THE CIVIL WAR (1861-1865)

AP US HISTORY

Can you name the •11 states that made up the Confederate States of America?

•5 border states?

The President

Lincoln in 1860

“If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that.”

1865

Were white southerners justified in fearing that Lincoln?

Union ConfederacyAdvantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages

• Lack of Cause

• Military Leadership

• Knowledge of Land

• Supplying Troops

• Few North/South Railroads

• Strategic Position

• Strong Military Preparation

• Strong Military Leadership

• Strong Morale

• Less Industry

• Less Technology

• Fewer Economic Resources

• Smaller Population

• Weak Political Leadership

• Weak Navy

•Larger Population

•More Economic Resources

•Stronger Political Leadership

•World Recognition

•Strong Navy

Anaconda Plan• Blockade the South

• Control the Mississippi

• Capture Richmond

Copperheads or Peace Democrats

The Economics of the War

North

• Demand for war materials

• European demand for agricultural goods

• Taxation & Loans

South

• Inflation

• Northern blockade - no tariff income

• Problem - decentralized gov’t

Washington, D.C., vicinity. 15-in. gun and mounting

Civil Liberties

• Lincoln’s Actions– Southern

sympathizers arrested in border states

– Habeas Corpus suspended

– Martial law established

Washington DC

Ex Parte Merryman (1861)• Could the President suspend the right

of habeas corpus?– John Merryman- arrested as a Southern

sympathizer (denied habeas corpus rights )– Decision: the President could not suspend

habeas corpus (power of Congress)– Lincoln continued to arrest Southern

sympathizers. Congress suspended Habeas Corpus in 1863

Ex Parte Milligan (1866)

• Could a military tribunal sentence a civilian to death?– Milligan was accused of conspiracy against US– Found guilty by military tribunal; sentenced to

hang.– Supreme Court: Military tribunals could not

try civilians in places where civilian courts were open even during war.

Early Military Events

• Bull Run (VA) – CSA victory!

• Antietam (VA) – Stalemate– But Lincoln claims victory

• Emancipation Proclamation

– McClellan had a copy of Lee’s battle plans!– Lee able to withdraw– McClellan fired

Civil War Casualties

UNITED STATES• Battle Deaths

110,070• Disease etc 250,152• Total 360,222

CONFEDERATE STATES• Battle Deaths

94,000• Disease etc 165,000• Total 258,000

5 costliest battles of the Civil War

Battle of Gettysburg (1863) casualties = 51,112Battle of Chickamauga (1863) casualties = 34,624Battle of Chancellorsville (1863) casualties = 30,099Battle of Spotsylvania (1864) casualties = 27,399Battle of Antietam (1862) casualties = 26,134

Modern Weaponry

Clara BartonAmerican Red Cross

Dorothea DixSuperintendent of Army Nurses

Fredericksburg, Va. Nurses and officers of the U.S. Sanitary Commission

Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

• Freed slaves only in areas of rebellion

Turning Point• Gettysburg, PA – US victory

– Turning point– Lee tries to bring the war home to the North– 3 day battle– Pickett’s Charge repulsed– Lee forced to retreat

Gettysburg AddressFour score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. ………

New York City Draft Riots (1863)

Military Conclusion

• South won’t surrender

• Becomes war of attrition

• Sherman’s March to the Sea– Total War– Atlanta to Savannah to Columbia SC

Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman to the Mayor and Councilmen of Atlanta

Gentleman: I have your letter…in the nature of a petition to revoke my orders removing all the inhabitants from Atlanta. I have read it carefully, and give full credit to your statements of distress ….and yet shall not revoke my orders, because they were not designed to meet the humanities of the cause, but to prepare for the future struggles in which millions of good people outside of Atlanta have a deep interest. We must have peace, not only at Atlanta, but in all America. To secure this, we must stop the war that now desolates our once happy and favored country. To stop war, we must defeat the rebel armies which are arrayed against the laws and Constitution that all must respect and obey. To defeat those armies, we must prepare the way to reach them in their recesses, provided with the arms and instruments which enable us to accomplish our purpose.….

You cannot qualify war in harsher terms than I will. War is cruelty, and you cannot refine it; and those who brought war into our country deserve all the curses and maledictions a people can pour out. I know I had no hand in making this war, and I know I will make more sacrifices to-day than any of you to secure peace. But you cannot have peace and a division of our country. If the United States submits to a division now, it will not stop, but will go on until we reap the fate of Mexico, which is eternal war.

Atlanta: Before & After Sherman

Atlanta, Ga. The shell-damaged Potter house

Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse, VA

Images of the Civil War

Photography of Matthew Brady

Cold Harbor, Va. African Americans collecting bones of soldiers killed in the battle

A harvest of death, Gettysburg, July, 1863

Spotsylvania Court House, Va., vicinity. Body of a Confederate soldier near Mrs. Alsop's house

Andersonville, Georgia, became notorious POW camp  In operation from February 1864 to April 186513,700 men died within thirteen months

The Civil War cost approx $6.7 billion $6,700,000,000• could have purchased all the slaves at 1860 prices• given each slave family 40 acres & a mule • And still had $3.5 billion left over.

1870: 25% of the Mississippi budget was spent on artificial limbs

The state flag of Mississippi

December 19, 2010 The Charleston Secession Gala

(150 year anniversary)

At the dance…… and outside