TRABAJO EN GRUPO DE MTTO CORRECTIVO DE HARDWARE.docx

8/16/2019 TRABAJO EN GRUPO DE MTTO CORRECTIVO DE HARDWARE.docx

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PREGUNTAS

,. /"u0 1s un2 3u1nt1 41 5o41r6

+. S7 87 co85ut24or no 1nc71n41 9u1 1s :o 5r781ro 9u1 41;1 r1<7s2r6

,. /"u0 1s PCB6

+. /In<1st7=2r 9u1 s1 n1c1s7t2 52r2 so:42r > 42r 1s51c737c2c7on1s 41 c242 un2 41

:2s ?1rr2871nt2s > 1:181ntos6

@. /Cu:1s son :2s 5r7nc752:1s c2r2ct1rst7c2s 41 un c2utn6

. /"u0 41;18os t1n1r 1n cu1nt2 con un c2utn 2 :2 ?or2 41 ?2c1r un 5unto 41so:424ur26

'. /A 9u1 ?2c1 r131r1nc72 :2 5ot1nc72 41 un c2utn6

-. /"u0 4731r1nc72 ?2> 1ntr1 un c2utn t75o :57 > t75o 57sto:2

). /Cu:1s son :2s c2r2ct1rst7c2s 41 un 1st2o 9u1 ut7:728os 52r2 so:42r6

F. /"u0 52s2 s7 cu2n4o <o> 2 so:42r un 47s5os7t7<o no t1n=o :2 cr1826

&. /"u0 1s 1: 41so:424or o 9u7t2 5untos6

,(. /"u0 t0cn7c2 us2r2 ust14 52r2 r12:72r un2 so:424ur2 con 1st2o6

,,. In<1st7=2r 1: 47s1o 41 un2 3u1nt1 41 5o41r <2r72;:1.

,,., R12:72r 47s1o 47scr787n2n4o :2s 1t252s.

,,.+ R12:72r :7st2 41 82t1r72:1s 52r2 su 8ont21.

RESPUESTA

,. Es un co85on1nt1 41: co85ut24or 9u1 s1 1nc2r=2 41 tr2ns3or82r un2corr71nt1 1:0ctr7c2 2:t1rn2 1n un2 corr71nt1 1:0ctr7c2 cont7nu2 tr2ns87t71n4o:2 corr71nt1 1:0ctr7c2 785r1sc7n47;:1 > n1c1s2r72 2 :os or41n24or1s 52r2 1:;u1n 3unc7on2871nto > 5rot1cc7n 41 1stos. Otr2 41 sus 3unc7on1s 1ssu87n7str2r :2 c2nt7424 41 corr71nt1 > <o:t21 n1c1s2r7o 9u1 :os 47s5os7t7<osr19u71r1n# con 1sto :os 5rot1=1 41 5ro;:182s 1n 1: su87n7stro 1:0ctr7co1185:oK su;742s 41 <o:t21.

Conectores de fuentes de poder

E7st1n 4os t75os 41 con1ctor1s ut7:7242s 1n :2s co85ut24or2s.

• fuentes de poder ATK L2 3u1nt1 AT 1s un 47s5os7t7<o 9u1 s1 2co5:2 1n 1:

=2;7n1t1 41 :2 co85ut24or2 > 9u1 s1 1nc2r=2 ;s7c281nt1 41 tr2ns3or82r

:2 corr71nt1 2:t1rn2 41 :2 :n12 1:0ctr7c2 41: 1nc?u31 41 52r14 1n corr71nt147r1ct2 :2 cu: 1s ut7:7242 5or :os 1:181ntos 1:1ctrn7cos > 1:0ctr7cos 41 :2co85ut24or2 con un 81nor <o:t21. Otr2s 3unc7on1s son :2s 41 su87n7str2r :2 c2nt7424 41 corr71nt1 > <o:t21 9u1 :os 47s5os7t7<os r19u71r1n 2s co8o5rot1=1r:os 41 5ro;:182s 1n 1: su87n7stro 1:0ctr7co co8o su;742s 41<o:t21. S1 :1 5u141 ::282r 3u1nt1 41 5o41r AT# 3u1nt1 41 2:781nt2c7n AT#3u1nt1 2n2:=7c2# 3u1nt1 41 1nc1n474o 81cn7co# 1ntr1 otros no8;r1s. L23u1nt1 AT 2ctu2:81nt1 1st 1n 41suso > 3u1 sust7tu742 5or :2 t1cno:o=2 413u1nt1s 41 2:781nt2c7n AT

Características generales de la fuente AT

• P2r2 su 1nc1n474o > 252=24o# cu1nt2 con un 7nt1rru5tor 81cn7co.

• A:=unos 8o41:os 7nt1=r2;2n un con1ctor 41 tr1s t1r87n2:1s 52r2 2:781nt2r

247c7on2:81nt1 2: 8on7tor CRT 41s41 :2 87s82 3u1nt1.

• Est1 t75o 41 3u1nt1s s1 7nt1=r2n 41s41 19u75os t2n 2nt7=uos con

87cro5roc1s24or Int1: F(+- ?2st2 19u75os con 87cro5roc1s24or Int1:P1nt7u8 MM.

• Es un2 3u1nt1 2?orr24or2 41 1:1ctr7c7424# >2 9u1 no s1 9u142 1n 8o4o

St2n4 ;> 1n 1st24o 41 1s51r2 1sto 5or9u1 2: o5r787r 1: 7nt1rru5tor s1cort2 tot2:81nt1 1: su87n7stro.

• Es un2 3u1nt1 s1=ur2# >2 9u1 2: o5r787r 1: ;otn 41 1nc1n474o s1

7nt1rru851 :2 1:1ctr7c7424 41ntro 41 :os c7rcu7tos# 1<7t2n4o 5ro;:182s 41cortos 2: 82n75u:2r su 7nt1r7or.

• Aun9u1 s7 1: usu2r7o 82n75u:2 47r1ct281nt1 1: 7nt1rru5tor 52r2 r12:72r

2:=un2 8o4737c2c7n# corr1 1: r71s=o 41 c?o9u1 1:0ctr7co# >2 9u1 1s2 52rt1tr2;22 47r1ct281nt1 con :2 1:1ctr7c7424 41 :2 r14 1:0ctr7c2.

Es 41 1nc1n474o 81cn7co.• A:=unos 8o41:os 7nt1=r2;2n un con1ctor 41 tr1s t1r87n2:1s

• Es un2 3u1nt1 2?orr24or2 41 1:1ctr7c7424.

• Es un2 3u1nt1 s1=ur2.

