The Periodic Table of The Periodic Table of ElementsElements

Joy Joy

Period 6Period 6

November November 30, 200930, 2009

E.Ray E.Ray

Period 3Period 3

November November 30, 200930, 2009

The History of the The History of the Periodic Table: Who Periodic Table: Who ContributedContributed

Antointe LavoisierAntointe Lavoisier

Known as the “Father of Known as the “Father of Chemistry”Chemistry”

Made a system for naming Made a system for naming the elements. the elements.

Named approximately 23 Named approximately 23 elements including: oxygen, elements including: oxygen, silver, gold, and carbon.silver, gold, and carbon.

Found that water is made up Found that water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen.of hydrogen and oxygen.

Defined the nature of Defined the nature of elements.elements.

John NewlandsJohn Newlands

Organized the first Organized the first fourteen elements by fourteen elements by their chemical their chemical properties.properties.

He called this system He called this system the law of octaves.the law of octaves.

Lothar MeyerLothar Meyer

Created a periodic table Created a periodic table much like the modern much like the modern one. Based upon atomic one. Based upon atomic mass and physical mass and physical properties.properties.

Much of the credit was Much of the credit was given to Mendeleev given to Mendeleev because Mendeleev because Mendeleev published a book of published a book of these ideas first.these ideas first.

Dmitri MendeleevDmitri Mendeleev

Designed one of the first Designed one of the first periodic tables with the periodic tables with the known elements by their known elements by their atomic mass and atomic mass and chemical properties.chemical properties.

Predicted properties of Predicted properties of many undiscovered many undiscovered elements like scandium, elements like scandium, gallium, and germanium.gallium, and germanium.

Henry MoseleyHenry Moseley

Found that each element Found that each element has their own number of has their own number of protons and that the protons and that the number equaled the number equaled the atomic number.atomic number.

Came up with the Came up with the periodic law…which is periodic law…which is when the elements are when the elements are arranged by atomic arranged by atomic number instead of mass, number instead of mass, there is a repetition of there is a repetition of physical and chemical physical and chemical properties.properties.

The Modern Periodic The Modern Periodic Table: OrganizationTable: Organization

Column or Row???Column or Row???

Groups:Groups:• A vertical column of A vertical column of

elements in the elements in the periodic table.periodic table.

• Can also be called a Can also be called a family.family.

Periods:Periods:• A horizontal row of A horizontal row of

elements in the elements in the modern periodic modern periodic table.table.

Definitions from textbook page 154.

Determines What???Determines What???

Valence Electrons:Valence Electrons:• The electrons in an The electrons in an

atom’s outermost atom’s outermost orbitals.orbitals.

• Determines the Determines the chemical properties chemical properties of an elements.of an elements.

Orbitals:Orbitals:• S three-dimensional S three-dimensional

region around the region around the nucleus.nucleus.

• Describes the Describes the electron’s probable electron’s probable location.location.

Definition from textbook page 140 Definition from textbook page 132

Trends: Moving Through the Periodic Table

Atomic Radius

Defined as half the distance between adjacent nuclei in a crystal of the element. (Textbook page 163)

When looking from the left side of the periodic table to the right, the atomic radii decreases.

When traveling downward on the periodic table the atomic radii will increase.

Ionic Radius

Atoms can gain or lose electrons. These electrons will come together to make positive or negative ions.

As atoms lose their negatively charged electrons and become positive ions, the ionic radius will always become smaller.

As atoms gain electrons and form negative ions, the ionic radius will always become larger.

As you travel left through the Periodic Table, periods will increase.

As you travel downward through the table, the groups will increase.

Ionization Energy

Ionization energy = the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom.

As you move left through the periods, the ionization energies increase.

As you move down through the groups, the ionization energies decrease.

Definition from textbook page 167

Electronegativity

The electronegativity of an element indicates the relative ability of its atoms to attract electrons on a chemical bond.

The units used are called Paulings. Electronegativity usually decreases as

you move down through a group and increases as you move left through a period.

Definition from textbook page 168

The Elements The Elements Themselves!Themselves!

S Block ElementsS Block Elements

Have valence Have valence configuration of s1 or configuration of s1 or s2.s2.

The block consists of the The block consists of the first two columns in the first two columns in the table.table.

Have similar chemical Have similar chemical and physical properties.and physical properties.

Referred to as the Referred to as the representative representative elements.elements.

Made up of Hydrogen, Made up of Hydrogen, Group 1A and 2A.Group 1A and 2A.

S Block is broken down S Block is broken down into three main into three main categories:categories:– HydrogenHydrogen– Alkali MetalsAlkali Metals– Alkaline Earth MetalsAlkaline Earth Metals

Block in yellow!

HydrogenHydrogen

Abbreviation: HAbbreviation: H Atomic Number: 1Atomic Number: 1 Atomic Weight: 1.01Atomic Weight: 1.01 State of Matter: GasState of Matter: Gas Uses:Uses:

– Manufacture of Manufacture of ammoniaammonia

– Hydrogenation of Hydrogenation of vegetable oilsvegetable oils

– Rocket fuels Rocket fuels

Alkali MetalsAlkali Metals

Consists of six Consists of six elements:elements:– Lithium~ LiLithium~ Li– Sodium~ NaSodium~ Na– Potassium~ KPotassium~ K– Rubidium~ RbRubidium~ Rb– Cesium~ CsCesium~ Cs– Francium~ FrFrancium~ Fr

Composed of Group 1A.Composed of Group 1A. Elements react with Elements react with

water to form alkaline water to form alkaline solutions.solutions.

Easily lose a valence Easily lose a valence electron and form ion electron and form ion with +1 charge.with +1 charge.

Very soft.Very soft. Highly reactive.Highly reactive. Naturally found Naturally found

combined with other combined with other elements.elements.

Good conductors of heat Good conductors of heat and electricity.and electricity.

LithiumLithium

Abbreviation: LiAbbreviation: Li Atomic Number: 3Atomic Number: 3 Atomic Weight: 6.94Atomic Weight: 6.94 State of Matter: State of Matter:

SolidSolid Uses:Uses:

– BatteriesBatteries– DehumidifiersDehumidifiers– When combined, When combined,

used as a bipolar used as a bipolar treatment drug.treatment drug.

