Post on 18-Jan-2016
The Ferment of Reform and Culture
Chapter 1511-9-15
Alexis de Tocqueville■Tocqueville was an
aristocratic Frenchman who came to the U.S. in 1831 to study the American people and their political institutions.
Tocqueville’s 5 Values■ Tocqueville analyzed that the
reason the United States was able to thrive as a new nation was because of the following 5 values:
• Liberty• Egalitarianism• Populism• Individualism• Laissez-faire
Second Great Awakening■The Second Great Awakening preached sermons
that were much softer and kinder.
■Rather than portraying an angry, vengeful God, the Second Great Awakening painted God as a kind and compassionate ruler who only wanted the salvation of every man.
Second Great Awakening■ The Second Great Awakening not only renewed America’s
religious intensity but it also initiated many of the reform movements that would later seize the country.
■ For example, the Second Great Awakening placed women in greater roles than before. Women were seen as the moral center of the household. They were in charge of the spiritual and moral well-being of both their children and their husband.
Second Great Awakening■With this in mind, it makes sense that women
were drawn towards the enthusiasm of the Second Great Awakening because it emphasized their own importance to the religion instead of downplaying it. In addition, because women were often relegated to the household, they had time to pursue causes that they deemed important.
Second Great Awakening■ Many preachers during the Second Great Awakening decried
slavery and alcohol.
■ Both these messages led to the Abolitionist and Temperance Movement of which women were active participants.
■ Prior to the Second Great Awakening women did not have a very important social role, but as they organized these other reform movements, they began to see the power they truly had. Soon after the Second Great Awakening, women begun their own movement towards equality.
Impact of the Second Great Awakening
■The Second Great Awakening, brought the equalizing effect of religion as it evened the gap between genders.
■Reform movements were born in the aftermath of the revival as anti-slavery movements, women’s suffrage, and temperance rose along with the wave of religion.
The Mormons■Joseph Smith founded
the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. (Mormons)
Public Schools■Taxes supported primary schools (little red
schoolhouses) where they taught children the 3 R’s–Reading–‘Ritin–‘Rithmetic
■The teachers at the time were mainly men.
Closing Task 11-9-15■You are to write a short analysis that
contrasts the differences between the Great Awakening and the Second Great Awakening. –Include specific examples of each event–Must be at least half a page!!
The South and the Slavery Controversy
Chapter 1611-10-15
Cotton is King!■The Cotton Kingdom developed into a huge
agricultural factory.
■The prosperity of the North and the South highly depended on the slaves in the South.
■The South produced more than half of the worlds supply of cotton.
Planter Aristocracy
The White Majority
Free Blacks: Slaves without Master
Plantation Slavery
The Whites with no Slaves
Slaves of the Slave System
Planters Aristocracy■In 1850 there was only 1,733 families that owned
more than 100 slaves each.
■This select group provided the cream of political and social leadership of this section of the nation.
Planters Aristocracy■They felt an obligation to serve the public,
however they favored aristocracy which widened the gap between the rich and poor.
■They opposed public education because they could afford to send their children to private schools.
The White Majority■The white majority was all the other
white slave owners who lived in the south and owned fewer than ten slaves each. (345,000 families)
Whites who owned No Slaves■ By 1860 this portion of the population represented
three quarters of the all southern whites.
■ They were subsistence farmers known as “poor white trash”.
■ They supported slavery in hopes of one day achieving the “American Dream” in moving up the social ladder.
Free Blacks: Slaves without Masters
■By 1860 there was about 250,000 free slaves.
■Free slaves were viewed as a third race.
■They were prohibited from working certain jobs and testifying against whites in court.
Free Blacks: Slaves without Masters
■Free blacks were unpopular in the North.
■They were denied the right to vote.
■The Irish really disliked the free slaves because that is who they were competing against for a job.
Plantation Slavery■By 1860 there was over 4 million blacks slaves.
■The number of slaves had increased because of natural reproduction since the import of slaves was made illegal in 1808
Plantation Slavery■The slaves were viewed as investments and were
spared the dangerous work like putting a roof on a house.
■The slave owners would rather hire an Irish worker because at the time a slave was worth roughly $1860.
Plantation Slavery■Female slaves were often used to breed slaves.
■Some women were promised their freedom if they were able to produce ten babies.
Early Abolitionist■In the early 1830’s the abolitionist
movement gained momentum with the help of the Second Great Awakening.
Closing Task 11-10-15■ You are to select 2 point of
views from the following:– Slave Owner– A Slave– A member of the White Majority– A white man with no slaves– An Abolitionist
■ Using the template to the right, complete TWO poems from the points of view you selected.