Partes que componen la fuente AT

Int1rn281nt1 cu1nt2 con un2 s1r71 41 c7rcu7tos 1nc2r=24os 41 tr2ns3or82r :21:1ctr7c7424 52r2 9u1 1st2 s12 su87n7str242 41 82n1r2 corr1ct2 2 :os 47s5os7t7<os.Et1rn281nt1 const2 41 :os s7=u71nt1s 1:181ntosK

Ventilador: 15u:s2 1: 27r1 c2:71nt1 41: 7nt1r7or 41 :2 3u1nt1 > 41: =2;7n1t1#

52r2 82nt1n1r 3r1scos :os c7rcu7tos. Conector de alimentaciónK r1c7;1 1: c2;:1 41 corr71nt1 41s41 1: 1nc?u31

41 52r14. Selector de voltajeK 51r87t1 s1:1cc7on2r 1: <o:t21 41 ,+)V +(V.

Conector de suministro a otros dispositivos: 51r87t1 2:781nt2r c71rto

t75o 41 8on7tor1s CRT. Conector AT: 2:781nt2 41 1:1ctr7c7424 2 :2 t2r1t2 5r7nc752:.

Conector de 4 terminales M!"#K ut7:724o 52r2 2:781nt2r :os 47scos4uros > :2s un74241s 5t7c2s.

Conector de 4 terminales para $"%&K 2:781nt2 :2s 47s9u1t1r2s.

'nterruptor mec(nicoK 51r87t1 1nc1n41r :2 3u1nt1 AT.

Conectores de la fuente AT P2r2 2:781nt2rs1# t71n1 un con1ctor 41 @cont2ctos# 1st1 2 su <1 r1c7;1 2:781nt2c7n 41s41 :2 r14 1:0ctr7c2co81rc72:.

Q7=ur2 . Con1ctor 82c?o 7nt1=r24o 41tr1s t1r87n2:1s 52r22:781nt2r :2 3u1nt1 AT

Q7=ur2 '.Es9u182 41:con1ctor 82c?o,.Q2s1 ,+)Vo:ts+.T71rr2 Qs7c2@.N1u T1r87n2:1s41: con1ctor 52r22:781nt2r :23u1nt1 AT

Q7=ur2 -.Con1ctor ?18;r2 41:c2;:1 con tr1st1r87n2:1s ?2c72:2 c:2<72 41 @52t2s

Q7=ur2 ). C:2<72 41:c2;:1 52r2 con1ct2r 2: 1nc?u31 41 52r1441 @ t1r87n2:1s

P2r2 2:781nt2r :os c7rcu7tos cu1nt2 con ;s7c281nt1 @ t75os 41 con1ctor1sK

P2r2 un74241s 41 @.' 47s9u1t1r2s > un74241s 52r2 47scos ZIP.

P2r2 un74241s 41 '.+' un74241s :1ctor2s 41 CD# un74241s 52r2 DVD

P2r2 2:781nt2r :2 t2r1t2 5r7nc752:.

Conector )ispositivos 'magen de

conector

"squema !íneas de alimentación

T75o MOLE D7s9u1t1r2s41 '.+'#

Un74241s5t7c2s 41'.+' >47scos 4uros41 @.'

, R14 'V A:781nt2c7nVo:ts

+ B:2c GND T71rr2@ B:2c GND T71rr2 Y1::o ,

A:781nt2c7n ,+Vo:ts

T75o BERG )isqueteras

de *+,-

,. R14 'V A:781nt2c7n ' Vo+.B:2c GND T71rr2@.B:2c GND T71rr2.Y1::o,+VA:781nt2c7n ,+Vo:ts

T75o AT Int1rcon1ct2:2 3u1nt1 AT >:2 t2r1t25r7nc752:Mot?1r;o2r4

,. N2r. Po1r Goo4+. Roo ' Vo:ts@. A82r. ,+ Vo:ts. Au: %,+ Vo:ts'. N1=ro T71rr2-. N1=ro T71rr2). N1=ro T71rr2F. N1=ro T71rr2&. B:2nco %' Vo:ts

,(. Roo ' Vo:ts,,. Roo ' Vo:ts,+. Roo ' Vo:ts

.uncionamiento de una fuente AT

En :2 s7=u71nt1 :7st2 s1 8u1str2n :2s 4731r1nt1s 1t252s 5or :2s 9u1 :2 1:1ctr7c74241s tr2ns3or8242 52r2 2:781nt2r :os 47s5os7t7<os 41 :2 co85ut24or2. S7 =ust2sconoc1r 8s so;r1 1:1ctr7c7424# consu:t2 nu1str2 s1cc7nK

,. Transformación: 1: <o:t21 41 :2 :n121:0ctr7c2 co81rc72: s1 r14uc1 co8o 1185:o41 ,+) Vo:ts 2 25ro7824281nt1 ,+ Vo:ts ' V. Ut7:72 un 1:181nto 1:1ctrn7co::2824o tr2ns3or824or .

+. %ectificación: s1 tr2ns3or82 1: <o:t21 41corr71nt1 2:t1rn2 1n <o:t21 41 corr71nt147r1ct2# 1sto :o ?2c1 412n4o 52s2r so:o :os<2:or1s 5os7t7<os 41 :2 on42 s1 =1n1r2

corr71nt1 cont7nu2# 5or 8147o 41 1:181ntos1:1ctrn7cos ::2824os 47o4os.@. .iltrado: 1st2 :1 42 c2:7424 2 :2 corr71nt1

cont7nu2 > su2<72 1: <o:t21# 5or 8147o 411:181ntos 1:1ctrn7cos ::2824os c252c7tor1s.

. "sta/ili0ación: 1: <o:t21 >2 su2<724o s1 :142 :2 3or82 :7n12: 9u1 ut7:72n :os47s5os7t7<os. S1 us2 un 1:181nto 1:1ctrn7co1s51c72: ::2824o c7rcu7to 7nt1=r24o. Est2 32s11s :2 9u1 1ntr1=2 :2 1n1r=2 n1c1s2r72 :2

co85ut24or2.

1sos específicos de la fuente AT

S1 ut7:72n 52r2 su87n7str2r :2 1n1r=2 1:0ctr7c2 n1c1s2r72 52r2 1: corr1cto

3unc7on2871nto 41 :os 47s5os7t7<os# 1ncontrn4os1 1n =2;7n1t1s?or7ont2:1s# =2;7n1t1s 87n7 torr1 > torr1s 4u5:7c24or2s. D151n471n4o :2 c2nt742441 47s5os7t7<os 2 2:781nt2r# 41;1r s1r 82>or :2 c252c7424 41 :2 3u1nt1.

Actu2:81nt1 1s 473c7: 1ncontr2r 3u1nt1s 41 2:781nt2c7n AT nu1<2s# 2s co8o19u75os 8o41rnos 9u1 :2s ut7:7c1n.

