervertebral disc through tiny incision. Bone plug is usually used to replace the damaged disc.

Arthroscopy

Arthroplasty

Microdiskectomy

Diseases of Bone

• Bursitis- inflammation of a bursa (joint sac)

Diseases of Bone cont…

• Arthritis An inflammation of one or more joints.

• Osteoarthritis- degenerative, occurs with aging, 80% of Americans suffer, joints become enlarged and painful

Rheumatoid Arthritis

– A chronic, autoimmune disease- joints become swollen and painful, joint deformities common

Bursitis

                                                

Rheumatoid arthritis

Osteoarthritis

Diseases of Bones cont.• Gout- Increase of uric acid

deposited in joint cavity, mostly the great toe in men.

Whiplash

• Trauma to the cervical vertebra

Herniated disc

Intervertebral disc ruptures or protrudes, putting pressure on spinal nerves.

Rickets

Found in children, caused by lack of vitamin D, bones become soft.

Diseases of Bones Cont.

• Osteomalacia – softening of bones caused by deficiency in phosphorous or calcium

• Bone marrow aspiration – removal of marrow sample with a needle for diagnostic purposes

Bone Marrow Aspiration

That the bones of it!