Unit 8B:Motivation and Emotion:

Emotions, Stress and Health

Unit Overview• Theories of Emotion• Embodied Emotion• Expressed Emotion• Experienced Emotion• Stress and Health

Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

Theories of Emotion

Theories of emotions

• Emotion–Physiological arousal–Expressive behavior–Conscious

experience• Moods - affective responses that are typically

longer-lasting than emotions, and less likely to

have a specific object.

Theories of emotions

• Common-sense perspective• James-Lange theory

Theories of emotions

• Cannon-Bard theory

Theories of emotions

• Two-factor theory–Schachter-Singer

Theories of emotions

Embodied Emotion

Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

• Autonomic nervous system–Sympathetic nervous system

• arousing–Parasympathetic nervous system

• Calming–Moderate arousal is ideal

Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

Physiological Similarities Among Specific Emotions

• Different movie experiment

Physiological Differences Among Specific Emotions

• Differences in brain activity–Amygdala–Frontal lobes

• Nucleus accumbens–Polygraph

Cognition and EmotionCognition Can Define Emotion

• Spillover effect–Schachter-Singer experiment

• Arousal fuels emotions, cognition channels it

Cognition and EmotionCognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion

• Influence of the amygdala

Expressed Emotion

Detecting Emotion

• Nonverbal cues–Eyes and mouth are most revealing–Duchenne smile

Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior

• women usually surpass men at reading emotional cues

Which gender neutral face looks more like a man?

Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior

Women react more visibly to each film type.

Culture and Emotional Expression

Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion

Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion

Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion

Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion

The Effects of Facial Expressions

• Facial feedback

Experienced Emotion

Experienced Emotion• List 3 things that you FEAR.

• List 3 things that make you ANGRY.

• List 3 things that make (or could make) you HAPPY.

Fear

• Adaptive value of fear–Conditioning and observation

• The biology of fear–Amygdala–Some fears fall

outside the normalrange

Phobias• Agateophobia- Fear of insanity.• Androphobia- Fear of men.• Bibliophobia- Fear of books.• Chorophobia- Fear of dancing.• Coulrophobia- Fear of clowns.• Ephebiphobia- Fear of teenagers.• Octophobia - Fear of the figure 8.• Peladophobia- Fear of bald people.• Sesquipedalophobia- Fear of long words.

Anger

• Anger–Evoked by events–Catharsis–Expressing anger

can increase anger

Happiness

• Happiness–Feel-good, do-good phenomenon–Well-being

HappinessThe Short Life of Emotional Ups and Downs

• Watson’s studies

HappinessWealth and Well-Being

HappinessWealth and Well-Being

HappinessTwo Psychological Phenomena: Adaptation and Comparison

• Happiness and Prior Experience–Adaptation-level phenomenon

• Happiness and others’ attainments–Relative deprivation

HappinessPredictors of Happiness

Stress and Health

Introduction

• Health psychology• Behavioral medicine

Stress and Illness

• Stress–Stress appraisal–Distress–Eustress

Stress and IllnessThe Stress Response System

• Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS)–Alarm–Resistance–exhaustion

Stress and IllnessGeneral Adaptation Syndrome

Stress and IllnessStressful Life Events

• Catastrophes• Significant life changes• Daily hassles

Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale

Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale

Stress and the Heart

• Coronary heart disease• Type A versus Type B

–Type A–Type B

Stress and Susceptibility to Disease

• Psychophysiological illnesses• Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

–Lymphocytes• B lymphocytes• T lymphocytes

–Stress and AIDS–Stress and Cancer

Definition Slides

Emotion

= a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.

James-Lange Theory

= the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

Cannon-Bard Theory

= the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.

Two-factor Theory

= the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.

Polygraph

= a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measure several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).

Facial Feedback

= the effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happiness.

Catharsis

= emotional release. The catharsis hypothesis maintains that “releasing’ aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

Feel-Good Do-Good Phenomenon

= people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.

Well-being

= self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life.

Adaptation-level Phenomenon

= our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.

Relative Deprivation

= the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves.

Behavioral Medicine

= an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavior and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease..

Health Psychology

= a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine.

Stress

= the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

= Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases – alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

Coronary Heart Disease

= the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in North America.

Type A

= Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.

Type B

= Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.

Psychophysiological Illness

= literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

= the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

Lymphocytes

= the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system; B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.