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Chapter Introduction
Section 1: The Early Years
Section 2: The War Continues
Section 3: The War Moves West and South
Section 4: The War is Won
Visual Summary
Chapter Intro
The Early Years
Essential Question What challenges did the American revolutionaries face at the start of the war?
Chapter Intro
The War Continues
Essential Question How did the United States gain allies and aid during the Revolutionary War?
Chapter Intro
The War Moves West and South
Essential Question How did fighting in the West and South affect the course of the Revolutionary War?
Chapter Intro
The War is Won
Essential Question How did the battle of Yorktown lead to American independence?
Chapter Time Line
Chapter Time Line
Section 1-Essential Question
What challenges did the American revolutionaries face at the start of the war?
Section 1-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• mercenary
• recruit
Academic Vocabulary
• transfer
• previous
Reading Guide
Section 1-Key Terms
Key People and Events
• Hessian
• Molly Pitcher
• General William Howe
• Nathan Hale
Reading Guide (cont.)
• Lemuel Hayes
• Peter Salem
• Benedict Arnold
• General Horatio Gates
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1-Polling Question
Which quality of an army do you think is most important for success?
A. Size of the army
B. Strong leadership
C. Advanced technology
D. Enthusiasm for their cause
A B C D
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Section 1
The Opposing Sides
The British and American forces each had advantages and disadvantages during the war for American independence.
Section 1
• British advantages in the war included:
– The strongest navy in the world
– An experienced and well-trained army
– Great wealth
– A much larger population
The Opposing Sides (cont.)
The Revolutionary War, 1776–1777
Section 1
• American disadvantages in the war included:
– The absence of a regular army and strong navy
– A short supply of weapons and ammunition
– Some colonists, such as the Loyalists, did not support the war for independence.
The Opposing Sides (cont.)
The Revolutionary War, 1776–1777
Section 1
• American advantages in the war included:
– The ability to fight on their own ground
– Determination to gain freedom from Britain
– The British relied on Hessian mercenaries to fight for them.
– George Washington as a leader
The Opposing Sides (cont.)
The Revolutionary War, 1776–1777
Section 1
• Because Colonists were unwilling to transfer power to their own Continental Congress, Congress experienced difficulty enlisting soldiers and raising money to fight the war.
• The Congress established the Continental Army but depended on the states to recruit soldiers.
The Opposing Sides (cont.)
The Revolutionary War, 1776–1777
Section 1
• Some women, such as Molly Pitcher, fought with the Patriot forces.
The Opposing Sides (cont.)
The Revolutionary War, 1776–1777
• The best officers in the Continental Army were veterans of previous wars.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B
C
D
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One of the Patriots’ greatest advantages was which of the following?
A. A larger population
B. Mercenaries fighting on their side
C. A stronger navy
D. George Washington as their military leader
Section 1
Patriot Defeats and Victories
After suffering defeat at the Battle of Long Island, the Americans rallied and won victories at Trenton and Princeton.
Section 1
• The British commander, General William Howe, hoped the sheer size of his army would convince the Patriots to give up.
• Before being hanged as a spy, Patriot Nathan Hale said, “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.”
• As many as 5,000 African Americans—such as Lemuel Hayes and Peter Salem— joined the Patriots.
Patriot Defeats and Victories (cont.)
Section 1
• On Christmas night 1776, Washington and 2,400 troops crossed the Delaware River and surprised the enemy at Trenton the next day.
Patriot Defeats and Victories (cont.)
The Battle of Trenton, 1776
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B
C
D
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Historians estimate that how many African Americans joined the Patriots to fight?
A. 500
B. 1,000
C. 5,000
D. 10,000
Section 1
A British Plan for Victory
The British plan to separate New England from the Middle Colonies was foiled at the Battle of Saratoga.
Section 1
• The British wanted to gain control of the Hudson River, which would separate New England from the Middle Colonies.
• The British captured Philadelphia but were stopped in New York by American forces led by Benedict Arnold.
• In the Battle of Saratoga, American troops under the command of General Horatio Gates surrounded the British troops and their plan to separate the colonies failed.
A British Plan for Victory (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B
C
D
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At which battle was the British plan to separate the colonies foiled?
A. The Battle of Saratoga
B. The Battle of Trenton
C. The Battle of Philadelphia
D. The Battle of Burgoyne
Section 2-Essential Question
How did the United States gain allies and aid during the Revolutionary War?