– Airplane partsAirplane parts

SodiumSodium

Abbreviation: NaAbbreviation: Na Atomic Number: Atomic Number:

1111 Atomic Weight: Atomic Weight:

22.9922.99 State of Matter: State of Matter:

SolidSolid Uses:Uses:

– Table saltTable salt

PotassiumPotassium

Abbreviation: KAbbreviation: K Atomic Number: 19Atomic Number: 19 Atomic Weight: Atomic Weight:

39.0939.09 State of Matter: State of Matter:

SolidSolid Uses:Uses:

– FertilizersFertilizers– In large fireworks.In large fireworks.– BananasBananas

RubidiumRubidium

Abbreviation: RbAbbreviation: Rb Atomic Number: 37Atomic Number: 37 Atomic Weight: Atomic Weight:

85.4785.47 State of Matter: State of Matter:

SolidSolid Uses:Uses:

– Vacuum systemsVacuum systems– TV and cathode-ray TV and cathode-ray

tubestubes

CesiumCesium

Abbreviation: CsAbbreviation: Cs Atomic Number: 55Atomic Number: 55 Atomic Weight: Atomic Weight:

132.91132.91 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Vacuum systemsVacuum systems– Apparatus of Apparatus of

emergency workers emergency workers – Atomic clocksAtomic clocks

FranciumFrancium

Abbreviation: FrAbbreviation: Fr Atomic Number: Atomic Number:

8787 Atomic Weight: Atomic Weight:

223223 State of Matter: State of Matter:

SolidSolid Uses:Uses:

– No known useNo known use

Alkaline Earth MetalsAlkaline Earth Metals

Consists of five Consists of five elements:elements:– Beryllium ~ BeBeryllium ~ Be– Magnesium ~ MgMagnesium ~ Mg– Calcium ~ CaCalcium ~ Ca– Strontium ~ SrStrontium ~ Sr– Barium ~ BaBarium ~ Ba– Radium ~ RaRadium ~ Ra

Shiny and hard.Shiny and hard. Naturally found in Naturally found in

Earth’s crust.Earth’s crust. Lose two electrons Lose two electrons

to form +2 ions.to form +2 ions. When exposed to When exposed to

oxygen, form a thin oxygen, form a thin oxide coating.oxide coating.

Don’t dissolve easily Don’t dissolve easily in water.in water.

BerylliumBeryllium

Abbreviation: BeAbbreviation: Be Atomic Number: 4Atomic Number: 4 Atomic Weight: 9.01Atomic Weight: 9.01 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– ToolsTools– Petroleum refineriesPetroleum refineries– AlloyAlloy– Window for x-ray Window for x-ray

tubestubes

MagnesiumMagnesium

Abbreviation: MgAbbreviation: Mg Atomic Number: 12Atomic Number: 12 Atomic Weight: 24.31Atomic Weight: 24.31 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Backpack framesBackpack frames– Bicycle framesBicycle frames– ““Mag” wheels on sports Mag” wheels on sports

cars.cars.– Line furnaces.Line furnaces.– Human muscle functions Human muscle functions

and metabolism.and metabolism.– Hard waterHard water

CalciumCalcium

Abbreviation: CaAbbreviation: Ca Atomic Number: 20Atomic Number: 20 Atomic Weight: 40.08Atomic Weight: 40.08 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Antacid tabletsAntacid tablets– Abrasive in toothpasteAbrasive in toothpaste– Maintains strong Maintains strong

human teeth and human teeth and bones. (Milk, Fish)bones. (Milk, Fish)

– SteelSteel– PaperPaper– GlassGlass– MortarMortar

Only when calcium carbonate decomposes and forms oxide of calcium.

StrontiumStrontium

Abbreviation: SrAbbreviation: Sr Atomic Number: 38Atomic Number: 38 Atomic Weight: Atomic Weight:

87.6287.62 State of Matter: State of Matter:

SolidSolid Uses:Uses:

– Crimson color in Crimson color in fireworks.fireworks.

– Medical researchMedical research

BariumBarium

Abbreviation: BaAbbreviation: Ba Atomic Number: 56Atomic Number: 56 Atomic Weight: Atomic Weight:

137.33137.33 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– PaintsPaints– GlassesGlasses– RadiologyRadiology– Photography paperPhotography paper– Vacuum systemVacuum system

RadiumRadium

Abbreviation: RaAbbreviation: Ra Atomic Number: Atomic Number:

8888 Atomic Weight: Atomic Weight:

226.02226.02 State of Matter: State of Matter:

SolidSolid Uses:Uses:

– Cancer therapyCancer therapy

P Block ElementsP Block Elements

Made up of Made up of groups 3A – 8A.groups 3A – 8A.

Valence Valence configuration of configuration of p1, p2, p3, p4, p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, or p6.p5, or p6.

Metals, Metals, metalloids, and metalloids, and nonmetals.nonmetals.

Solids and gases.Solids and gases.

Broken down into Broken down into six categories:six categories:– Boron GroupBoron Group– Carbon GroupCarbon Group– Nitrogen GroupNitrogen Group– Oxygen GroupOxygen Group– HalogensHalogens– Noble GasesNoble Gases

Block in pink-red!

Boron GroupBoron Group

Consists of:Consists of:– Boron~ BBoron~ B– Aluminum~ AlAluminum~ Al– Gallium~ GaGallium~ Ga– Indium~ InIndium~ In– Thallium~ TlThallium~ Tl

Naturally found Naturally found combined with combined with other elements.other elements.

Some found in Some found in earth’s crust.earth’s crust.

Lose three Lose three valence electrons valence electrons to form +3 ions.to form +3 ions.

