The Ferment of Reform and Culture

Chapter 1511-9-15

Alexis de Tocqueville■Tocqueville was an

aristocratic Frenchman who came to the U.S. in 1831 to study the American people and their political institutions.

Tocqueville’s 5 Values■ Tocqueville analyzed that the

reason the United States was able to thrive as a new nation was because of the following 5 values:

• Liberty• Egalitarianism• Populism• Individualism• Laissez-faire

Second Great Awakening■The Second Great Awakening preached sermons

that were much softer and kinder.

■Rather than portraying an angry, vengeful God, the Second Great Awakening painted God as a kind and compassionate ruler who only wanted the salvation of every man.

Second Great Awakening■ The Second Great Awakening not only renewed America’s

religious intensity but it also initiated many of the reform movements that would later seize the country.

■ For example, the Second Great Awakening placed women in greater roles than before. Women were seen as the moral center of the household. They were in charge of the spiritual and moral well-being of both their children and their husband.

Second Great Awakening■With this in mind, it makes sense that women

were drawn towards the enthusiasm of the Second Great Awakening because it emphasized their own importance to the religion instead of downplaying it. In addition, because women were often relegated to the household, they had time to pursue causes that they deemed important.

Second Great Awakening■ Many preachers during the Second Great Awakening decried

slavery and alcohol.

■ Both these messages led to the Abolitionist and Temperance Movement of which women were active participants.

■ Prior to the Second Great Awakening women did not have a very important social role, but as they organized these other reform movements, they began to see the power they truly had. Soon after the Second Great Awakening, women begun their own movement towards equality.

Impact of the Second Great Awakening

■The Second Great Awakening, brought the equalizing effect of religion as it evened the gap between genders.

■Reform movements were born in the aftermath of the revival as anti-slavery movements, women’s suffrage, and temperance rose along with the wave of religion.

The Mormons■Joseph Smith founded

the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. (Mormons)

Public Schools■Taxes supported primary schools (little red

schoolhouses) where they taught children the 3 R’s–Reading–‘Ritin–‘Rithmetic

■The teachers at the time were mainly men.

Start @ 3:20 End @8:11

Closing Task 11-9-15■You are to write a short analysis that

contrasts the differences between the Great Awakening and the Second Great Awakening. –Include specific examples of each event–Must be at least half a page!!

The South and the Slavery Controversy

Chapter 1611-10-15

Cotton is King!■The Cotton Kingdom developed into a huge

agricultural factory.

■The prosperity of the North and the South highly depended on the slaves in the South.

■The South produced more than half of the worlds supply of cotton.

Planter Aristocracy

The White Majority

Free Blacks: Slaves without Master

Plantation Slavery

The Whites with no Slaves

Slaves of the Slave System

Planters Aristocracy■In 1850 there was only 1,733 families that owned

more than 100 slaves each.

■This select group provided the cream of political and social leadership of this section of the nation.

Planters Aristocracy■They felt an obligation to serve the public,

however they favored aristocracy which widened the gap between the rich and poor.

■They opposed public education because they could afford to send their children to private schools.

The White Majority■The white majority was all the other

white slave owners who lived in the south and owned fewer than ten slaves each. (345,000 families)

Whites who owned No Slaves■ By 1860 this portion of the population represented

three quarters of the all southern whites.

■ They were subsistence farmers known as “poor white trash”.

■ They supported slavery in hopes of one day achieving the “American Dream” in moving up the social ladder.

Free Blacks: Slaves without Masters

■By 1860 there was about 250,000 free slaves.

■Free slaves were viewed as a third race.

■They were prohibited from working certain jobs and testifying against whites in court.

Free Blacks: Slaves without Masters

■Free blacks were unpopular in the North.

■They were denied the right to vote.

■The Irish really disliked the free slaves because that is who they were competing against for a job.

Plantation Slavery■By 1860 there was over 4 million blacks slaves.

■The number of slaves had increased because of natural reproduction since the import of slaves was made illegal in 1808

Plantation Slavery■The slaves were viewed as investments and were

spared the dangerous work like putting a roof on a house.

■The slave owners would rather hire an Irish worker because at the time a slave was worth roughly $1860.

Plantation Slavery■Female slaves were often used to breed slaves.

■Some women were promised their freedom if they were able to produce ten babies.

Early Abolitionist■In the early 1830’s the abolitionist

movement gained momentum with the help of the Second Great Awakening.

Closing Task 11-10-15■ You are to select 2 point of

views from the following:– Slave Owner– A Slave– A member of the White Majority– A white man with no slaves– An Abolitionist

■ Using the template to the right, complete TWO poems from the points of view you selected.