Section 2-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• desert
• inflation
Academic Vocabulary
• aid
• issue
Reading Guide
Section 2-Key Terms
Key People and Events
• Bernardo de Gálvez
• Marquis de Lafayette
• Friedrich von Steuben
• Juan de Miralles
• Judith Sargeant Murray
• Abigail Adams
Reading Guide (cont.)
A. A
B. B
Section 2-Polling Question
When you are involved a debate, do you prefer to have others on your side helping or to argue on your own?
A. Others helping
B. On your own
A B
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Section 2
Gaining Allies
Even with aid from other nations and individuals, the Patriots had difficulty financing their war for independence.
Section 2
• Realizing that the Americans had a chance of defeating Britain, the French declared war on Britain and sent money, equipment, and troops to aid the American patriots.
• Spain also declared war on Britain in 1779 and the Spanish governor of Louisiana, Bernardo de Gálvez, raised an army.
Gaining Allies (cont.)
Section 2
• Many men deserted the Continental Army during a winter of terrible suffering at Valley Forge. However, the Continental Army did survive the winter.
• Among the leaders at Valley Forge was a French noble, the Marquis de Lafayette.
• Friedrich von Steuben, a former army officer from Prussia, also came to help General Washington.
Gaining Allies (cont.)
Section 2
• Juan de Miralles arrived in Philadelphia in 1778 as a representative of Spain.
• To pay for the war, the Congress and the states printed hundreds of millions of dollars’ worth of paper money, which led to inflation.
Gaining Allies (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B
C
D
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What is the main reason that European nations helped the Americans fight for independence?
A. They knew America would become a superpower one day.
B. The American politicians promised them money in return.
C. They admired their cause.
D. They disliked the British.
Section 2
Life on the Home Front
The ideals of liberty and freedom that inspired the American Revolution carried through to the issues of women’s interests and slavery.
Section 2
• The ideals of liberty and freedom that inspired the American Revolution also caused some women to question their place and treatment in American society.
– Judith Sargeant Murray argued that women’s minds are as good as men’s.
– Abigail Adams also stood up for women’s interests.
Life on the Home Front (cont.)
Section 2
• The Revolutionary War ideals also inspired some white Americans to question slavery; however, the issue of slavery would remain unsettled for many years.
• Loyalists who remained in the United States faced difficult times.
Life on the Home Front (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B
C
D
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Which of the following states did NOT attempt to abolish slavery around the time of the American Revolution?
A. Vermont
B. Virginia
C. New Hampshire
D. Pennsylvania
Section 3-Essential Question
How did fighting in the West and South affect the course of the Revolutionary War?
Section 3-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• blockade
• privateer
• guerrilla warfare
Academic Vocabulary
• impact
• sustain
Reading Guide
Section 3-Key Terms
Key People and Events
• Joseph Brant
• George Rogers Clark
• John Paul Jones
• Battle of Moore’s Creek
• General Charles Cornwallis
• Francis Marion
• Nathanael Greene
Reading Guide (cont.)
A. A
B. B
Section 3-Polling Question
Which method of fighting do you feel would be more effective—hand-to-hand combat or guerrilla warfare?
A. Hand-to-hand combat
B. Guerilla warfare
A B
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Section 3
War in the West
The British, along with their Native American allies, led attacks against settlers in the West.
Section 3
• Some Native Americans helped the Patriots, but more—including Mohawk chief Joseph Brant—sided with the British, who seemed less of a threat than the Americans.
• George Rogers Clark’s victory at Vincennes strengthened the American position in the West.
War in the West (cont.)
Native Americans in the Revolution
A. A
B. B
Section 3
With whom did most Native Americans side during the American Revolution?
A. Britain
B. America
A B
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Section 3
Glory at Sea
The American navy and American privateers had some successes against the powerful British navy.
Section 3
• Britain’s navy formed a blockade, preventing supplies and reinforcements from reaching the Continental Army.
• Because the American navy was too weak to operate effectively, the Second Continental Congress authorized approximately 2,000 ships to sail as privateers.
• A daring American naval officer, John Paul Jones, raided British ports and became a naval hero to the American Patriots.
Glory at Sea (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B
C
D
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Of the thirteen American warships built to fight the British, how many actually made it to sea?
A. One
B. Two
C. Five
D. Ten
Section 3
Struggles in the South
Great Britain hoped that a strong campaign in the South would help the war.
