Unit 8B: Motivation and Emotion: Emotions, Stress and Health
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Transcript of Unit 8B: Motivation and Emotion: Emotions, Stress and Health
Unit 8B:Motivation and Emotion:
Emotions, Stress and Health
Unit Overview
• Theories of Emotion
• Embodied Emotion
• Expressed Emotion
• Experienced Emotion
• Stress and Health
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
Theories of Emotion
Theories of emotions
• Emotion–Physiological arousal
–Expressive behavior
–Conscious experience
• Common sense theory
Theories of emotions
• James-Lange theory
Theories of emotions
• Cannon-Bard theory
Theories of emotions
• Two-factor theory–Schachter-Singer
Theories of emotions
Embodied Emotion
Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
• Autonomic nervous system–Sympathetic nervous system
• arousing
–Parasympathetic nervous system• Calming
–Moderate arousal is ideal
Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
Physiological Similarities Among Specific Emotions
• Different movie experiment
Physiological Differences Among Specific Emotions
• Differences in brain activity–Amygdala
–Frontal lobes• Nucleus accumbens
–Polygraph
Cognition and EmotionCognition Can Define Emotion
• Spill over effect–Schachter-Singer experiment
• Arousal fuels emotions, cognition channels it
Cognition and EmotionCognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion
• Influence of the amygdala
Expressed Emotion
Detecting Emotion
• Nonverbal cues–Duchenne smile
Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior
Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior
Culture and Emotional Expression
Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion
The Effects of Facial Expressions
• Facial feedback
Experienced Emotion
Fear
• Adaptive value of fear
• The biology of fear–amygdala
Anger
• Anger–Evoked by events
–Catharsis
–Expressing anger can increase anger
Happiness
• Happiness–Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
–Well-being
HappinessThe Short Life of Emotional Ups and Downs
• Watson’s studies
HappinessWealth and Well-Being
HappinessWealth and Well-Being
HappinessTwo Psychological Phenomena: Adaptation and Comparison
• Happiness and Prior Experience–Adaptation-level phenomenon
• Happiness and others’ attainments–Relative deprivation
HappinessPredictors of Happiness
Stress and Health
Introduction
• Health psychology
• Behavioral medicine
Stress and Illness
• Stress–Stress appraisal
Stress and IllnessThe Stress Response System
• Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS)–Alarm
–Resistance
–exhaustion
Stress and IllnessGeneral Adaptation Syndrome
Stress and IllnessStressful Life Events
• Catastrophes
• Significant life changes
• Daily hassles
Stress and the Heart
• Coronary heart disease
• Type A versus Type B–Type A
–Type B
Stress and Susceptibility to Disease
• Psychophysiological illnesses
• Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)–Lymphocytes
• B lymphocytes
• T lymphocytes
–Stress and AIDS
–Stress and Cancer
The End
Definition Slides
Emotion
= a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.
James-Lange Theory
= the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.
Cannon-Bard Theory
= the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.
Two-factor Theory
= the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.
Polygraph
= a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measure several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).
Facial Feedback
= the effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happiness.
Catharsis
= emotional release. The catharsis hypothesis maintains that “releasing’ aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.
Feel-Good Do-Good Phenomenon
= people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.
Well-being
= self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life.
Adaptation-level Phenomenon
= our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.
Relative Deprivation
= the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves.
Behavioral Medicine
= an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavior and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease..
Health Psychology
= a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine.
Stress
= the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
= Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases – alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
Coronary Heart Disease
= the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in North America.
Type A
= Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.
Type B
= Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.
Psychophysiological Illness
= literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
= the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.
Lymphocytes
= the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system; B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.