BoronBoron

Abbreviation: BAbbreviation: B Atomic Number: 5Atomic Number: 5 Atomic Weight: Atomic Weight:

10.8110.81 State of Matter: State of Matter:

SolidSolid Uses:Uses:

– Transistors in high- Transistors in high- tech industrytech industry

– Nuclear reactorsNuclear reactors

AluminumAluminum

Abbreviation: AlAbbreviation: Al Atomic Number: 13Atomic Number: 13 Atomic Weight: 26.98Atomic Weight: 26.98 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– High-voltage High-voltage transmission lines transmission lines

– Various reflectorsVarious reflectors– Airplane wingsAirplane wings– Alloys Alloys – FoilFoil– Pots/pansPots/pans

GalliumGallium

Abbreviation: GaAbbreviation: Ga Atomic Number: 31Atomic Number: 31 Atomic Weight: Atomic Weight:

69.7269.72 State of Matter: State of Matter:

LiquidLiquid Uses:Uses:

– Laser diodesLaser diodes– SupercomputersSupercomputers– Neutrino detectors Neutrino detectors

IndiumIndium

Abbreviation: InAbbreviation: In Atomic Number: 49Atomic Number: 49 Atomic Weight: Atomic Weight:

114.82114.82 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Alloys with other Alloys with other elementselements

– Nuclear reactorsNuclear reactors– SoldersSolders

ThalliumThallium

Abbreviation: TlAbbreviation: Tl Atomic Number: 81Atomic Number: 81 Atomic Weight: Atomic Weight:

204.37204.37 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Treat skin disordersTreat skin disorders– Photoelectric cells Photoelectric cells

and infrared detectorsand infrared detectors– The diagnosis of The diagnosis of

diseases diseases

Carbon GroupCarbon Group

Consists of the Consists of the following:following:– Carbon~ CCarbon~ C– Silicon~ SiSilicon~ Si– Germanium~ GeGermanium~ Ge– Tin~ SnTin~ Sn– Lead~ PbLead~ Pb

Consists of a Consists of a nonmetal, nonmetal, metalloids, and metalloids, and metals.metals.

Wide range of Wide range of properties and properties and few number of few number of rules that apply.rules that apply.

Is called group 4A: Is called group 4A: The Carbon GroupThe Carbon Group

CarbonCarbon

Abbreviation: CAbbreviation: C Atomic Number: 6Atomic Number: 6 Atomic Weight: 12.01Atomic Weight: 12.01 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Industry for abrasive Industry for abrasive purposes purposes

– Lead pencilsLead pencils– For fuel in industry and For fuel in industry and

the home the home

SiliconSilicon

Abbreviation: SiAbbreviation: Si Atomic Number: 14Atomic Number: 14 Atomic Weight: 28.09Atomic Weight: 28.09 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Microelectronics Microelectronics industryindustry

– Glass Glass – CeramicsCeramics– Solar cellsSolar cells– Microphones Microphones – Computer chipsComputer chips

GermaniumGermanium

Abbreviation: GeAbbreviation: Ge Atomic Number: Atomic Number:

3232 Atomic Weight: Atomic Weight:

72.5972.59 State of Matter: State of Matter:

SolidSolid Uses:Uses:

– Transistors Transistors

TinTin

Abbreviation: SnAbbreviation: Sn Atomic Number: 50Atomic Number: 50 Atomic Weight: Atomic Weight:

118.69118.69 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Foil sheetsFoil sheets– As alloy agent to As alloy agent to

make bronzemake bronze– SolderSolder– Electrical connections Electrical connections – CansCans

LeadLead

Abbreviation: PbAbbreviation: Pb Atomic Number: 82Atomic Number: 82 Atomic Weight: Atomic Weight:

2047.192047.19 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Storage batteriesStorage batteries– SolderSolder– Television screensTelevision screens– PaintPaint– Crystal glass Crystal glass – PipesPipes

Nitrogen GroupNitrogen Group

Consists of five Consists of five elements:elements:– Nitrogen~ NNitrogen~ N– Phosphorus~ PPhosphorus~ P– Arsenic~ AsArsenic~ As– Antimony~ SbAntimony~ Sb– Bismuth~ BiBismuth~ Bi

Each have five Each have five valence electrons.valence electrons.

Their physical and Their physical and chemical properties chemical properties are different.are different.

Is group 5A.Is group 5A. Nonmetals, Nonmetals,

metalloids, and a metalloids, and a metal make up this metal make up this category.category.

NitrogenNitrogen

Abbreviation: NAbbreviation: N Atomic Number: 7Atomic Number: 7 Atomic Weight: Atomic Weight:

14.0114.01 State of Matter: GasState of Matter: Gas Uses:Uses:

– Freeze foods and Freeze foods and biological specimens biological specimens

– Industry as a Industry as a blanketing gasblanketing gas

– Making ammonia Making ammonia

PhosphorusPhosphorus

Abbreviation: PAbbreviation: P Atomic Number: 15Atomic Number: 15 Atomic Weight: Atomic Weight:

30.9730.97 State of Matter: State of Matter:

SolidSolid Uses:Uses:

– FertilizersFertilizers– Television tubesTelevision tubes– DetergentsDetergents

ArsenicArsenic

Abbreviation: AsAbbreviation: As Atomic Number: 33Atomic Number: 33 Atomic Weight: 74.92Atomic Weight: 74.92 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Herbicide and Herbicide and insecticide insecticide

– Medical productsMedical products– Solid-state electronics Solid-state electronics

AntimonyAntimony

Abbreviation: SbAbbreviation: Sb Atomic Number: 51Atomic Number: 51 Atomic Weight: Atomic Weight:

121.75121.75 State of Matter: State of Matter:

SolidSolid Uses:Uses:

– Safety matchesSafety matches– AlloysAlloys– Flame retardant Flame retardant

BismuthBismuth

Abbreviation: BiAbbreviation: Bi Atomic Number: 83Atomic Number: 83 Atomic Weight: Atomic Weight:

208.98208.98 State of Matter: State of Matter:

SolidSolid Uses:Uses:

– Antacid medicinesAntacid medicines– CosmeticsCosmetics– AlloysAlloys

Oxygen GroupOxygen Group

Consists of:Consists of:– Oxygen~ OOxygen~ O– Sulfur~ SSulfur~ S– Selenium~ SeSelenium~ Se– Tellurium~ TeTellurium~ Te– Polonium~ PoPolonium~ Po

Group 6AGroup 6A Have six valence Have six valence

electrons.electrons. Trends do appear:Trends do appear:

– Act as nonmetalsAct as nonmetals– Gain two electrons to Gain two electrons to

form -2 ions.form -2 ions.– Can share two Can share two

electrons to obtain a electrons to obtain a stable electron stable electron configuration.configuration.