Manifest Destiny and the Mexican American War

Chapter 1711-12-15

The growth of “King Cotton” and

commercial farming led to a desire for

more western lands

In the 1840s, westward expansion led Americans to acquire all lands from the Atlantic to Pacific

in a movement called Manifest Destiny

Americans flooded into the West for new

economic opportunities

“Obvious” “Future”

Democrat James K. Polk won the election of 1844 and became the “Manifest Destiny” president

He wanted to end British claims to Oregon

He urged Congress to make Texas the

28th U.S. state in 1845

When Texas was admitted

into the Union in 1845, it came in as a slave stateTo make Northerners happy, President Polk wanted to

add Oregon as a free state, but…

…Oregon was jointly occupied

by the USA & Britain

Oregon residents & President Polk

demanded the entire Oregon territory: “54°40’ or fight!”

But, the U.S. and Britain compromised, divided Oregon

along 49° parallel, and Oregon became a free territory in 1846

When Texas won its independence from Mexico

in 1836, the 2 sides disagreed over the territorial borders of

the Republic of Texas

When the U.S. annexed

Texas 9 years later, this land claim was

not settled

The Mexican-American War (1846—1848)This dispute led to the

Mexican-American War from 1846 to 1848

In 1846, President Polk sent General

Zachary Taylor across the

Rio Grande River to negotiate but

ended up provoking Mexico into war

The Mexican-American War

Zachary Taylor won in northern Mexico

John C Fremont won in California

Stephen Kearney captured New MexicoWinfield Scott captured

Mexico City

The U.S. quickly won the Mexican War

The Mexican-American War ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848

The USA gained all of Texas to the Rio Grande River

Mexico gave up (ceded) territory in the Southwest, called the Mexican Cession

Closing Task 11-12-15■ Using the picture to the left

respond to the following using the short answer question format.

■ A)identify three reasons Americans moved West

■ B)Identify three consequences of American westward expansion

■ C)What does the woman in the center of the image represent?

Renewing the Sectional Struggle

Chapter 18: The Gold Rush & the Free Soil Party

11-13-15

The discovery of gold in San Francisco led to a flood of Americans to California in 1849

“Forty-Niners” hoping to strike it rich came from the East, Latin America,

Europe, & Asia

Gold Fever & Immigration to CA was GlobalWhere the 49ers Came From

80%

13%7%

UnitedStates

Europe &Asia

LatinAmerica

San Francisco before the gold rushSan Francisco after the gold rush

By the end of the 1840s, the USA had

achieved its Manifest Destiny

America had a “continental” empire from the Atlantic to

PacificWestward expansion

stimulated the economy, spread democracy, and

increased U.S. nationalism

But as America spread West, sectional issues

over slavery grew

• In 1846, Northern Congressmen tried to pass the Wilmot Proviso, a law that would have outlawed all slaves from the Mexican Cession

• Rather than voting along party lines (Democrats and Whigs), Congressmen voting according to their region

The Free Soil Party• In 1848, the Free Soil Party was formed to keep

slavery from spreading West

• Free Soilers were not abolitionists because they did not think Congress had the power to end slavery; they were against the expansion of slavery into the West

In 1850, California asked to enter the

Union as a free state

Southerners did not want more free states and

wanted slavery to be allowed in the southwest territories

Northerners wanted to keep slavery out of the SW and wanted other laws to protect runaway slaves who made it to freedom in the North

The Compromise of 1850 solved the sectional dispute between North and

SouthCalifornia entered as a free state

The people of Utah and New Mexico could vote to allow or ban slavery (popular sovereignty)

The slave trade ended in Washington DC

A stronger Fugitive Slave Law was created that allowed Southerners to recapture slaves in the North

Abolitionists and many Northerners despised the Compromise of 1850

Abolitionism grew

in the North

The Fugitive Slave Law allowed runaway slaves

(and sometimes free blacks) to be

recaptured and enslaved

Northerners formed vigilante committees

to protect runaways

Closing Task 11-13-15■Students will complete the Failed

Compromises Chart.

■You may use your notes, the book, or your cell phone to gather the information.