Potencia de !as fuentes AT

Co81rc72:1s 82n12n 5ot1nc72s 1:0ctr7c2s 41 +'( W# @(( W# @'( W > (( W.R152s2n4o 2:=unos t0r87nos 41 1:1ctr7c7424# r1cor418os 9u1 :2 1:1ctr7c7424 no 1s

otr2 cos2 8s 9u1 1:1ctron1s c7rcu:2n4o 2 tr2<0s 41 un 8147o con4uctor. L2

5ot1nc72 1:0ctr7c2 41 un2 3u1nt1 AT s1 8741 1n W2tts W > 1st2 <2r72;:1 1st 1n3unc7n 41 otros 4os 32ctor1sK

• "l voltaje: 1s :2 3u1r2 con :29u1 son 785u:s24os :os1:1ctron1s 2 tr2<0s 41 :2 :n121:0ctr7c2. S1 8741 1n Vo:ts V ><2r2 2cor41 2 :2 r1=7n.

• !a corriente: 1s :2 c2nt7424 411:1ctron1s 9u1 c7rcu:2n 5or un5unto 1n 1s51c37co 41: c2;:1c242 s1=un4o. Su un7424 41814742 1s 1: A851r1 A.

"jemplo: s7 un2 3u1nt1 AT 7n47c2 9u11s 41 +'( W 1ntonc1sK

Pot1nc72 1:0ctr7c2 Vo:t21 Corr71nt1# W V A

S2;18os 9u1 1: <o:t21 1s 41 ,+) V >t1n18os :os W2tts# so:o 41s5128os :2corr71nt1.

A W V # A +'( W ,+) V # A ,.&

Entonc1s :o 9u1 7nt1r1s2 1s :2c2nt7424 41 corr71nt1 9u1 5u141su87n7str2r :2 3u1nt1# 5or9u1 2 82>or c2nt7424 41 corr71nt1# ?2;r 82>or 5ot1nc72 > 5o4r 2:781nt2r un2 82>or c2nt7424 41 47s5os7t7<os. En 1st1 c2so1s 41 ,.& A851r1s.

C2"CT% AT#

AT son :2s s7=:2s 41 Advanced Technology eXtended t1cno:o=2 2<2n2421t1n4742# 9u1 1s un2 s1=un42 =1n1r2c7n 41 3u1nt1s41 2:781nt2c7n 7ntro4uc742s 2: 81rc24o 52r2 co85ut24or2s con 87cro5roc1s24or Int1: P1nt7u8 MM# > 2 52rt7r 41 1s1 8o81nto# s1 1t71n41 su uso.

L2 3u1nt1 AT 1s un 47s5os7t7<o 9u1 s1 2co5:2 7nt1rn281nt1 1n 1: =2;7n1t1 41:2 co85ut24or2# 1: cu2: s1 1nc2r=2 ;s7c281nt1 41 tr2ns3or82r :2 corr71nt12:t1rn2 41 :2 :n12 1:0ctr7c2 co81rc72: 1n corr71nt1 47r1ct2 2s co8o r14uc7r su<o:t21. Est2 corr71nt1 1s ut7:7242 5or :os 1:181ntos 1:1ctrn7cos > 1:0ctr7cos 41 :2co85ut24or2. Otr2s 3unc7on1s son :2s 41 su87n7str2r :2 c2nt7424 41 corr71nt1 >

<o:t21 9u1 :os 47s5os7t7<os r19u71r1n 2s co8o 5rot1=1r:os 41 5ro;:182s 1n 1:su87n7stro 1:0ctr7co co8o su;742s 41 <o:t21. A :2 3u1nt1 AT s1 :1 5u141 ::282r 3u1nt1 41 5o41r AT# 3u1nt1 41 2:781nt2c7n AT# 3u1nt1 47=7t2:# 3u1nt1 411nc1n474o 47=7t2:# 3u1nt1s 41 5u:s24or# 1ntr1 otros no8;r1s. %

AT 1s 1: 1stn42r 2ctu2: 41 3u1nt1s 9u1 sust7tu>1ron 2 :2s 3u1nt1s 412:781nt2c7n AT.

Características generales de la fuente AT#

Es 41 1nc1n474o 47=7t2:# 1s 41c7r# t71n1 un 5u:s24or 1n :u=2r 41 un7nt1rru5tor 81cn7co co8o sus 2nt1c1sor2s.

A:=unos 8o41:os 7nt1=r2n un 7nt1rru5tor 81cn7co tr2s1ro 52r2 1<7t2r consu8o 7nn1c1s2r7o 41 1n1r=2 1:0ctr7co# 1<7t2n4o 1: 1st24o 41 r15osoSt2n4 B> 4ur2nt1 :2 cu: consu81n c2nt74241s 8n782s 41 1:1ctr7c7424.

Est1 t75o 41 3u1nt1s s1 7nt1=r2n 41s41 :os 19u75os con87cro5roc1s24or Int1: P1nt7u8 MM ?2st2 :os 19u75os con :os 82s8o41rnos 87cro5roc1s24or1s.

E: 252=24o 41 1st1 t75o 41 3u1nt1s 5u141 s1r 82n75u:24o con so3t2r1.

Partes que componen la fuente AT#

Int1rn281nt1 cu1nt2 con un2 s1r71 41 c7rcu7tos 1nc2r=24os 41 tr2ns3or82r :21:1ctr7c7424 52r2 9u1 1st2 s12 su87n7str242 41 82n1r2 corr1ct2 2 :os 47s5os7t7<os#t1n=2 1n cu1nt2 9u1 1: 7nt1rru5tor 41 1nc1n474o no s1 1ncu1ntr2 1n :2 3u1nt1# s7no9u1 4151n41 41 :2 t2r1t2 5r7nc752:. Et1rn281nt1 const2 41 :os s7=u71nt1s1:181ntosK

Ventilador: 15u:s2 1: 27r1 c2:71nt1 41:7nt1r7or 41 :2 3u1nt1 > 41: =2;7n1t1# 52r282nt1n1r 3r1scos :os c7rcu7tos.

'nterruptor de seguridad: 51r87t11nc1n41r :2 3u1nt1 41 82n1r2 81cn7c2.

Conector de alimentación: r1c7;1 1:c2;:1 41 corr71nt1 41s41 1: 1nc?u31 4152r14.

Selector de voltaje: 51r87t1 s1:1cc7on2r 1:<o:t21 41 ,+)V +(V.

Conector SATA: ut7:724o 52r2 2:781nt2r :os 47scos 4uros > :2s un74241s 5t7c2st75os SATA.