Manifest Destiny and the Mexican American War
Chapter 1711-12-15
The growth of “King Cotton” and
commercial farming led to a desire for
more western lands
In the 1840s, westward expansion led Americans to acquire all lands from the Atlantic to Pacific
in a movement called Manifest Destiny
Americans flooded into the West for new
economic opportunities
“Obvious” “Future”
Democrat James K. Polk won the election of 1844 and became the “Manifest Destiny” president
He wanted to end British claims to Oregon
He urged Congress to make Texas the
28th U.S. state in 1845
When Texas was admitted
into the Union in 1845, it came in as a slave stateTo make Northerners happy, President Polk wanted to
add Oregon as a free state, but…
…Oregon was jointly occupied
by the USA & Britain
Oregon residents & President Polk
demanded the entire Oregon territory: “54°40’ or fight!”
But, the U.S. and Britain compromised, divided Oregon
along 49° parallel, and Oregon became a free territory in 1846
When Texas won its independence from Mexico
in 1836, the 2 sides disagreed over the territorial borders of
the Republic of Texas
When the U.S. annexed
Texas 9 years later, this land claim was
not settled
The Mexican-American War (1846—1848)This dispute led to the
Mexican-American War from 1846 to 1848
In 1846, President Polk sent General
Zachary Taylor across the
Rio Grande River to negotiate but
ended up provoking Mexico into war
The Mexican-American War
Zachary Taylor won in northern Mexico
John C Fremont won in California
Stephen Kearney captured New MexicoWinfield Scott captured
Mexico City
The U.S. quickly won the Mexican War
The Mexican-American War ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848
The USA gained all of Texas to the Rio Grande River
Mexico gave up (ceded) territory in the Southwest, called the Mexican Cession
Closing Task 11-12-15■ Using the picture to the left
respond to the following using the short answer question format.
■ A)identify three reasons Americans moved West
■ B)Identify three consequences of American westward expansion
■ C)What does the woman in the center of the image represent?
Renewing the Sectional Struggle
Chapter 18: The Gold Rush & the Free Soil Party
11-13-15
The discovery of gold in San Francisco led to a flood of Americans to California in 1849
“Forty-Niners” hoping to strike it rich came from the East, Latin America,
Europe, & Asia
Gold Fever & Immigration to CA was GlobalWhere the 49ers Came From
80%
13%7%
UnitedStates
Europe &Asia
LatinAmerica
San Francisco before the gold rushSan Francisco after the gold rush
By the end of the 1840s, the USA had
achieved its Manifest Destiny
America had a “continental” empire from the Atlantic to
PacificWestward expansion
stimulated the economy, spread democracy, and
increased U.S. nationalism
But as America spread West, sectional issues
over slavery grew
• In 1846, Northern Congressmen tried to pass the Wilmot Proviso, a law that would have outlawed all slaves from the Mexican Cession
• Rather than voting along party lines (Democrats and Whigs), Congressmen voting according to their region
The Free Soil Party• In 1848, the Free Soil Party was formed to keep
slavery from spreading West
• Free Soilers were not abolitionists because they did not think Congress had the power to end slavery; they were against the expansion of slavery into the West
In 1850, California asked to enter the
Union as a free state
Southerners did not want more free states and
wanted slavery to be allowed in the southwest territories
Northerners wanted to keep slavery out of the SW and wanted other laws to protect runaway slaves who made it to freedom in the North
The Compromise of 1850 solved the sectional dispute between North and
SouthCalifornia entered as a free state
The people of Utah and New Mexico could vote to allow or ban slavery (popular sovereignty)
The slave trade ended in Washington DC
A stronger Fugitive Slave Law was created that allowed Southerners to recapture slaves in the North
Abolitionists and many Northerners despised the Compromise of 1850
Abolitionism grew
in the North
The Fugitive Slave Law allowed runaway slaves
(and sometimes free blacks) to be
recaptured and enslaved
Northerners formed vigilante committees
to protect runaways
Closing Task 11-13-15■Students will complete the Failed
Compromises Chart.
■You may use your notes, the book, or your cell phone to gather the information.
