Study on Environmental Factors Affecting Dimensional Stone

Quarrying

22/04/2016 Submitted By: Sushant Kumar B. Tech. , Final Year

Submitted To: Department of Mining Engineering

College of Technology and Engineering, Udaipur-313001

India Stone Production (In Thousand Tons)

Marble

Granite

Sandsto

ne

Flagg

y Lim

estone

Slate

Total0

40008000

1200016000

1991-921993-94

1995-961997-98

1991-921992-931993-941994-951995-961996-971997-981998-99

Source: State Department of Mines & Geology and All India Granite & Stones Association

Highest producer of dimensional stones in the

world accounting for

over 27% of the world stone production.

16.16 million tons of stone production in the year 1997-

98 out of a total world

production of 61 million tons.

Over 2 million people are

employed in stone sector.

Marching towards global leadership

Export of Stones - US $ 301 million (Rs.13,000 M) in 1997--98

1st in Raw Siliceous product (Granite & Sandstone) exports.

3rd in world stone exports with a 10.8% share in 1997 (in terms of tonnage).

5th in Raw Calcareous product (Marble & Flaggy Limestone) exports.

9th in exports of finished stone products.

Splitting Techniques

Plugs and Feathers

Methodology Flow Sheet

Extraction Process

Processing Process

Mine and processing waste generated (in thousand tones)

1988-89

1989-90

1990-91

1991-92

1992-93

1993-94

1994-95

1995-96

1996-97

1997-98Total

01000020000300004000050000600007000080000

Marble production Mine waste Processing wastePolishing wasteTotal wasteMined out reserves

Graph Indicating increase of waste leading towards land degradation, water, noise, air pollution

Measures already considered and adoptedUsing diamond wire saw, chain saw to avoid drilling

and blasting and thus reducing dust, noise, fly rock

and ground vibrationsRegular maintenance of

heavy machines and vehicles to minimize exhaust emission

and sound level. Avoiding Blasting specially

during temperature inversion, strong cold winds, early in the morning, after sun set

and during calm conditions. Water spraying on haul roads.

Dust control during drilling, cutting and processing of the stone.

Efficient use of top soil.

Utilization of Stone Chips as Basalt Aggregate Replacement in Cement

Basalt is a black volcanic rock composed of Plagioclase, Hornblende, Olivine, Biotite and Iron Oxide and used as road metal and concrete aggregate.

Chemical Composition

Marble Granite KotaStone

Lime 28-32% 1-4% 37-39%

Silica 3-30% 72-75% 24-26%

MgO 20-25% 0.5-1% 4-6%

FeO+Fe2 O3 1-3% - -

Loss of Ignition 20-45% 5-10% 32-35%

Chemical Composition of Marble, Granite and Kota Stone

Stone chips aggregates replaced with mix proportions of 1:1.48:3.21 was designed as per IS: 10262:2009 methods . The percentages of replacements were 0%, 10 %,20%, 30%, 40% and 50% by weight of

coarse aggregate.MIX DESIGN PROPORTIONS FOR

Natural Basaltic Aggregate Replacement By Stone Chips Aggregate

By Weight, (Kg) 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%Water (L) 191.60 191.60 191.60 191.60 191.60 191.60

Cement(Kg/m3 ) 383.21 383.21 383.21 383.21 383.21 383.21Fine Aggregate(Kg/m3 )

569.38 569.38 569.38 569.38 569.38 569.38

Coarse Aggregate (Kg/m3 )

1231.11 1108.0 984.89 861.78 738.67 615.55

Stone Chips Aggregate (Kg/m3)

- 123.11 246.22 369.33 492.44 615.55

Performance

Variation of water absorption with waste content at diff. temp

Variation of Bulk Density with waste content %age at diff. temp

The specific gravity of these aggregates ranges from 1.5 to2.7. The concrete having density of 2300 kg/m3 to 2600 kg/m3 is produced and satisfactory performance was observed.

Financial FeasibilityCOSTS OF MATERIALS

S.No. Materials Rate (Rs/Kg)1 Cement (OPC 53 Grade) 6.002. Fine Aggregate 0.613. Coarse Aggregate 0.654. Stone Chips Aggregate 0.20

TOTAL COST OF MATERIALS FOR DESIGN% C F.A. C.A. S.C.A. Total Cost/

m3% Cost Change

0 383.21 569.38 1231.11 - 3446.80 010 383.21 569.38 1108.0 123.11 3391.40 -1.6120 383.21 569.38 984.89 246.22 3336.0 -3.2130 383.21 569.38 861.78 369.33 3280.60 -4.8240 383.21 569.38 738.67 492.44 3225.20 -6.4350 383.21 569.38 615.55 615.55 3169.79 -8.04

As per literature review, up to approximate 30% stone chips aggregate utilized for economical and sustainable development of concrete.

Stone chips aggregate in concrete can save the stone industry disposal costs and produce a ‘greener’ concrete for construction.

Stone chips are providing a cost effective alternative to conventional natural aggregates, by reducing the cost of concrete.

Thus, an innovative supplementary Construction Material and also beneficial for financial aspects along with reduced Pollution.

Utilization of Sludge, Slurry and Sawing Powder

The Stone Waste can also be utilized in the formation of :

Floor Finishing ( Kernelrazzo Floor Finish)

Brick Blocks

As Filler in Bituminous Hot Mixtures

Porcelain Tile Formations

Ceramic Products

Marble Sludge Filled Hybrid Natural Rubber Composites

Enhancement of The Processing Of Clay Products

Vetiver Grass Technique for MINE TAILING REHABILITATIONand DUMP YARD SLOPE STABILITY

Unique morphological characteristics include a massive finely structured and deep root system capable of reaching 3-4m in the first year. In addition vetiver is tolerant to extreme climatic variation such as prolonged drought, flood, submergence and extreme temperature.

It is also tolerance to wide range of soil pH, from 3.0 to 10.5, highly tolerant to soil salinity, sodicity, acidity, Aluminium and Manganese toxicities, and heavy metals such as Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium,

Nickel, Lead, Zinc, Mercury, Selenium and Copper in the soil.

Technical Specifications

Name Vetiver Grass (English), Khus Khus (Urdu/Hindi)

Family Chrysopogon zizanioides, C.nigratana, C. nemoralis

Habit Perennial grass, up to 2 m high, with a strong dense and mainly vertical root system often measuring more than 3 m.

It is by nature a hydrophyte, but often thrives under xerophytic conditions

Climate Mean 18 - 25º CAbsolute minimum - 15ºCGrowth normally starts above 12ºC

Soil Grows best on deep sandy loam soils. However it will grow on most soil types ranging from

black cracking vertisols through to red alfisols. It will grow on rubble, both acid (ph3) and

alkali (pH11) soils, it is tolerant to high levels of mineral toxicities - aluminium, manganese

(550 ppm). It will survive complete submergence in water for up to five months.

It grows on both shallow and deep soils.

Thank You