Drifting Toward Disunion

Chapter 18 & 19: The Underground Railroad & Bleeding Kansas

The Grimke Sisters revealed that some

Southerners opposed slavery

Abolitionism was growing in the NorthWilliam Lloyd

Garrison formed the American Anti-Slavery Society and published

The LiberatorEx-slave Frederick Douglass published

The North Star

The Underground Railroad was a network of safe houses to help slaves escape to freedom

Harriet Tubman made 19 trips South to lead 300 slaves to freedom through the Underground

Railroad

Quilt Patterns Showed Secret Messages

The monkey wrench pattern told slaves to

prepare to flee

The drunkard path design warned escapees not to follow a straight route

In 1852 Harriet Beecher Stowepublished Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Depicted slavery as a moral evil and

inspired many in the North to join the abolitionist cause

Became the bestselling

book of the 19th century

In 1854, Congress passed Stephen Douglas’

Kansas-Nebraska Act

The law used popular sovereignty (voting)to

give the residents of the territories the right to

vote to determine slavery

To do this, Congress repealed (ended) the Missouri Compromise line at 36˚30’

in the western territories

Northerners were outraged by the

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Congress allowed slavery to spread into an area where

slavery was already outlawed

When a vote was held in Kansas in 1855 to decide on slavery,

thousands of Missouri residents illegally voted

Free-soilers poster in Kansas

Pro-slavery Missourians sneaking across the

border to vote

Pro-slavery Missourians voting in Kansas

This illegal vote gave Kansas slavery when its residents voted against it

In 1856, a war began between Kansas and Missouri

(known as “Bleeding Kansas")

Closing Task 11-16-15■You will read a section of Uncle Tom’s

Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe and analyze the meaning behind the excerpt.

Drifting Toward Disunion

Chapter 19: The Issue Over Slavery11-17-15

The election of 1856 was the first time in which political

parties represented regions of the country, not the nation

Republicans in the North Democrats

in the South

Slavery became the most important political issue in

American politics

Even though the Republicans lost in 1856, they realized that they had enough electoral votes to win the presidency without Southern support

In 1857, a slave named Dred Scott sued for his freedom after traveling with

his master from Missouri to Wisconsin

The Dred Scott case presented the Supreme Court with two questions

Does Congress have the power

to decide on slavery in the territories?

Is the Missouri Compromise

constitutional?

In Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857), the

Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott had

no right to sue because blacks are

not citizensCongress did not

have the power to stop slavery in

western territories so the Missouri

Compromise was unconstitutional

Northern abolitionists were furious

In 1858, Democrat Stephen Douglas ran against Republican Abraham Lincoln for the Illinois Senate

Lincoln was unknown at the time, but during

the campaign he argued that Congress must stop

the spread of slavery (free soil argument)

Lincoln lost the Senate election, but his argument against slavery made him a

popular national figure

“A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this gov’t

cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free.”

—Abraham Lincoln, 1858

In 1859, abolitionist John Brown led an unsuccessful raid on a federal armory at Harper’s Ferry, VA in an attempt to free slaves in a massive slave uprising

Brown was caught and executed

But he was seen as a martyr by many in the North

Southerners believed Northerners were using violence to end slavery

Closing Task 11-17-15■Quick Write: Respond to the following

question:

–How did the Dred Scott decision and the raid led by John Brown bring the United States one step closer to the Civil War?

Drifting Toward Disunion

Chapter 19: The Election of 186011-18-15

Election of 1860

Northern Democrat: Stephen Douglas

Republican: Abraham Lincoln

Southern Democrat: John Breckenridge

Constitutional Union: John Bell

The Election of 1860 was the final straw for the SouthRepublicans nominated Abraham Lincoln who

argued for “free soil” and a strong national gov’t

Democrats in the North and South were split

over the issue of slavery

Northern Democrats nominated Stephen

Douglas who argued for popular sovereignty

Southern Democrats nominated John Breckenridge who argued

for states rights and the protection of slavery

Lincoln won the election

without a single Southern vote

Southerners assumed slavery would soon be abolished and began to

discuss the possibility of seceding (breaking away) from the USA

Abraham Lincoln’s election in 1860, was the first step towards the outbreak of the Civil War

South Carolinians feared the victory

of a Republican president would bring an end to

slavery & seceded from the

USA

In December 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede

from the Union

By February 1861,7 Southern states seceded

and formed the Confederate States of America

The Upper South did not view Lincoln’s election as a

death sentence and did not

secede immediately

Confederate States of America The constitution of the Confederacy was similar

to the U.S. Constitution except that it:–Protected slavery and states’ rights– Outlawed tariffs–Created a weak national government

Confederate States of America The Confederate States

of America elected Jefferson Davis as Confederate president

Closing Task 11-18-15■ You are going to create a campaign poster for the candidate you

randomly get assigned. Read the biography of your candidate. Create a campaign poster for your candidate. Be as creative as you like, and make sure to include color in your poster.

■ Your poster must include: – a. A picture of your candidate (yes you need to draw) – b. A slogan for your candidate (something to show your candidate’s

beliefs) – c. His views on slavery – d. His views on Southern secession – e. His political party