OxygenOxygen

Abbreviation: OAbbreviation: O Atomic Number: 8Atomic Number: 8 Atomic Weight: Atomic Weight:

16.0016.00 State of Matter: GasState of Matter: Gas Uses:Uses:

– Breathing and life!Breathing and life!– Various industrial and Various industrial and

aerospace uses aerospace uses

SulfurSulfur

Abbreviation: SAbbreviation: S Atomic Number: 16Atomic Number: 16 Atomic Weight: 32.06Atomic Weight: 32.06 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Sulfur dioxide and Sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acidsulfuric acid

– Bleaching textiles and Bleaching textiles and wood pulpwood pulp

– Preserving foodPreserving food– Making fertilizers Making fertilizers

SeleniumSelenium

Abbreviation: SeAbbreviation: Se Atomic Number: 34Atomic Number: 34 Atomic Weight: Atomic Weight:

78.9678.96 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Robotics and light Robotics and light metersmeters

– PhotocopyingPhotocopying– Shampoos Shampoos

TelluriumTellurium

Abbreviation: TeAbbreviation: Te Atomic Number: Atomic Number:

5252 Atomic Weight: Atomic Weight:

127.60127.60 State of Matter: State of Matter:

SolidSolid Uses:Uses:

– Alloy with copper Alloy with copper and stainless steeland stainless steel

PoloniumPolonium

Abbreviation: PoAbbreviation: Po Atomic Number: 84Atomic Number: 84 Atomic Weight: 210Atomic Weight: 210 State of Matter: State of Matter:

SolidSolid Uses:Uses:

– Dust removal Dust removal brushesbrushes

– Produce neutrons Produce neutrons without a nuclear without a nuclear reactor reactor

HalogensHalogens

Consists of the Consists of the following:following:– Fluorine~ FFluorine~ F– Chlorine~ ClChlorine~ Cl– Bromine~ BrBromine~ Br– Iodine~ IIodine~ I– Astatine~ AtAstatine~ At

Is named Group 7AIs named Group 7A Can be referred to as Can be referred to as

“salt formers”.“salt formers”. Able to form compounds Able to form compounds

with almost all the with almost all the metals.metals.

Vary physicallyVary physically Found combined Found combined

naturally with other naturally with other elements.elements.

Similar chemical Similar chemical properties (excluding At):properties (excluding At):– Reactive nonmetalsReactive nonmetals– Seven valence electrons Seven valence electrons

and share to stabilizeand share to stabilize– Form ions with -1 chargeForm ions with -1 charge

FluorineFluorine

Abbreviation: FAbbreviation: F Atomic Number: 9Atomic Number: 9 Atomic Weight: Atomic Weight:

19.0019.00 State of Matter: GasState of Matter: Gas Uses:Uses:

– ToothpasteToothpaste– Drinking waterDrinking water– Non-stick coating for Non-stick coating for

cookwarecookware

ChlorineChlorine

Abbreviation: ClAbbreviation: Cl Atomic Number: 17Atomic Number: 17 Atomic Weight: 35.45Atomic Weight: 35.45 State of Matter: GasState of Matter: Gas Uses:Uses:

– DisinfectantDisinfectant– Bleaching agentsBleaching agents– Hydrochloric acid for Hydrochloric acid for

the stomach and the stomach and removing rustremoving rust

– Plastics:Plastics: Floor tilesFloor tiles Indoor pipesIndoor pipes Garden hosesGarden hoses

BromineBromine

Abbreviation: BrAbbreviation: Br Atomic Number: 35Atomic Number: 35 Atomic Weight: Atomic Weight:

79.9179.91 State of Matter: State of Matter:

LiquidLiquid Uses:Uses:

– Photographic filmPhotographic film– Gasoline additiveGasoline additive– PesticidePesticide

IodineIodine

Abbreviation: IAbbreviation: I Atomic Number: 53Atomic Number: 53 Atomic Weight: Atomic Weight:

126.90126.90 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Thyroid glandsThyroid glands– SeafoodSeafood– Disinfect waterDisinfect water– Cancer treatmentCancer treatment– SaltSalt

AstatineAstatine

Abbreviation: AtAbbreviation: At Atomic Number: Atomic Number:

8585 Atomic Weight: Atomic Weight:

210210 State of Matter: State of Matter:

SolidSolid Uses:Uses:

– No known usesNo known uses

Noble GasesNoble Gases

Consists of six Consists of six elements:elements:– Helium~ HeHelium~ He– Neon~ NeNeon~ Ne– Argon~ ArArgon~ Ar– Krypton~ KrKrypton~ Kr– Xenon~ XeXenon~ Xe– Radon~ RnRadon~ Rn

Naturally occurringNaturally occurring ColorlessColorless Not reactiveNot reactive Group 8A elementsGroup 8A elements Has valence Has valence

electron electron configuration of configuration of eight, except helium eight, except helium which has two.which has two.

HeliumHelium

Abbreviation: HeAbbreviation: He Atomic Number: 2Atomic Number: 2 Atomic Weight: 4.00Atomic Weight: 4.00 State of Matter: GasState of Matter: Gas Uses:Uses:

– Supermarket laser Supermarket laser beamsbeams

– BlimpsBlimps

NeonNeon

Abbreviation: NeAbbreviation: Ne Atomic Number: Atomic Number:

1010 Atomic Weight: Atomic Weight:

20.1820.18 State of Matter: State of Matter:

GasGas Uses:Uses:

– LightsLights

ArgonArgon

Abbreviation: ArAbbreviation: Ar Atomic Number: 18Atomic Number: 18 Atomic Weight: 39.95Atomic Weight: 39.95 State of Matter: GasState of Matter: Gas Uses:Uses:

– High temperature High temperature weldingwelding

– Incandescent light Incandescent light bulbsbulbs

– Installation between Installation between glass panelsglass panels

– Geiger counters Geiger counters

KryptonKrypton

Abbreviation: KrAbbreviation: Kr Atomic Number: 36Atomic Number: 36 Atomic Weight: 83.80Atomic Weight: 83.80 State of Matter: GasState of Matter: Gas Uses:Uses:

– Incandescent runway Incandescent runway lightslights

– Installation between Installation between glass panelsglass panels

– Photography flash Photography flash bulbsbulbs

XenonXenon

Abbreviation: XeAbbreviation: Xe Atomic Number: 54Atomic Number: 54 Atomic Weight: Atomic Weight:

131.30131.30 State of Matter: GasState of Matter: Gas Uses:Uses:

– Electrical discharge Electrical discharge tubes to produce tubes to produce lightlight

– Flashing strobe Flashing strobe lamps lamps

RadonRadon

Abbreviation: RnAbbreviation: Rn Atomic Number: Atomic Number:

8686 Atomic Weight: Atomic Weight:

220220 State of Matter: State of Matter:

GasGas Uses:Uses:

– Cancer therapyCancer therapy

D Block ElementsD Block Elements

Largest sections Largest sections of all the blocks. of all the blocks.

