Mushroom MountainSpecialty Mushrooms and Product

DevelopmentTradd Cotter

Mushroom Mountain, LLCLiberty, SC

LARGE SCALE CULTIVATION OF PSILOCYBIN CUBENSIS AT

HOMEFOR FUN AND PROFIT

I

Iam

Iama

Iama

mushroom

Jack o’lanternOmphalotus illudens

LAB 1

LAB 2

COMPOSTINGFRUITING

PACKING

Alcohol inkyCoprinus atramentarius

Types of Spawn

• Plug (Outdoor log and stump cultivation)• Sawdust• Grain (rye, wheat, millet, milo)• Compost• Other (soaked corn cobs, nutrified perlite)

SPAWN

Dowels or “Plugs”

Sawdust

Grooved Dowels

Log and Stump Cultivation

Log and Stump Cultivation

• Spawn Run• Storage and Stacking• Water requirements / Soaking• Fruiting Parameters and cycles• Yields and expectations

“Diamond” Drilling Pattern

Positions Spawn Run

Log and Stump CultivationSOAKING

• Replenishes lost water• Swells dehydrated mycelium• Signals biomass there is enough internal

moisture to produce viable fruit• Evaporation creates a slight drop in log

temperature

Green Heron Growers, NY

SOAKING TO INITIATE FRUITING CYCLE12-24 HOURS

Shiitake Yields

• Average 2 pounds per log per year• Investment of $3-4 in plugs per log• Lifetime of log return 10 pounds (6-8 inch log)• Price per pound varies with quality ($8-15/lb)

ADDITIONAL TECHNIQUES AND SPECIES

ADDITIONAL TECHNIQUES AND SPECIES

MaitakeGrifola frondosa

Chicken of the WoodsLaetiporus sulphureus

Mushrooms on Wood Chips and Composts

Wood Chip Cultivation

King StrophariaStropharia rugoso-annulata

King Stropharia Yields

• Average 3-5 pounds per year (4x4x1)• Investment of $30 per cubic yard of chips• Lifetime of return 6-10 pounds (2 years)• Price per pound varies with quality ($8-15/lb)

BlewitClitocybe nuda

PARASOLLepiota procera

Cultivating on Ag waste and Weeds

• Spent Coffee• Cereal Straw (oat, wheat, rye)• Cotton Waste• Corn Waste• Kudzu• Water Hyacinth

Vegetable Foliage Recycled and Used for Mushroom Cultivation Media

SUBSTRATE DENSITY

HOT WATER PASTERURIZATION1-2 HOURS AT 160 F (71 C)

Electric Winch

DRAIN, COOL, AND SPAWN

SPAWN RUN

MONITOR INTERNAL TEMPERATURES

VOLUME : EXPOSED SURFACE

OVERPINNING AND CROP FAILURES

STERILIZED SUBSTRATES

INDOORS

Sterilized Substrates• Autoclave or Pressure cooker required• Clean room required (HEPA) for transfers• High Energy Inputs / Rapid and high yielding

RETORT AUTOCLAVE – DOUBLE ENDED

Bagged Substrate

Maitake (Grifola frondosa) Shiitake (Lentinula edodes)

Yield Calculators

Spawning Schedule

Columns/day 100 106.0 factor

Sum of green

= 12.5 12.5 13.0 13.0

times per week 4

Cost Per Total Columns per Week 400

Column Costs Trailers Needed: 41.25 (40 Footers) OR

Plastic $2.00 Estimated Pounds Per Week 6400 Square Footage Needed: 17600

#of col/wk/3 - why? Media $2.00 Wholesale Value Per Pound $3.00

bags 133.3 Spawn $3.00 Total Value Per Week $19,200.00

Propane $2.00 Column Costs Per Week $3,600.00

Labor Expenses Per Week $1,200 2 PERSONS

Total each $9.00 Week cost $4,800.00

Week Net $14,400.00

Year Net $748,800.00

Spawning Schedule

Columns/day 100 106.0 factor

Sum of green

= 12.5 12.5 13.0 13.0

times per week 4

Cost Per Total Columns per Week 400

Column Costs Trailers Needed: 41.25 (40 Footers) OR

Plastic $2.00 Estimated Pounds Per Week 6400 Square Footage Needed: 17600

#of col/wk/3 - why? Media $2.00 Wholesale Value Per Pound $3.00

bags 133.3 Spawn $3.00 Total Value Per Week $19,200.00

Propane $2.00 Column Costs Per Week $3,600.00

Labor Expenses Per Week $1,200 2 PERSONS

Total each $9.00 Week cost $4,800.00

Week Net $14,400.00

Year Net $748,800.00

ENCLOSED FRUITING ROOM CONCEPTS

• FLUID INTERNAL STRUCTURAL DESIGN / MOVING WALLS

• INTEGRATED PLANT BIOMASS - OFFSET CO2 PRODUCTION FROM FUNGI

• PORTABLE ALGAL SCRUBBING UNITS AND BIOFUEL POTENTIAL

• AIR LAYERING CONCEPTS

PARTITION STRUCTURES TO ACCOMMODATE FRUITING CYCLES

CONVERTING EXISTING - DETERMINE PERCENTAGE IN WEEKS FOR EACH STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT

EX. SHIITAKE

6 WEEKS COLONIZATION2 WEEKS BROWNING1 WEEK FLUSH 13 WEEKS REST1 WEEK FLUSH 23 WEEKS REST1 WEEK FLUSH 3

17 WEEK USE OF SPACE

PARTITION STRUCTURES TO ACCOMMODATE FRUITING CYCLES

CONVERTING EXISTING - DETERMINE PERCENTAGE IN WEEKS FOR EACH STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT

EX. SHIITAKE

6 WEEKS COLONIZATION/17 = 35%2 WEEKS BROWNING/17 = 12%3 WEEKS FLUSHES 1-3 /17= 18%6 WEEKS REST/17 = 35%

17 TOTAL WEEKS

PARTITION STRUCTURES TO ACCOMMODATE FRUITING CYCLES

CONVERTING EXISTING - DETERMINE PERCENTAGE IN WEEKS FOR EACH STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT

EX. OYSTER

2 WEEKS COLONIZATION / 9 = 22.3%3 WEEKS FLUSHES / 9 = 33.3%4 WEEKS REST / 9 = 44.3%

9 TOTAL WEEKS

Fruiting Structures

• Controlled, clean environment• Gases, insects, and humidity control

Fruiting Structures

• Bigger not better – Think small/modular.