Conector de 4 terminales: ut7:724o 52r22:781nt2r 41 82n1r2 47r1ct2 2:87cro5roc1s24or.

Conector AT#: 2:781nt2 41 1:1ctr7c7424 2:2 t2r1t2 5r7nc752:.

Conector de 4 terminales

M!"#: ut7:724o 52r2 2:781nt2r :os 47scos4uros > :2s un74241s 5t7c2s.

Conector de 4 terminales

$"%&: 2:781nt2 :2s 47s9u1t1r2s.

Conectores de la fuente AT# Pinout: P2r2 2:781nt2rs1# t71n1 un con1ctor 41 @cont2ctos# 1st1 2 su <1 r1c7;1 2:781nt2c7n 41s41 :2 r14 1:0ctr7c2.

Q7=ur2 . Con1ctor 82c?o 7nt1=r24o 41

tr1s t1r87n2:1s 52r22:781nt2r :2 3u1nt1 AT

Q7=ur2 '.Es9u182 41:

con1ctor 82c?o,.Q2s1 ,+)Vo:ts+.T71rr2 Qs7c2@.N1u T1r87n2:1s41: con1ctor 52r22:781nt2r :23u1nt1 AT

Q7=ur2 -.Con1ctor

?18;r2 41:c2;:1 con tr1st1r87n2:1s ?2c72:2 c:2<72 41 @52t2s

Q7=ur2 ). C:2<72 41:c2;:1 52r2 con1ct2r

2: 1nc?u31 41 52r1441 @ t1r87n2:1s

Para alimentar cuenta con /(sicamente 4 tipos de conectores:

P2r2 un74241s 41 @.' 47s9u1t1r2s > un74241s 52r2 47scos ZIP.

• P2r2 un74241s 41 '.+' un74241s :1ctor2s 41 CD# un74241s 52r2 DVD.

• P2r2 2:781nt2r :2 t2r1t2 5r7nc752:.

• P2r2 2:781nt2r un74241s SATASATA + 47scos 4uros SATA > un74241s 52r2DVD SATA.

Con1ctor D7s5os7t7<os I82=1n 41con1ctor Es9u182 Ln12s 41 2:781nt2c7n

T75oMOLE

D7s9u1t1r2s41 '.+'#Un74241s5t7c2s 41'.+' ATAPI >47scos 4uros41 @.' IDE

,.% R14 'VA:781nt2c7n ' Vo:ts

+.% B:2c GND T71rr2

@.% B:2c GND T71rr2

.% Y1::o ,+VA:781nt2c7n ,+Vo:ts

T75oBERG

D7s9u1t1r2s41 @.'

,.% R14 'VA:781nt2c7n ' Vo:ts

+.% B:2c GND T71rr2

@.% B:2c GND T71rr2

.% Y1::o ,+VA:781nt2c7n ,+Vo:ts

T75oSATA SATA +

D7scos 4uros@.' SATA SATA +

,.% V@@ @.@Vo:ts

&.% V' 'Vo:ts

+.% V@@ @.@Vo:ts

,(.% GNDt71rr2

@.% V@@ @.@Vo:ts

,,.%R1s1r<14r1s1r<24o

.% GNDt71rr2

,+.% GNDt71rr2

'.% GNDt71rr2

,@.% V,+ ,+Vo:ts

-.% GNDt71rr2

,.% V,+ ,+Vo:ts

).% V' 'Vo:ts

,'.% V,+ ,+Vo:ts

F.%V' 'Vo:ts

Con1ctor AT<1rs7n ,

+(t1r87n2:1s

Int1rcon1ct2:2 3u1nt1 ATcon :2 t2r1t25r7nc752:Mot?1r;o2r4

,. N2r2n2@.@V

,,. N2r2n2@.@V

+. N2r2n2@.@V

,+. Au: %,+ V

@. N1=roT71rr2

,@. N1=roT71rr2

. Roo 'Vo:ts

,. V1r41Po1r On

'. N1=roT71rr2 ,'. N1=roT71rr2-. Roo 'Vo:ts

,-. N1=roT71rr2

). N1=roT71rr2

,). N1=roT71rr2

F. Gr7sPo1rGoo4

,F. B:2nco%'V

&. Pur5ur2'VSB

,&. Roo 'Vo:ts

,(. A82r7::o,+V +(. Roo 'Vo:ts ,. N2r2n2@.@<

@. N1=roT71rr2

+.A82r7::o,+V

. Roo'V

Con1ctor AT<1rs7n +

+t1r87n2:1

Int1rcon1ct2:2 3u1nt1 AT> :2 t2r1t25r7nc752:Mot?1r;o2r4

,. N2r2n2@.@V

,@. N2r2n2@.@V

+. N2r2n2@.@V

,. Au: %,+ V

@. N1=roT71rr2

,'. N1=roT71rr2

. Roo 'Vo:ts

,-. V1r41Po1r On

'. N1=roT71rr2

,). N1=roT71rr2

-. Roo 'Vo:ts

,F. N1=roT71rr2

). N1=roT71rr2

,& N1=roT71rr2

F. Gr7s

Po1rGoo4

+( B:2nco %'V

&. Pur5ur2'VSB

+,. Roo 'Vo:ts

,(. A82r7::o,+V

++. Roo 'Vo:ts

,,. A82r7::o,+V

+@. Roo 'Vo:ts

,+. N2r2n2@.@V

+. N1=roT71rr2

Con1ctor52r25roc1s24or 41 t1r87n2:1s

A:781nt2 2:os5roc1s24or1s8o41rnos

,. N1=roT71rr2

@. A82r7::o,+V

+. N1=roT71rr2

. A82r7::o,+V

Con1ctorPCI1 - >

Ft1r87n2:1s

A:781nt2 47r1ct281nt1 :2s

t2r1t2s41<741o t75oPCI1

,.% N1=roT71rr2

'.% A82r7::o,+V

+.% N1=roT71rr2

-.% A82r7::o,+V

@.% N1=roT71rr2

).% A82r7::o,+V

.% N1=roT71rr2

F.% A82r7::o,+V

%.uentes AT# e3ternas

A:=unos 19u75os 41;74o 2 su r14uc74o t282o# t71n1n:2 n1c1s7424 41 r1c7;7r :2 2:781nt2c7n 5or 8147o 413u1nt1s 1t1rn2s t75o 2425t24or ACDC# 47s124o 1n1s51c37co 52r2 :2 82rc2 > 1: 8o41:o. Est2s t71n1n uncon1ctor 1s51c72: ?2c72 1: =2;7n1t1 > 5or :o r1=u:2rson 8u> r1s7st1nt1s# c2;:1 ro;usto > s1::242s# >2 9u11stn 15u1st2s 2 :9u74os# 8o<7871ntos ;ruscos#c242s 1tc. Un 1185:o 41 1::o 1s :2 3u1nt1 9u12:781nt2 :os 8o41:os 41 co85ut24or2 41 :2 s1r71G-+( S-+( 41 :2 82rc2 DELL.