Spans 10 Spans 10 columns.columns.

Valence Valence configuration of configuration of d1, d2, d3…d9, d1, d2, d3…d9, d10.d10.

This block This block consists of one consists of one group:group:– Transition metalsTransition metals

Block in blue!

Transition MetalsTransition Metals

Consists of:Consists of:– Scandium ~ ScScandium ~ Sc– Titanium ~ TiTitanium ~ Ti– Vanadium ~ VVanadium ~ V– Chromium ~ CrChromium ~ Cr– Manganese ~ MnManganese ~ Mn– Iron ~ FeIron ~ Fe– Cobalt ~ CoCobalt ~ Co– Nickel ~ NiNickel ~ Ni– Copper ~ CuCopper ~ Cu– Zinc ~ ZnZinc ~ Zn– Yttrium ~ YYttrium ~ Y– Zirconium ~ ZrZirconium ~ Zr– Niobium ~ NbNiobium ~ Nb– Molybdenum ~ MoMolybdenum ~ Mo– Technetium ~ TcTechnetium ~ Tc– Ruthenium ~ RuRuthenium ~ Ru– Rhodium ~ RhRhodium ~ Rh– Palladium ~ PdPalladium ~ Pd– Silver ~ AgSilver ~ Ag– Cadmium ~ CdCadmium ~ Cd– Lutetium ~ LuLutetium ~ Lu

– Hafnium ~ HfHafnium ~ Hf– Tantalum ~ TaTantalum ~ Ta– Tungsten ~ WTungsten ~ W– Rhenium ~ ReRhenium ~ Re– Osmium ~ OsOsmium ~ Os– Iridium ~ IrIridium ~ Ir– Plantinum ~ PtPlantinum ~ Pt– Gold ~ AuGold ~ Au– Mercury ~ HgMercury ~ Hg– Rutherfordium ~ RfRutherfordium ~ Rf– Dubnium ~ DbDubnium ~ Db– Seaborgium ~ SgSeaborgium ~ Sg– Bohrium ~ BhBohrium ~ Bh– Hassium ~ HsHassium ~ Hs– Meitnerium ~ MtMeitnerium ~ Mt– Darmstad ~ DsDarmstad ~ Ds– Roentgenium ~ RgRoentgenium ~ Rg– Copernicium ~CnCopernicium ~Cn– Ununquadium ~ UuqUnunquadium ~ Uuq

ScandiumScandiumTitaniumTitanium Abbreviation: ScAbbreviation: Sc Atomic Number: 21Atomic Number: 21 Atomic Weight: 44.96Atomic Weight: 44.96 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Construction of aircraftConstruction of aircraft– High-intensity lamps High-intensity lamps

Abbreviation: TiAbbreviation: Ti Atomic Number: 22Atomic Number: 22 Atomic Weight: 47.90Atomic Weight: 47.90 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Rocket and jet enginesRocket and jet engines– Manufacturing of sports Manufacturing of sports

bicycles bicycles – Pigments in paints, paper, and Pigments in paints, paper, and

plastics plastics

VanadiumVanadiumChromiumChromium Abbreviation: VAbbreviation: V Atomic Number: 23Atomic Number: 23 Atomic Weight: 50.94Atomic Weight: 50.94 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– SteelSteel– Nuclear reactorsNuclear reactors

Abbreviation: CrAbbreviation: Cr Atomic Number: 24Atomic Number: 24 Atomic Weight: 52.00Atomic Weight: 52.00 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– AutomobilesAutomobiles– Stainless steelStainless steel

ManganeseManganeseIronIron Abbreviation: MnAbbreviation: Mn Atomic Number: 25Atomic Number: 25 Atomic Weight: 54.94Atomic Weight: 54.94 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– SteelSteel– Dry-cell batteriesDry-cell batteries

Abbreviation: FeAbbreviation: Fe Atomic Number: 26Atomic Number: 26 Atomic Weight: 55.85Atomic Weight: 55.85 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Structual compoundStructual compound– MagnetsMagnets

CobaltCobaltNickelNickel Abbreviation: CoAbbreviation: Co Atomic Number: 27Atomic Number: 27 Atomic Weight: 58.93Atomic Weight: 58.93 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Making steelMaking steel– Alloy with tungsten and copperAlloy with tungsten and copper– Alloy with aluminum and copper Alloy with aluminum and copper

Abbreviation: NiAbbreviation: Ni Atomic Number: 28Atomic Number: 28 Atomic Weight: 58.71Atomic Weight: 58.71 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– HeatingHeating– CoinsCoins– BatteriesBatteries

CopperCopperZincZinc Abbreviation: CuAbbreviation: Cu Atomic Number: 29Atomic Number: 29 Atomic Weight: 63.55Atomic Weight: 63.55 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– WiresWires– AlloysAlloys– CoinsCoins– PlumbingPlumbing

Abbreviation: ZnAbbreviation: Zn Atomic Number: 30Atomic Number: 30 Atomic Weight: 65.37Atomic Weight: 65.37 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Galvanization of steel Galvanization of steel – Dry-cell batteriesDry-cell batteries– CoinsCoins

YttriumYttriumZirconiumZirconium Abbreviation: YAbbreviation: Y Atomic Number: 39Atomic Number: 39 Atomic Weight: 44.96Atomic Weight: 44.96 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Color television tubesColor television tubes– Solid-state laserSolid-state laser

Abbreviation: ZrAbbreviation: Zr Atomic Number: 40Atomic Number: 40 Atomic Weight: 91.22Atomic Weight: 91.22 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Nuclear reactorsNuclear reactors– semi-precious gem semi-precious gem

NiobiumNiobiumMolybdenumMolybdenum Abbreviation: NbAbbreviation: Nb Atomic Number: 41Atomic Number: 41 Atomic Weight: 92.91Atomic Weight: 92.91 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Nuclear magnetic resonance Nuclear magnetic resonance scannersscanners