Modular systems have less contamination vectors, easier to maintain and isolate diseases. Large rooms are difficult to prevent cross contamination.

You can simply add more modules to increase production.

Humidity Tunnels

Unused Bunkers and Tunnels

ediblegeography.com

Optimizing Cap Cuticle Pigmentation by Temperature Reduction and Blue LED Lighting During Primordia Formation

LED Lighting

•Electrical Savings•Higher intensity with Lower Heat (sharper peak values)•Flexibility – thin and lightweight for modifying individual shelves•Single Wavelength Selectivity and Timing

Cap Cuticle Pigmentation and Optimizing Wavelength Parameters

Red, light emission 580-660 nm, maximum at 631 nm; yellow, light emission 550-630 nm, maximum at 597 nm; Blue, light emission 420-550 nm, maximum at 463 nm; Green, light emission 470-600 nm, maximum at 517 nm

Figure 1. Effect of UV irradiation sources on the efficacy of vitamin D2 synthesis in oyster mushrooms.

Wu W-J, Ahn B-Y (2014) Statistical Optimization of Ultraviolet Irradiate Conditions for Vitamin D2 Synthesis in Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) Using Response Surface Methodology. PLoS ONE 9(4): e95359. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095359http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095359

Harvesting and Storage

• Eliminate watering 4-6 hours before harvesting

• Pick when caps are tacky to dry• Store under 38-45F Refigeration• Store in lightly ventilated boxes, paper bags,

never sealed plastic or plastic bags• Species specific longevity

MARKETING

BIODEGRADABLE CONTAINER WITH RECIPE SUGGESTIONS

MARKETING•Know your products•Know the nutritional values of each species, incorporate into signs and handouts•Never falsify medicinal claims, only cite scientific journals, not websites, blogs, and neighbors•Be your local expert

Alternative Products

• Powders• Medicinal Extracts• Soaps, Lotions, Cosmetics• Mycobrewery• Dream up your own products!

DRIED MUSHROOMS

• Solar Drying – Gills up increases vitamin D• Not all species suitable! May reconstitute

chewy or leathery

Good: Oyster, Shiitake, Maitake, Lion’s ManeBad: Chanterelles

BUT, they can all be made into powder……..

Mushrooms and Vermicomposting

Octanol – “Mushroom Alcohol”

www.celebratebig.com

INTERACTIONS

KINGDOM

Almond PortabellaAgaricus blazei / Agaricus brasiliensis

Mushroom Pests and Diseases

• Insects – Fungus gnats, sciarid flies, beetles, mites

• Fungi – Molds, wilts• Bacteria – Brown Blotch, Orange Staining• Viruses• Rodents

Mushroom Pests and Diseases

• Insects – Fungus gnats, sciarid flies, beetles, mites

• Fungi – Molds, wilts• Bacteria – Brown Blotch, Orange Staining• Viruses• Rodents (Monsanto)

FUNGUS GNATS AND FRUIT FLIES

Bacillus thuringiensis sp israelensis

“Pleasing Beetle”Pseudischyrus spp.

thenaturalcapital.com

Bug Zappers

INSECT AND DISEASE CONTROL

Mycoparasite - Trichoderma green mold

Trichoderma spp Mold Contaminating Mushroom Casing Soil

WWW.MUSHROOMMOUNTAIN.COM

WWW.MUSHROOMMOUNTAIN.COM/HANDOUT

MORELSMorchella

The Morel Life Cycle(Volk and Leonard 1990, Volk and Leonard, 1989a)

Morel Micro-Sclerotia

NON-NUTRITIVE CASING

NUTRITIVE BOTTOM LAYER

SPAWN

NON-NUTRITIVE CASING

NUTRITIVE BOTTOM LAYER

SPAWN

MOREL SCLEROTIA

MOREL SCLEROTIA

http://www.mushroomexpert.com/images/kuo_05_11.jpg

Watkinsville, Georgia

Fruiting Temperature Window at 6” Deep (a.m. shaded reading)48.0 F ( 8.9C) – 57.0F (13.9C)

INITIATION

2012

FRUITING8.9 ⁰ C-13.9 ⁰ C

Watkinsville, Georgia

Fruiting Temperature Window at 6” Deep (a.m. shaded reading)48.0 ⁰F ( 8.9 ⁰ C) – 57.0 ⁰ F (13.9 ⁰ C)

FRUITING8.9 ⁰ C-13.9 ⁰ C

2012

Chill Hours HistoryEatonton, GA

Nov-1 Apr-3 Number of Hours2012 2013 N/A2011 2012 2602010 2011 6012009 2010 518

Temp <= 32 °F

Nov-1 Mar-3 Number of Hours2012 2013 2072011 2012 2532010 2011 5912009 2010 483

Temp <= 32 °F

WWW.MUSHROOMMOUNTAIN.COM/CFSA

WWW.MUSHROOMMOUNTAIN.COM/CFSA