Potencia de la fuente AT#

L2s 3u1nt1s AT co81rc72:1s 82n12n 5ot1nc72 1:0ctr7c2 41 @(( W2tts W# @'( W#(( W# F( W# '(( W# -@( W# ,+(( W > ?2st2 ,@'( W. R152s2n4o 2:=unost0r87nos 41 1:1ctr7c7424# r1cor418os 9u1 :2 1:1ctr7c7424 no 1s otr2 cos2 82s 9u11:1ctron1s c7rcu:2n4o 2 tr2<0s 41 un 8147o con4uctor. L2 5ot1nc72 1:0ctr7c2 41 un23u1nt1 AT s1 8741 1n W2tts W > 1st2 <2r72;:1 1st 1n 3unc7n 41 otros 4os32ctor1sK

"l voltaje: 1s :2 3u1r2 con :29u1 son 785u:s24os :os1:1ctron1s 2 tr2<0s 41 :2:n12 1:0ctr7c2 co81rc72:. S18741 1n Vo:ts V > 1nnu1stro c2so 1s 41 ,+) V.

"jemplo: s7 un2 3u1nt1 AT 7n47c2 9u1 1s41 (( W 1ntonc1sK

Pot1nc72 1:0ctr7c2 Vo:t21 Corr71nt1 #W V A

S2;18os 9u1 1: <o:t21 1s 41 ,+) V >

• !a corriente: 1s :2 c2nt742441 1:1ctron1s 9u1 c7rcu:2n5or un 5unto 1n 1s51c37co

c242 s1=un4o. Su un7424 41814742 1s 1: A851r1 A.

t1n18os :os W2tts# so:o 41s5128os :2corr71nt1.

A W V # A (( W ,+) V # A @.

Entonc1s :o 9u1 7nt1r1s2 1s :2c2nt7424 41 corr71nt1 9u1 5u141su87n7str2r :2 3u1nt1# 5or9u1 2 82>or c2nt7424 41 corr71nt1# ?2;r 82>or 5ot1nc72 > 5o4r 2:781nt2r un2 82>or c2nt7424 41 47s5os7t7<os. En 1st1 c2so 1s41 @. A851r1s.

una fuente AT#

.uncionamiento de una fuente AT#

En :2 s7=u71nt1 :7st2 s1 8u1str2n :2s 4731r1nt1s 1t252s 5or :2s 9u1 :2 1:1ctr7c74241s tr2ns3or8242 52r2 2:781nt2r :os 47s5os7t7<os 41 :2 co85ut24or2. S7 =ust2sconoc1r 82s so;r1 1:1ctr7c7424# consu:t2 nu1str2 s1cc7nK 1:1ctr7c7424 ;s7c2.

,.% Transformación: 1: <o:t21 41 :2 :n12 1:0ctr7c2co81rc72: s1 r14uc1 co8o 1185:o 41 ,+) Vo:ts 225ro7824281nt1 ,+ Vo:ts ' V. Ut7:72 un 1:181nto1:1ctrn7co ::2824o tr2ns3or824or .

+.% %ectificación: s1 tr2ns3or82 1: <o:t21 41corr71nt1 2:t1rn2 1n <o:t21 41 corr71nt1 47r1ct2# 1sto:o ?2c1 412n4o 52s2r so:o :os <2:or1s 5os7t7<os 41 :2on42 s1 =1n1r2 corr71nt1 cont7nu2# 5or 8147o 411:181ntos 1:1ctrn7cos ::2824os 47o4os.

@.% .iltrado: 1st2 :1 42 c2:7424 2 :2 corr71nt1 cont7nu2> su2<72 1: <o:t21# 5or 8147o 41 1:181ntos1:1ctrn7cos ::2824os c252c7tor1s.

.% "sta/ili0ación: 1: <o:t21 >2 su2<724o s1 :1 42 :23or82 :7n12: 9u1 ut7:72n :os 47s5os7t7<os. S1 us2 un1:181nto 1:1ctrn7co 1s51c72: ::2824o c7rcu7to7nt1=r24o. Est2 32s1 1s :2 9u1 1ntr1=2 :2 1n1r=2n1c1s2r72 :2 co85ut24or2.

1sos específicos

S1 ut7:72n 52r2 su87n7str2r :2 1n1r=2 1:0ctr7c2 n1c1s2r72 52r2 1: corr1cto3unc7on2871nto 41 :os 47s5os7t7<os# 1ncontrn4os1 1n =2;7n1t1s

?or7ont2:1s# =2;7n1t1s 87n7 torr1 > torr1s 4u5:7c24or2s. D151n471n4o :2 c2nt742441 47s5os7t7<os 2 2:781nt2r# 41;1r s1r 82>or :2 c252c7424 41 :2 3u1nt1. Actu2:81nt1 to4os :os 19u75os 8o41rnos 7nc:u>1n un2 3u1nt1 41 2:781nt2c7n AT# 41 7=u2: 8o4o :os s7st182s o51r2t7<os son c252c1s 41 contro:2r :2s 3u1nt1s AT 2nt1r7or81nt1 2: 252=2r 1: s7st182 41s41 1: ;otn In7c7o 41 M7croso3tW7n4os# s1 c1rr2;2 1: s7st182 > s1 9u142;2 1n 52nt2::2 un 81ns21 41 252=2r 1: s7st182 41s41 1: ;otn 81cn7co 41: =2;7n1t1