– Strengthening steelStrengthening steel– Nuclear reactors Nuclear reactors

Abbreviation: MoAbbreviation: Mo Atomic Number: 42Atomic Number: 42 Atomic Weight: 95.94Atomic Weight: 95.94 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Engine parts for automobiles Engine parts for automobiles and aircraftand aircraft

– Generate techetium-99 in Generate techetium-99 in hospitals hospitals

TechnetiumTechnetiumRutheniumRuthenium Abbreviation: TcAbbreviation: Tc Atomic Number: 43Atomic Number: 43 Atomic Weight: 96.91Atomic Weight: 96.91 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Examining humans in Examining humans in hospitalshospitals

Abbreviation: NiAbbreviation: Ni Atomic Number: 44Atomic Number: 44 Atomic Weight: 101.07Atomic Weight: 101.07 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Catalyst in industrial Catalyst in industrial processesprocesses

– Jewelry Jewelry

RhodiumRhodiumPalladiumPalladium Abbreviation: RhAbbreviation: Rh Atomic Number: 45Atomic Number: 45 Atomic Weight: 102.91Atomic Weight: 102.91 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Additive for hardening platinumAdditive for hardening platinum– Automobile catalytic convertersAutomobile catalytic converters– Catalyst in industrial processes Catalyst in industrial processes

Abbreviation: PdAbbreviation: Pd Atomic Number: 46Atomic Number: 46 Atomic Weight: 106.40Atomic Weight: 106.40 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Purifying hydrogenPurifying hydrogen– Treating cancerTreating cancer

SilverSilverCadmiumCadmium Abbreviation: AgAbbreviation: Ag Atomic Number: 47Atomic Number: 47 Atomic Weight: 107.87Atomic Weight: 107.87 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– WiresWires– JeweleryJewelery– Eating utensilsEating utensils– Electronics and dentistryElectronics and dentistry– Photography filmPhotography film– Coins Coins

Abbreviation: CdAbbreviation: Cd Atomic Number: 48Atomic Number: 48 Atomic Weight: 112.40Atomic Weight: 112.40 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– BatteriesBatteries– Nuclear reactorsNuclear reactors

LutetiumLutetiumHafniumHafnium Abbreviation: LuAbbreviation: Lu Atomic Number: 71Atomic Number: 71 Atomic Weight: 174.97Atomic Weight: 174.97 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– No known usesNo known uses

Abbreviation: HfAbbreviation: Hf Atomic Number: 72Atomic Number: 72 Atomic Weight: 178.49Atomic Weight: 178.49 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Reactor control rodsReactor control rods– Incandescent lamps Incandescent lamps

TantalumTantalumTungstenTungsten Abbreviation: TaAbbreviation: Ta Atomic Number: 73Atomic Number: 73 Atomic Weight: 180.95Atomic Weight: 180.95 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Dental and medical surgeryDental and medical surgery– Chemical equipmentChemical equipment– Electolytic capacitors Electolytic capacitors

Abbreviation: WAbbreviation: W Atomic Number: 74Atomic Number: 74 Atomic Weight: 183.85Atomic Weight: 183.85 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Filaments for light bulbsFilaments for light bulbs– Heating elements and rockets Heating elements and rockets – Television tubes and computer Television tubes and computer

monitorsmonitors– Form an alloy with steel Form an alloy with steel

RheniumRheniumOsmiumOsmium Abbreviation: ReAbbreviation: Re Atomic Number: 75Atomic Number: 75 Atomic Weight: 186.20Atomic Weight: 186.20 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– AlloyAlloy– Thermocouples with Thermocouples with

Tungsten Tungsten

Abbreviation: OsAbbreviation: Os Atomic Number: 76Atomic Number: 76 Atomic Weight: 190.20Atomic Weight: 190.20 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Hard alloys for electrical Hard alloys for electrical switch contacts and pen nibs switch contacts and pen nibs

IridiumIridiumPlatinumPlatinum Abbreviation: IrAbbreviation: Ir Atomic Number: 77Atomic Number: 77 Atomic Weight: 192.22Atomic Weight: 192.22 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Alloy agent with plantinumAlloy agent with plantinum

Abbreviation: PtAbbreviation: Pt Atomic Number: 78Atomic Number: 78 Atomic Weight: 195.09Atomic Weight: 195.09 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– JewelryJewelry– DentistryDentistry– Petroleum refiningPetroleum refining

GoldGoldMercuryMercury Abbreviation: AuAbbreviation: Au Atomic Number: 79Atomic Number: 79 Atomic Weight: 196.97Atomic Weight: 196.97 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– CoinsCoins– Space vehiclesSpace vehicles– Dentistry and electronicsDentistry and electronics– Jewlery Jewlery

Abbreviation: HgAbbreviation: Hg Atomic Number: 80Atomic Number: 80 Atomic Weight: 200.59Atomic Weight: 200.59 State of Matter: LiquidState of Matter: Liquid Uses:Uses:

– Thermometers, barometers; Thermometers, barometers; and thermostatsand thermostats

– Diffusion pumpsDiffusion pumps– DentistryDentistry– Fungicides and pesticides Fungicides and pesticides

RutherfordiumRutherfordiumDubniumDubnium Abbreviation: RfAbbreviation: Rf Atomic Number: 104Atomic Number: 104 Atomic Weight: 261Atomic Weight: 261 State of Matter: SyntheticState of Matter: Synthetic Uses:Uses:

– No known useNo known use

Abbreviation: DbAbbreviation: Db Atomic Number: 105Atomic Number: 105 Atomic Weight: 262Atomic Weight: 262 State of Matter: SyntheticState of Matter: Synthetic Uses:Uses:

– No known useNo known use

SeaborgiumSeaborgiumBohriumBohrium Abbreviation: SgAbbreviation: Sg Atomic Number: 106Atomic Number: 106 Atomic Weight: 266Atomic Weight: 266 State of Matter: SyntheticState of Matter: Synthetic Uses:Uses:

– No known useNo known use

Abbreviation: BhAbbreviation: Bh Atomic Number: 107Atomic Number: 107 Atomic Weight: 264Atomic Weight: 264 State of Matter: SyntheticState of Matter: Synthetic Uses:Uses:

– No known useNo known use

HassiumHassiumMeitneriumMeitnerium Abbreviation: HsAbbreviation: Hs Atomic Number: 108Atomic Number: 108 Atomic Weight: 277Atomic Weight: 277 State of Matter: SyntheticState of Matter: Synthetic Uses:Uses:

– No known useNo known use

Abbreviation: MtAbbreviation: Mt Atomic Number: 109Atomic Number: 109 Atomic Weight: 268Atomic Weight: 268 State of Matter: SyntheticState of Matter: Synthetic Uses:Uses:

– No known useNo known use

DarmstadtiumDarmstadtiumRoentgeniumRoentgenium Abbreviation: DsAbbreviation: Ds Atomic Number: 110Atomic Number: 110 Atomic Weight: 281Atomic Weight: 281 State of Matter: SyntheticState of Matter: Synthetic Uses:Uses:

– No known useNo known use

Abbreviation: RgAbbreviation: Rg Atomic Number: 111Atomic Number: 111 Atomic Weight: 272Atomic Weight: 272 State of Matter: SyntheticState of Matter: Synthetic Uses:Uses:

– No known useNo known use

CoperniciumCoperniciumUnunquadiumUnunquadium Abbreviation: CnAbbreviation: Cn Atomic Number: 112Atomic Number: 112 Atomic Weight: 285Atomic Weight: 285 State of Matter: SyntheticState of Matter: Synthetic Uses:Uses:

– No known useNo known use

Abbreviation: UuqAbbreviation: Uuq Atomic Number: 114Atomic Number: 114 Atomic Weight: 289Atomic Weight: 289 State of Matter: SyntheticState of Matter: Synthetic Uses:Uses:

– No known useNo known use

F Block ElementsF Block Elements

Spans fourteen Spans fourteen columns.columns.

Valence Valence configuration of configuration of f1, f2, f3…f13, f1, f2, f3…f13, f14.f14.

Broken down into Broken down into a single group:a single group:– Inner transition Inner transition

metalsmetals LanthanideLanthanide ActinideActinide

Block in orange!

Inner transition metalsInner transition metals

Consists of:Consists of:– Cerium ~ CeCerium ~ Ce– Praseodymium ~ PrPraseodymium ~ Pr– Neodymium ~ NdNeodymium ~ Nd– Promethium ~ PmPromethium ~ Pm– Samarium ~ SmSamarium ~ Sm– Europium ~ EuEuropium ~ Eu– Gadolinium ~ GdGadolinium ~ Gd– Terbium ~ TbTerbium ~ Tb– Dysprosium ~ DyDysprosium ~ Dy– Holmium ~ HoHolmium ~ Ho– Erbium ~ ErErbium ~ Er– Thulium ~ TmThulium ~ Tm– Ytterbium ~ YbYtterbium ~ Yb– Lutetium ~ LuLutetium ~ Lu

Not to forget:Not to forget:– Thorium ~ ThThorium ~ Th– Protactinium ~ PaProtactinium ~ Pa– Uranium ~ UUranium ~ U– Neptunium ~ NpNeptunium ~ Np– Plutonium ~ PuPlutonium ~ Pu– Americium ~ AmAmericium ~ Am– Curium ~ CmCurium ~ Cm– Berkelium ~ BkBerkelium ~ Bk– Californium ~ CfCalifornium ~ Cf– Eisteinium ~ EsEisteinium ~ Es– Fermium ~ FmFermium ~ Fm– Mendelevium ~ MdMendelevium ~ Md– Nobelium ~ NoNobelium ~ No– Lawrencium ~ LrLawrencium ~ Lr

CeriumCeriumPraseodymiumPraseodymium

Abbreviation: CeAbbreviation: Ce Atomic Number: 58Atomic Number: 58 Atomic Weight: 140.116Atomic Weight: 140.116 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– High-intensity carbon arc High-intensity carbon arc lampslamps

– Self-cleaning ovens Self-cleaning ovens

Abbreviation: PrAbbreviation: Pr Atomic Number: 59Atomic Number: 59 Atomic Weight: 140.908Atomic Weight: 140.908 State of Matter: SyntheticState of Matter: Synthetic Uses:Uses:

– Color-television tubesColor-television tubes– Solid-state lasers Solid-state lasers

NeodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumPromethium

Abbreviation: NdAbbreviation: Nd Atomic Number: 60Atomic Number: 60 Atomic Weight: 144.24Atomic Weight: 144.24 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Colored glassColored glass– Making magnets Making magnets

Abbreviation: PmAbbreviation: Pm Atomic Number: 61Atomic Number: 61 Atomic Weight: 145Atomic Weight: 145 State of Matter: SyntheticState of Matter: Synthetic Uses:Uses:

– No known usesNo known uses

SamariumSamariumEuropiumEuropium

Abbreviation: SmAbbreviation: Sm Atomic Number: 62Atomic Number: 62 Atomic Weight: 150.36Atomic Weight: 150.36 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Permanent magnets Permanent magnets – Special types of glass Special types of glass

Abbreviation: EuAbbreviation: Eu Atomic Number: 63Atomic Number: 63 Atomic Weight: 151.964Atomic Weight: 151.964 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Color television tubes and Color television tubes and computer monitorscomputer monitors

– Fluorescence lamps Fluorescence lamps

GadoliniumGadoliniumTerbiumTerbium

Abbreviation: GdAbbreviation: Gd Atomic Number: 64Atomic Number: 64 Atomic Weight: 157.25Atomic Weight: 157.25 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Control rods for nuclear Control rods for nuclear reactorsreactors

– An alloy agent in special steels An alloy agent in special steels in neutron radiography in neutron radiography

Abbreviation: TbAbbreviation: Tb Atomic Number: 65Atomic Number: 65 Atomic Weight: 158.925Atomic Weight: 158.925 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Special lasersSpecial lasers– An alloy in compact discsAn alloy in compact discs– High-definition X-ray screens High-definition X-ray screens

DysprosiumDysprosiumHolmiumHolmium

Abbreviation: DyAbbreviation: Dy Atomic Number: 66Atomic Number: 66 Atomic Weight: 162.50Atomic Weight: 162.50 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Color television tubesColor television tubes– Mercury lamps Mercury lamps

Abbreviation: HoAbbreviation: Ho Atomic Number: 67Atomic Number: 67 Atomic Weight: 164.93Atomic Weight: 164.93 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Colored glass Colored glass

ErbiumErbiumThuliumThulium

Abbreviation: ErAbbreviation: Er Atomic Number: 68Atomic Number: 68 Atomic Weight: 167.259Atomic Weight: 167.259 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Alloy with vanadium Alloy with vanadium – GlassGlass– Inexpensive jewelry Inexpensive jewelry