Drifting Toward Disunion
Chapter 18 & 19: The Underground Railroad & Bleeding Kansas
The Grimke Sisters revealed that some
Southerners opposed slavery
Abolitionism was growing in the NorthWilliam Lloyd
Garrison formed the American Anti-Slavery Society and published
The LiberatorEx-slave Frederick Douglass published
The North Star
The Underground Railroad was a network of safe houses to help slaves escape to freedom
Harriet Tubman made 19 trips South to lead 300 slaves to freedom through the Underground
Railroad
Quilt Patterns Showed Secret Messages
The monkey wrench pattern told slaves to
prepare to flee
The drunkard path design warned escapees not to follow a straight route
In 1852 Harriet Beecher Stowepublished Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Depicted slavery as a moral evil and
inspired many in the North to join the abolitionist cause
Became the bestselling
book of the 19th century
In 1854, Congress passed Stephen Douglas’
Kansas-Nebraska Act
The law used popular sovereignty (voting)to
give the residents of the territories the right to
vote to determine slavery
To do this, Congress repealed (ended) the Missouri Compromise line at 36˚30’
in the western territories
Northerners were outraged by the
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Congress allowed slavery to spread into an area where
slavery was already outlawed
When a vote was held in Kansas in 1855 to decide on slavery,
thousands of Missouri residents illegally voted
Free-soilers poster in Kansas
Pro-slavery Missourians sneaking across the
border to vote
Pro-slavery Missourians voting in Kansas
This illegal vote gave Kansas slavery when its residents voted against it
In 1856, a war began between Kansas and Missouri
(known as “Bleeding Kansas")
Closing Task 11-16-15■You will read a section of Uncle Tom’s
Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe and analyze the meaning behind the excerpt.
Drifting Toward Disunion
Chapter 19: The Issue Over Slavery11-17-15
The election of 1856 was the first time in which political
parties represented regions of the country, not the nation
Republicans in the North Democrats
in the South
Slavery became the most important political issue in
American politics
Even though the Republicans lost in 1856, they realized that they had enough electoral votes to win the presidency without Southern support
In 1857, a slave named Dred Scott sued for his freedom after traveling with
his master from Missouri to Wisconsin
The Dred Scott case presented the Supreme Court with two questions
Does Congress have the power
to decide on slavery in the territories?
Is the Missouri Compromise
constitutional?
In Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857), the
Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott had
no right to sue because blacks are
not citizensCongress did not
have the power to stop slavery in
western territories so the Missouri
Compromise was unconstitutional
Northern abolitionists were furious
In 1858, Democrat Stephen Douglas ran against Republican Abraham Lincoln for the Illinois Senate
Lincoln was unknown at the time, but during
the campaign he argued that Congress must stop
the spread of slavery (free soil argument)
Lincoln lost the Senate election, but his argument against slavery made him a
popular national figure
“A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this gov’t
cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free.”
—Abraham Lincoln, 1858
In 1859, abolitionist John Brown led an unsuccessful raid on a federal armory at Harper’s Ferry, VA in an attempt to free slaves in a massive slave uprising
Brown was caught and executed
But he was seen as a martyr by many in the North
Southerners believed Northerners were using violence to end slavery
Closing Task 11-17-15■Quick Write: Respond to the following
question:
–How did the Dred Scott decision and the raid led by John Brown bring the United States one step closer to the Civil War?
Drifting Toward Disunion
Chapter 19: The Election of 186011-18-15
Election of 1860
Northern Democrat: Stephen Douglas
Republican: Abraham Lincoln
Southern Democrat: John Breckenridge
Constitutional Union: John Bell
The Election of 1860 was the final straw for the SouthRepublicans nominated Abraham Lincoln who
argued for “free soil” and a strong national gov’t
Democrats in the North and South were split
over the issue of slavery
Northern Democrats nominated Stephen
Douglas who argued for popular sovereignty
Southern Democrats nominated John Breckenridge who argued
for states rights and the protection of slavery
Lincoln won the election
without a single Southern vote
Southerners assumed slavery would soon be abolished and began to
discuss the possibility of seceding (breaking away) from the USA
Abraham Lincoln’s election in 1860, was the first step towards the outbreak of the Civil War
South Carolinians feared the victory
of a Republican president would bring an end to
slavery & seceded from the
USA
In December 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede
from the Union
By February 1861,7 Southern states seceded
and formed the Confederate States of America
The Upper South did not view Lincoln’s election as a
death sentence and did not
secede immediately
Confederate States of America The constitution of the Confederacy was similar
to the U.S. Constitution except that it:–Protected slavery and states’ rights– Outlawed tariffs–Created a weak national government
Confederate States of America The Confederate States
of America elected Jefferson Davis as Confederate president
Closing Task 11-18-15■ You are going to create a campaign poster for the candidate you
randomly get assigned. Read the biography of your candidate. Create a campaign poster for your candidate. Be as creative as you like, and make sure to include color in your poster.
■ Your poster must include: – a. A picture of your candidate (yes you need to draw) – b. A slogan for your candidate (something to show your candidate’s
beliefs) – c. His views on slavery – d. His views on Southern secession – e. His political party