"TAPASPrimera etapa: transformador de poder+

E7st1n un s7n 37n 41 t75os 41 tr2ns3or824or 41 5o41r co8oK

tr2ns3or824or 1:1<24orK nos 1:1<2 :2 corr71nt1 tr2ns3or824or 41 ;22 5ot1nc72

E: tr2ns3or824or 1s un 47s5os7t7<o 9u1 51r87t1 o;t1n1r <o:t21s 82>or1s o81nor1s 9u1 :os 5ro4uc74os 5or un2 3u1nt1 41 1n1r=2 1:0ctr7c2 41corr71nt1 2:t1rn2 c.2. Un tr2ns3or824or s1 co85on1 41 4os 1nro::2871ntoso 18;o;7n24os 1:0ctr7c281nt1 27s:24os 1ntr1 s# 41<2n24os so;r1 1: 87s8o

nc:1o 41 ?71rro o 41 27r1. Un2 corr71nt1 2:t1rn2 9u1 c7rcu:2 5or uno 41 :os41<2n24os =1n1r2 1n 1: nc:1o un c285o 82=n0t7co 2:t1rno# 41: cu2: :282>or 52rt1 2tr2<71s2 2: otro 41<2n24o 1 7n4uc1 1n 0: un2 3u1r2 1:1ctro%8otr7 t28;70n 2:t1rn2. L2 5ot1nc72 1:0ctr7c2 1s tr2ns31r742 2s 41 un41<2n24o 2 otro# 5or 8147o 41: 3:uo 82=n0t7co 2 tr2<0s 41: nc:1o. E:41<2n24o 2: cu2: s1 :1 su87n7str2 5ot1nc72 s1 ::282 5r782r7o# > 1: 9u1 s1415ot1nc72 s1 ::282 s1cun42r7o. En cu2:9u71r tr2ns3or824or# no to42s :2s:n12s 41 3:uo 1stn 1nt1r281nt1 1n 1: ?71rro# 5or9u1 2:=un2s 41 1::2s<u1:<1n 2 tr2<0s 41: 27r1. L2 52rt1 41 3:uo 9u1 2tr2<71s2 2: 5r782r7o > 2:s1cun42r7o 1s :2 ::28242 3:uo 8utuo#. L2 52rt1 9u1 s:o 2tr2<71s2 2:5r782r7o 1s 1: 3:uo :7=24o 2: 5r782r7o > :2 9u1 2tr2<71s2 s:o 2: s1cun42r7o#s1 :1 ::282 3:uo :7=2% 4o 2: s1cun42r7o. En 1st1 c2so# :2 5ot1nc72 1:0ctr7c2 o;t1n742 5ot1nc72 41 s2:742 1n 1:tr2ns3or824or s1r 81nor 2 :2 5ot1nc72 41 1ntr242 o su87n7str242 2:87s8o# 41;74o 2 :2s 7n1<7t2;:1s 50r4742s 5or c2:1nt2871nto 1n 1: 5r782r7o >

s1cun42r7o# 87s82s 9u1 s1 41no87n2n 51r4742s 41: co;r1 2418s# 1:5r782r7o 1s 82>or 2: s1cun42r7o# :2 t1ns7n 41 s2:742 s1r 81nor 2 :2 411ntr242# 5u1sto 9u1 :os r19u1r7871ntos n1c1s7t24os nos 42n 9u1 :28147c7n 41 s2:742 1ntr1 1stos 5untos s1r 41 ,+ < 2c.

Segunda etapa: rectificación+

L2 s1=un42 1t252 41 nu1str2 3u1nt1 41 2:781nt2c7n 1s :2 9u1 9u142 const7tu7425or :2 r1ct737c2c7n# 1n 1st1 5unto# :2 s12: 7n4uc742 2: s1cun42r7o# s1rnu1<281nt1 7n4uc742 51ro 2?or2 2 un2 s12: 47r1ct2.Nu1str2 3u1nt1 9u1 1s nu1stro t182 41 1stu47o# 1n 1st1 c2so 5os11 un2r1ct737c2c7n 2 ;2s1 41 47o4os# 5or :o 9u1 su r1ct737c2c7n s1r 41 on42 co85:1t2> 1st con1ct24o 1n t75o 5u1nt1. 1: 3unc7on2871nto 41 1st1 r1ct737c24o 1s 1:s7=u71nt1K <18os 9u1 cu2n4o :2 t1ns7n < 1s 5os7t7<2 9u142n 5o:2r724os 1n47r1ct2 :os 47o4os > 4+ c7rcu:2n4o :2 corr71nt1 41s41 4, 52s2n4o 5or :2 r1s7st1nc7241 c2r=2 > c1rrn4os1 5or 4+# 1n 1: 5r78o s187%c7c:os s1 cort2n :os 47o4os 4, >

4+ 51ro s1 5on1n 1n 47r1ct2 :os 47o4os 4@ > 4 1st2;:1c70n4os1 un2 corr71nt1 9u1s2:1 41 4@ 52s2 5or :2 r1s7st1nc72 > s1 c71rr2 2 tr2<0s 41 4 c7rcu:2n4o 5or :2r1s7st1nc72 :2 corr71nt1 1n un2 so:2 47r1cc7n.

Esto 5ro<oc2r2 9u1 :os ?187c7c:os 41 :2 corr71nt1 2:t1rn2 s1 7n4uc2n 52r2 3or82r un2 on42 8u> s787:2r 2 :2 41 :2 37=ur2 41 2;2o# :o 9u1 5ro<oc2 9u1 nu1str2 c.2 411ntr242 9u141 8s 52r1c742 2 :2 41 c4. A?or2 ;71n# :2 corr71nt1 5ro5orc7on242 no1s :2 r19u1r742 52r2 2:781nt2r un 47s5os7t7<o 1:0ctr7co# 5u1sto 9u1 2 un 1s5u:s2nt1. A?or2 ;71n 52r2 1::o 17st1 :2 t1rc1r2 1t252 41 :2 3u1nt1 :2 cu2: nos2:7s2r2 8s :2s cr1st2s.

Tercera etapa: filtro+

Est2 1t252# t71n1 co8o 3unc7n# su2<72r o 2:72r o r14uc7r 2 un 8n78o :2

co85on1nt1 41 r7o > 1:1<2r 1: <2:or 5ro8147o 41 t1ns7n 47r1ct2.E: 9u1 2 cont7nu2c7n 41scr7;7r18os 1s 1: ocu524o 5or :2 3u1nt1 c2us2 41 nu1stro1stu47o# > 1s2 ;2s1 5r1c7s281nt1 41 1:181ntos 52s7<os co8o 1s 1: c252c7tor.E: 3unc7on2871nto 1s 1: s7=u71nt1K

Por c242 c7c:o 41 :2 s12: r1ct737c242# 1: c252c7tor# s1 c2r=2 2: <2:or 57co#

cu2n4o :2 285:7tu4 41: <o:t21 r1ct737c24o co871n2 2 47s87nu7r# 1: c252c7to185712 2 41sc2r=2rs1. Su 137c71nc72 4151n41 41 :2 const2nt1 41 t7185o#5u1sto 9u1 un2 c2r=2 41 ;2o <2:or 5741 8s corr71nt1 ?2c71n4o 9u1 1:c252c7tor s1 41sc2r=u1 8s r574281nt1 > 1: 37:tr21 s12 81nor.

E: c252c7tor 1s ut7:724o co8o 37:tr21# 5u1sto 9u1 t71n1 41 su :24o :2c2r2ct1rst7c2 41 c2r=2 41 ' t7185os 51r87t70n4onos 9u1 s12 137c71nt1 52r21st2 1t252 41 :2 3u1nt1.