Abbreviation: TmAbbreviation: Tm Atomic Number: 69Atomic Number: 69 Atomic Weight: 168.934Atomic Weight: 168.934 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– LaserLaser

YtterbiumYtterbiumLutetiumLutetium

Abbreviation: YbAbbreviation: Yb Atomic Number: 70Atomic Number: 70 Atomic Weight: 173.04Atomic Weight: 173.04 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Alloy in stainless steelAlloy in stainless steel– Dentistry Dentistry

Abbreviation: LuAbbreviation: Lu Atomic Number: 71Atomic Number: 71 Atomic Weight: 174.967Atomic Weight: 174.967 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– No known usesNo known uses

ThoriumThoriumProtactiniumProtactinium

Abbreviation: ThAbbreviation: Th Atomic Number: 90Atomic Number: 90 Atomic Weight: 232.038Atomic Weight: 232.038 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Alloy agent with magnesiumAlloy agent with magnesium– Electronic devices Electronic devices

Abbreviation: PaAbbreviation: Pa Atomic Number: 91Atomic Number: 91 Atomic Weight: 231.036Atomic Weight: 231.036 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– No known usesNo known uses

UraniumUraniumNeptuniumNeptunium

Abbreviation: UAbbreviation: U Atomic Number: 92Atomic Number: 92 Atomic Weight: 238.029Atomic Weight: 238.029 State of Matter: SolidState of Matter: Solid Uses:Uses:

– Color glass and ceramic Color glass and ceramic glazesglazes

– Nuclear reactorsNuclear reactors– Antitank shellsAntitank shells– Shielding against radiation Shielding against radiation

Abbreviation: NpAbbreviation: Np Atomic Number: 93Atomic Number: 93 Atomic Weight: 237Atomic Weight: 237 State of Matter: SyntheticState of Matter: Synthetic Uses:Uses:

– No known usesNo known uses

PlutoniumPlutoniumAmericiumAmericium

Abbreviation: PuAbbreviation: Pu Atomic Number: 94Atomic Number: 94 Atomic Weight: 244Atomic Weight: 244 State of Matter: SyntheticState of Matter: Synthetic Uses:Uses:

– BombsBombs– Generation of power for Generation of power for

electronic systems in satelliteselectronic systems in satellites– Power for heart pacemakers Power for heart pacemakers

Abbreviation: AmAbbreviation: Am Atomic Number: 95Atomic Number: 95 Atomic Weight: 243Atomic Weight: 243 State of Matter: SyntheticState of Matter: Synthetic Uses:Uses:

– Portable source of X-raysPortable source of X-rays– Home smoke detectors Home smoke detectors

CuriumCuriumBerkeliumBerkelium

Abbreviation: CmAbbreviation: Cm Atomic Number: 96Atomic Number: 96 Atomic Weight: 247Atomic Weight: 247 State of Matter: SyntheticState of Matter: Synthetic Uses:Uses:

– PacemakersPacemakers– Remote navigational buoysRemote navigational buoys– Space missions Space missions

Abbreviation: BkAbbreviation: Bk Atomic Number: 97Atomic Number: 97 Atomic Weight: 247Atomic Weight: 247 State of Matter: SyntheticState of Matter: Synthetic Uses:Uses:

– No known usesNo known uses

CaliforniumCaliforniumEinsteiniumEinsteinium

Abbreviation: CfAbbreviation: Cf Atomic Number: 98Atomic Number: 98 Atomic Weight: 251Atomic Weight: 251 State of Matter: SyntheticState of Matter: Synthetic Uses:Uses:

– Analysis of oil-bearing layers Analysis of oil-bearing layers of earthof earth

– Analyzing of gold and silver Analyzing of gold and silver

Abbreviation: EsAbbreviation: Es Atomic Number: 99Atomic Number: 99 Atomic Weight: 252Atomic Weight: 252 State of Matter: SyntheticState of Matter: Synthetic Uses:Uses:

– No known usesNo known uses

FermiumFermiumMendeleviumMendelevium

Abbreviation: FmAbbreviation: Fm Atomic Number: 100Atomic Number: 100 Atomic Weight: 257Atomic Weight: 257 State of Matter: SyntheticState of Matter: Synthetic Uses:Uses:

– No known usesNo known uses

Abbreviation: MdAbbreviation: Md Atomic Number: 101Atomic Number: 101 Atomic Weight: 258Atomic Weight: 258 State of Matter: SyntheticState of Matter: Synthetic Uses:Uses:

– No known usesNo known uses

NobeliumNobeliumLawrenciumLawrencium

Abbreviation: NoAbbreviation: No Atomic Number: 102Atomic Number: 102 Atomic Weight: 259Atomic Weight: 259 State of Matter: SyntheticState of Matter: Synthetic Uses:Uses:

– No known usesNo known uses

Abbreviation: LrAbbreviation: Lr Atomic Number: 103Atomic Number: 103 Atomic Weight: 262Atomic Weight: 262 State of Matter: SyntheticState of Matter: Synthetic Uses:Uses:

– No known usesNo known uses

LanthanideLanthanide

High Melting pointsHigh Melting points Mixed naturally and hard to Mixed naturally and hard to

separateseparate First found in Ytterby, SwedenFirst found in Ytterby, Sweden Includes: Neodymium, Includes: Neodymium,

Praseodymium, Yttrium, and Praseodymium, Yttrium, and EuropiumEuropium

ActinideActinide

RadioactiveRadioactive Only 3 found in nature, others are Only 3 found in nature, others are

synthetic called Transuraniumsynthetic called Transuranium Transuranium elements have Transuranium elements have

Atomic Numbers greater than 92Atomic Numbers greater than 92 Decay quickly and created in Decay quickly and created in

Particle accelerators or nuclear Particle accelerators or nuclear reactorsreactors

Ex. PlutoniumEx. Plutonium

Bibliography• Glencoe, Science.

Chemistry: Matter and Change. 6. Columbus, OH: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2005. 151-69. Print.

• http://www.innvista.com/science/chemistry/elements/commerc.htm

• All pictures from: Yahoo! Images and Google Images

• http://202.114.88.54/g/web18/wangluo/webelements/default.htm

THE END!!!!!!THE END!!!!!!