Section 3
• In 1776 the Americans crushed Loyalists at the Battle of Moore’s Creek, near Wilmington, North Carolina.
• Hoping to use their sea power and the support of the Loyalists to win decisive victories, General Charles Cornwallis commanded the British forces in the Southern states.
Struggles in the South (cont.)
The Revolutionary War in the West and South, 1778–1781
Section 3
• Francis Marion successfully used the hit-and-run technique of guerrilla warfare against the British in South Carolina.
• In October 1780, Nathanael Greene’s army was forced to retreat from Guilford Courthouse in North Carolina, but the British sustained great losses in the process of fighting.
Struggles in the South (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B
C
D
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Francis Marion, a successful guerrilla leader, was known by what nickname?
A. Hiding Francis
B. Merry Marion
C. The Swamp Fox
D. The Mountain Man
Section 4-Essential Question
How did the Battle of Yorktown lead to American independence?
Section 4-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• ratify
• ambush
Academic Vocabulary
• strategy
• pursue
Reading Guide
Section 4-Key Terms
Key People and Events
• Comte de Rochambeau
• François de Grasse
• Battle of Yorktown
• Benjamin Franklin
• John Adams
• John Jay
• Treaty of Paris
Reading Guide (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4-Polling Question
How important do you think planning is to the successful outcome of a project?
A. Very important
B. Somewhat important
C. Somewhat unimportant
D. Very unimportant A B C D
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Section 4
Victory at Yorktown
Washington’s complicated battle plan led to the important American victory at Yorktown.
Section 4
• General Washington changed his battle plan when he learned that Admiral François de Grasse, the French naval commander, was heading toward Chesapeake Bay instead of New York.
• Washington’s secret strategy was to attack the British at Yorktown, Virginia, with the help of French soldiers commanded by Comte de Rochambeau.
Victory at Yorktown (cont.)
Section 4
• The Patriots won the Battle of Yorktown which led to the British surrender.
Victory at Yorktown (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4
A B
C
D
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Which song was played as the British marched between rows of French and American troops to hand over their weapons?
A. “The National Anthem”
B. “The Battle Hymn of the Republic”
C. “Yankee Doodle”
D. “The Noble Duke of York”
Section 4
Independence
The Patriots’ spirit and resolve helped them win independence.
Section 4
• The Patriot victory at Yorktown convinced the British that the war was too costly to pursue.
• The Americans sent Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay to Paris to negotiate a treaty with the British.
• The American Congress ratified the preliminary treaty in April 1783, and the final Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, 1783.
Independence (cont.)
Section 4
• Washington urged Congress to fund the American soldiers’ pensions, preventing a revolt, and then resigned and retired to Mount Vernon, Virginia.
• There are several reasons why the Americans won the Revolutionary War:
Independence (cont.)
– They fought on their own land while the British had to bring troops and supplies from thousands of miles away.
Section 4
– They knew the local terrain and where to lay an ambush.
– They had help from other nations, such as France and Spain.
– The Revolution was a people’s movement with the outcome depending on the determination and spirit of the Patriots.
Independence (cont.)
• The American Revolution inspired the French Revolution and revolution in the French colony of Saint Domingue.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4
A B
C
D
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Which of the following is NOT a provision of the Treaty of Paris?
A. The Loyalists would have a year to move to British territory.
B. Britain would withdraw its troops from American territory.
C. Americans could fish in the waters off the coast of Canada.
D. British merchants could collect debts the Americans owed them.
Figure 1a
Figure 1b
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
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Vocab1
mercenary
paid soldier who serves in the army of a foreign country
Vocab2
recruit
to enlist soldiers in the army
Vocab3
transfer
to move from one place to another
Vocab4
previous
earlier, coming before
Vocab5
desert
to leave without permission
Vocab6
inflation
a continuous rise in the price of goods and services
Vocab7
aid
to help
Vocab8
issue
point or matter of discussion
Vocab9
blockade
cut off an area by means of troops or warships to stop supplies or people from coming in or going out; to close off a country’s ports
Vocab10
privateer
armed private ship licensed to attack merchant ships
Vocab11
guerrilla warfare
a hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes
Vocab12
impact
effect or influence
Vocab13
sustain
to suffer or experience
Vocab14
ratify
to give official approval to
Vocab15
ambush
a surprise attack
Vocab16
strategy
plan of action
Vocab17
pursue
to continue
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