Cuarta etapa: regulador de voltaje+

En 8uc?2s oc2s7on1s n1c1s7t28os un2 3u1nt1 41 2:781nt2c7n 9u1 nos5ro5orc7on1 8s 41 ,2 > 1sto 5u141 con<1rt7rs1 1n un 5ro;:182 9u1 2u81nt2# s7

2418s 9u1r18os# 5or s1=ur7424# 9u1 1s2 cortoc7rcu7t2;:1.L2 so:uc7n 1s 4o52r 2247r un tr2ns7stor 41 5ot1nc72 o :os 9u1 s12n n1c1s2r7os52r2 9u1 nos 5ro5orc7on1 :2 corr71nt1 41s1242. L2 s7=u71nt1 37=ur2 nos 8u1str2 :2sc2r2ct1rst7c2s 3s7c2s 41: tr2ns7stor 2 ocu52r# 1s un :8 @,) .

L2 3unc7n 41 1st1 tr2ns7stor 41 5ot1nc72 cons7st1 1n 2su87r 1: ?1c?o 41 so5ort2r :2 2:t2 corr71nt1 9u1 n1c1s7t28os# <128os c8o s1 r12:72 1sto. S7 25:7c28oscon<1n71nt181nt1 :2 t1ns7n 41 s2:742 41: r1=u:24or 5or 1. D1 ,+< ,2 2 :2 ;2s141: tr2ns7stor 41 5ot1nc72# 1st c:2ro 9u1 0st1 nos 5ro5orc7on2r 8s corr71nt1 2su s2:742 > 1st2r r1=u:242 5or otr2 52rt1 41;74o 2 9u1 1: r1=u:24or 1s corto

c7rcu7to 1n c71rt2 814742# t1n18os :2 so:uc7n 41s1242.

no o;st2nt1# :2 131ct7<7424 9u1 nos 5ro5orc7on2 1: r1=u:24or 52r2 :2 3unc7n 41cortoc7rcu7to# no :2 5o418os 42r 5or ;u1n2 2 :2 ?or2 41 25:7c2r:o 2: tr2ns7stor 415ot1nc72# >2 9u1 1s un c7rcu7to 22474o > 5u141 9u1 no r1s5on42 con :2 r25741su37c71nt1 > 52r2 1<7t2r 1stos 7ncon<1n71nt1s# 7nt1r<1n4r18os 1n 1st1 252rt24o conun c7rcu7to 22474o. E: c7rcu7to 1s s1nc7::o 41;74o 2 :2 ut7:72c7n 41 r1=u:24or1s 41t1ns7n :os cu2:1s 5ro5orc7on2n 2: 8ont21 2:t2 372;7:7424# ro;ust1 >c2r2ct1rst7c2s c2s7 7n81or2;:1s. E: 2ust1 41 :2 t1ns7n 41 s2:742 s1 r12:72

81472nt1 :2 2ctu2c7n so;r1 un 5ot1nc781tro 5, > un2 r1s7st1nc72 r, 52r282nt1n1r 1: <2:or 8n78o. con 1: 37n 41 81or2r :2 r1s5u1st2 2 :os 5os7;:1str2ns7tor7os# 1<7t2r 2uto osc7:2c7on1s > 81or2r 1: 37:tr24o# s1 ut7:72n unoscon41ns24or1s 1:1ctro:t7cos 41 ;22 c252c7424 2 :2 1ntr242 > s2:742 41: r1=u:24or:2 t1ns7n su87n7str242 5or 1: s1cun42r7o 41: tr2ns3or824or t,# s1 r1ct737c281472nt1 1: 5u1nt1 r1ct737c24or 5r# > 5ost1r7or81nt1 s1 37:tr2 81472nt1 1:

> ( r1s51ct7<281nt1. P2r2 ?2c1r ;u1n2s so:424ur2s s1 n1c1s7t2 2418s 411st2o# r1s7n2! o 52st2 41 so:42r.

Soldador 7cautín8K H2> <2r7os t75os 41 so:424or t75o 57sto:2# con contro: 41t1851r2tur2# 1tc.# 51ro 52r2 :2 so:424ur2 1n 1:1ctrn7c2 2:c2n2 con un so:424ort75o L57# con 5unt2 37n2 > 41 t75o c1r87c2# :o cu2: 32c7:7t2 :2s so:424ur2s519u12s > 5r1c7s2s. A418s :2 c2r2ct1rst7c2 ;s7c2 9u1 41;1n t1n1r 1n cu1nt21s su 5ot1nc72. P2r2 1:1ctrn7c2 41 ,' 2 @( W 1s :o r1co81n424o# 8s 5ot1nc721s 7nn1c1s2r72 > so:o 5u141 5ro<oc2r 1: 42o 41 2:=n co85on1nt1 5or 1c1so 41c2:or# so;r1 to4o cu2n4o s1 1st 25r1n471n4o.

Soporte o 9posa soldador: Es un 2cc1sor7o ;2r2to > r12:81nt1 t7:. S1 ut7:7252r2 25o>2r 1: so:424or 1n :os 8o81ntos 9u1 no <28os 2 so:42r. L2 5unt2 41:so:424or 5u141 1st2r 2 un2 t1851r2tur2 41 unos @'( C# 5ro;2;:181nt1 no

9u71r1s t1n1r 1so su1:to 1nc782 41 :2 81s2. No s1r2 :2 5r781r2 <1 9u1 2:=u71ns1 9u181 :2 82no o 9u1 9u181s 2:=un2 cos2 c1rc2n2# co8o s1r 1: c2;:1 41:so:424or. E: 5os2 so:424or <71n1 con un2 1s5on2 1: 1:181nto 282r7::o 9u1 s1 <11n :2 3oto# 47c?o 1:181nto s1 ut7:72 52r2 :2 :785712 41: so:424or. S1 41;1?u8141c1r con 2=u2 > 82nt1n1r ?814o 871ntr2s s1 1st0 ut7:72n4o 1: so:424or.C242 c71rto t7185o# s1 52s2 so;r1 1::2 :7=1r281nt1 :2 5unt2 41: so:424or#=7rn4o:o# 52r2 82nt1n1r :2 5unt2 :78572.

P2r2 :78572r :2 5unt2 no us2r 2;r2s7<os# n7 :72s# n7 r2s52r con :2s t71r2s o 1: cutt1r#n7 s787:2r1s# 422r28os :2 5unt2 > 18512r2 2 so:42r 82:.

)e soldador o 9c;upa esta6o: Es un2 ?1rr2871nt2 8u> t7:# 9u1 no 5u141 32:t2r 41ntro 41 :os 1:181ntos 52r2 r12:72r :2 so:424ur2. En :2 s7=u71nt1 782=1n <18osuno 41 :os t75os 41 41so:424or 41 :os <2r7os 9u1 5o418os cons1=u7r.

