Post on 26-Jun-2020
Tracking Carbon and Nitrogen
Pollution from Headwaters to Coasts
Sujay Kaushal1, Shahan Haq1, Shuiwang Duan1,
Jake Beaulieu2, Rose Smith1, Guangming
Zheng3, Michael Ondrusek3, Marilyn Murphy3,
Paul DiGiacomo3
1University of Maryland, Department of Geology &
Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center
2U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
3National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
NESDIS, STAR
How does land use impact the coastal carbon cycle?
• Urban development replaces natural drainage with infrastructure
– Storm drain systems
– Leaky sewers
– Impervious surfaces
• Major impacts on carbon cycle over space and time
Kaushal and Belt (2012)
Urban Watershed Continuum: Research Questions
• How does human-accelerated weathering
impact the coastal carbon cycle?
• Is the urban river continuum a transporter or
transformer of carbon?
• What are implications for the coastal carbon
cycle?
Evolving Weathering in
Urbanized Watersheds
Over Time
Kaushal and Belt (2012)
Kaushal et al. (2014, 2015)
Cities create a distinct urban geology
Weathering of “urban karst”
1. Urban weathering
impacts coastal carbon?
Increasing alkalinity in 66% of sites:
Watershed Size
Elevation
Lithology
Land UseKaushal et al. (2013), ES&T
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Oct-54 Jun-68 Feb-82 Oct-95 Jul-09
Calc
ium
Concentr
ation (
mg/L
)
Calc
ium
Con
centr
ation (
mg/L
)
Patuxent River, Maryland, USASaddle River, New Jersey, USABaltimore Drinking Water, Maryland, USA
Kaushal et al.
(2013, 2014)
Human-Accelerated Weathering in Watersheds
Map Created by Noah Bowman - Kaushal et al. (2017)
Kaushal et al. (2017)
Ca2+ Mg2+ DIC SO42- pH
K+ Si
Impervious Surfaces?
Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ K+ Cl-
SO42-
Road Salts?
Si DIC SO42- NO3
-
K+
Sewage?Kaushal et al. (2017)
Coastal Alkalinization?
Kaushal et al. (2017)
2. The Urban Watershed Continuum:
Transporter or Transformer?
Discharge Controls Carbon Transport
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
0
4
8
12
16
0.1 1.0 10.0
DO
C m
g L
1
Site
NERP r2=0.38
NWHV r2=0.11
PBCP r2=0.35
SLIGO r2=0.16
Dissolved Organic Carbon
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
5
10
15
20
25
0.1 1.0 10.0
Discharge m3s
1
DIC
mg
L1
Site
NERP r2=0.45
NWHV r2=0.22
PBCP r2=0.25
SLIGO r2=0.32
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOMaquatic DOM
terrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOMterrestrial DOM
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.1 1.0 10.0B
IX
Site
NERP r2=0.44
NWHV r2=0.21
PBCP r2=0.14
SLIGO r2=0.19
Recent Autochthonous Inputs (BIX)
Smith and Kaushal (2015)
Light Controls Carbon Metabolism
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
10 11 12 13 14 15Day length (hr)
GP
P g
C m
2 d
ay
Site
NERP
PBCP
SLIGO
Smith and Kaushal (2015)
Streams as Tranporters vs. Transformers?
-50
0
50
100
0.1 1.0 10.0
% D
IC I
nput
Fro
m S
tream
N
et
Resp
iratio
n (
ER
-GP
P)
Site
SLIGO
PBCP
NERP
a.
0
50
100
150
0.1 1.0 10.0
Q (m3s
1)
% D
IC I
nput
from
Wate
rshed
(Soil
Resp
iratio
n +
Weath
ering)
b.
Smith and Kaushal (2015)
3. Implications for the Coastal Carbon Cycle?
Courtesy of ICPRB
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1980 1990 2000 2010
−5
00
50
10
01
50
Hubbard Brook − Woodstock, NH
Year
Alk
alin
ity (
mg/L
)
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1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
40
60
80
10
0
Housatonic River − Stevenson, CT
Year
Alk
alin
ity (
mg/L
)
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1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
020
40
60
80
10
01
20
Schuylkill River − Philadelphia, PA
Year
Alk
alin
ity (
mg/L
)
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1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
20
40
60
80
Patuxent River − Bowie, MD
Year
Alk
alin
ity (
mg
/L)
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1980 1990 2000 2010
02
04
06
08
01
00
14
0 Potomac River − Washington, DC
Year
Alk
alin
ity (
mg
/L)
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1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
51
015
20
25
30
35
Chattahoochee River − Whitesburg, GA
Year
Alk
alin
ity (
mg
/L)
●
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1970 1980 1990 2000
020
40
60
80
Alabama River − Claiborne, AL
Year
Alk
alin
ity (
mg
/L)
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●
●
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Peace River − Arcadia, FL
n
n
Year
Alk
alin
ity (
mg/L
)
Kaushal et al. (2013), ES&T
Increased Inorganic Carbon in Rivers
Land Use Change Increases
Carbon to Coastal Zones
Kaushal et al. (2014)
Links with Remote Sensing?
Evolution of sediment plumes in the Chesapeake Bay (2015)
Guangming Zheng, Paul M. DiGiacomo, Sujay S. Kaushal, Marilyn A. Yuen-Murphy, Shuiwang Duan
CONCLUSIONS
• Transport and transformation along an urban
watershed continuum (space and time)
• Long-term changes in coastal carbon cycle –
human-accelerated weathering and metabolism
• Links between remote sensing and coastal
biogeochemistry…exploring w/ NOAA
AcknowledgementsField Assistance
• Steve Hohman
• Jon Coplin
• Sofia D’Ambrosio
• Eric Stengle
Laboratory Assistance
• Metthea Yepsen
• Michael Evans
• Rebecca Plummer
• UMD Stable Isotope Laboratory
Funding Sources: NOAA, CICS, NSF, EPA