S1 ut7:72 cu2n4o n1c1s7t28os r185:22r 2:=n co85on1nt1 9u1824o o 82:so:424o# 9u7t2r 2:=n 1c1so 41 1st2o# 1tc. P2r2 ut7:72r:o n1c1s7t28os :2s 4os82nos# 5r781ro 5r1s7on28os 41: 1tr18o 282r7::o t252 282r7::2# ?2st2 s1nt7r :2tr2;2 7nt1rn2 9u1 5os11. Lu1=o s1 41;1 25o>2r 1: so:424or con :2 82no 41r1c?21n 1: 1st2o 9u1 41s128os 9u7t2r ?2st2 3un47r:o# s7n 9u7t2r 1: so:424or s1 2rr782 1:41so:424or con :2 82no 79u71r42 1: 1tr18o ;:2nco :2 5unt2 ;:2nc2 41:41so:424or 1n 1: 1st2o 2 9u7t2r > s1 5r1s7on2 1: ;otn 282r7::o 9u1 1st 1n uncost24o. S1=n :2 5rct7c2 5u141s 2s57r2 8s# 81nos o n242.

*+ P2r2 so:424ur2 1:1ctrn7c2 :2 o5c7n 1s c:2r2K C2utn t75o L57. L2 5unt2 1s37n2# :o cu2: 32c7:7t2 :2s so:424ur2s 519u12s > 5r1c7s2s.

M2nt1n1r :2s 5712s un742s > 37r81s. so:42r

C2:1nt2r 28;2s 52rt1s con 1: C2utn.

5o8242

A5:7c2r 1st2o 1n :2 un7n# 7nt1nt2n4o 9u1 s12 3un474o 5or :2s 52rt1s# no5or 1: C2utn

,+ P2r2 so:42r 1n 1:1ctrn7c2 :o r1co81n424o 1n 5ot1nc72 1s ,' 2 +' W# :o cu2:?2c1 r131r1nc72 2: c2:or 9u1 s1 =1n1r2 1n :2 52rt1 81t:7c2 41: c2utn > 9u1 s7r<152r2 3un47r 1: 1st2o.

<. E: c2utn 41 t75o :57 s1 us2 52r2 so:42r c2;:1s 41 =r2n 4781tro# t71n1 :25unt2 37n2# :o cu2: 32c7:7t2 :2 so:424ur2 519u12 > 5r1c7s2.

Y 1: c2utn t75o 57sto:2 :2 5unt2 s1 c2:71nt2 81472nt1 un2 corr71nt1 9u1 52s2 5or 1::2# s1 us2 52r2 tr2;2os 1s5or47cos 5or9u1 s1 c2:71nt2 7nst2ntn1281nt1# no 1s8u> 241cu24o 52r2 tr2;2os 1n 1:1ctrn7c2 5or9u1 :2 5unt2 1s 4182s724o =ru1s2.

=+ Un 32ctor 3un4281nt2: 1s :2 c2:7424 41: 1st2oK 0st1 41;1 t1n1r un2 81c:2 41-(%(# 1s 41c7r# un2 2:12c7n 41 -( 41 1st2o > ( 41 5:o8o s1 1:7=1 1st22:12c7n 5or :2 s7=u71nt1 r2nK E: 1st2o 5uro 3un41 2 +@+ C > 1: 5:o8o 5uro

3un41 2 @+) C s7n 18;2r=o un2 2:12c7n 41 1stos 4os 81t2:1s 3un41 2 un2t1851r2tur2 8uc?o 81nor# concr1t281nt1 :2 5ro5orc7n c7t242 41 -(%( 3un41 2un2 t1851r2tur2 41 ,&( C M2:12;:1 Dct7:.

>. A: ?2c1r un2 so:424ur2 1n 1:1ctrn7c2 s1 5r1t1n41 2s1=ur2r un2 ;u1n2con17n 41 ?1c?o s1 5r1t1n41 42r cont7nu7424 2 un c7rcu7to s7n 7nt1rru5c7on1s#17st1n cont287n2nt1s co8o o74o# 5o:<o# =r2s2 > otr2s cos2s 9u1 2: ?2c1r un2so:424ur2 no 51r87t1n 1st2 ;u1n2 con17n 5ro4uc71n4o un2 1s51c71 41 32:socont2cto 9u1 t1 5u141 7nt1rru857r 1: 3:uo 1:0ctr7co oc2s7on2n4o <2r72c7on1s 1n :osr1su:t24os 41: 3unc7on2871nto 41 un 19u75o# 1s 5or 1so 9u1 2: so:42r s1 5r1t1n41

un2 con17n 1st2;:1. A: 25:7c2r :2 52st2 2 :2 so:424ur2 :2 82>or2 41 :2s785ur12s son r18o<742s# 1n un2 so:424ur2 1n :2 9u1 s1 us 52st2 t1n4rs un2con17n 1st2;:1 1ntr1 :os c2;:1s# 2:28;r1s o 1stos > un c7rcu7to 785r1so > un2cu;71rt2 41 :os cont287n2nt1s 1n :2 =ot2 41 so:424ur2.

?+ Un 41so:424or 1s un 2s57r24or 41 1st2o# un2 ?1rr2871nt2 41 25o>o 2: 5roc1so41 so:424ur2 o 41so:424ur2.

5@. E: co85on1nt1 :u1=o 1s co:oc24o 1n :2 PCB 41 82n1r2 9u1 sus 57n1s 1st0n2:7n124os con sus ;2s1s corr1s5on471nt1s 1n :2 t2;:2. En 1: s7=u71nt1 52so# 1:2:28;r1 41 so:424ur2 ?2c1 cont2cto con :2 7nt1r32 1ntr1 1: 5r781r 57n > su ;2s1.Un ;r1<1 to9u1 41 1st1 c2;:1 1n :2 7nt1r32 con :2 5unt2 c2:71nt1 41: c2utn 41rr7t1

1: 1st2o. E: 1st2o 41rr1t74o 3:u>1 1n :2 ;2s1 > cu;r1 1: 57n 41: co85on1nt1.D1s5u0s 41 so:74737c2rs1# cr12 un2 un7n 3u1rt1 1ntr1 1: 57n > :2 ;2s1. D1;74o 29u1 :2 so:74737c2c7n 41: 1st2o suc141 8u> r574281nt1# 1n 4os o tr1s s1=un4os#uno 5u141 52s2r 2: s7=u71nt1 57n 7n81472t281nt1 41s5u0s 41 so:42r uno.

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