Post on 24-Jan-2016
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Ryne P. RaffaelleNational Center for PhotovoltaicsNational Renewable Energy Lab
NY Solar Industries 2010Albany, NY
May 12-13, 2010
NREL Photovoltaic Science and Technology
PV Opportunities in the U.S.• The US has the largest solar resource of any industrialized
country in the world.
• Developing the technology and industrial base to harness this resource is the key to the transformation “green economy” and the US economic recovery.
PV Industry Roadmap – US DOE
3 TW
Solar Energy Potential
Source: Nathan S. Lewis, California Institute of Technology
Average insolation kWh/m2/day
Global Solar Energy Resource
6 Boxes at 3.3 TW Each
Theoretical: 120,000 TW Energy in 1 hour of sunlight 14 TWPractical: ≈ 600 TW
Worldwide Solar Energy
Source: Nathan S. Lewis, California Institute of Technology
Solar Energy Potential
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy operated by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle
In October 2008, the Alliance for Sustainable Energywas awarded the contract to manage NREL
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy FutureNational Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
National Renewable Energy Lab
What makes NREL unique?• Only national laboratory dedicated to renewable energy
and energy efficiency R&D• Collaboration with industry and university partners is a
hallmark• Ability to link scientific discovery and product
development to accelerate commercialization
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
NREL’s R & D Portfolio
Efficient Energy Use• Vehicle
Technologies• Building
Technologies• Industrial
Technologies
Energy Delivery and Storage
• Electricity Transmission and Distribution
• Alternative Fuels • Hydrogen Delivery
and Storage
Renewable Resources• Wind and water• Solar• Biomass• Geothermal
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy FutureNational Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
Unprecedented Growth
200935% Growth Total Campus25% NREL Staff (> 400 new hires)111 Current Open Positions
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy FutureNational Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
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NREL just broke 2000 employee barrier in April!
Photovoltaic Timeline
• 1839 – photovoltaic effect discovered• 1883 – first solar cell created• 1946 - modern pn junction solar cell demonstrated• 1954 – doped silicon first used in solar cells• 1958 - first spacecraft to use solar panels • 1970 – GaAs solar cells created• 1989 – first dual junction cell created• 1993 - first dual junction cells for spacecraft• 1995 – 30% efficiency barrier broken• 2004 – terrestrial solar cell production exceeds 1 GW• 2009 – 40% efficiency barrier broken
• Solar Energy Research Institute (1974)
• Begins operation in (1977)
• Reagan cuts budget by 90%
• SERI becomes National Lab (1991)
• National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL
• National Center for Photovoltaics (NCPV) established in 1996
Research in the NCPV: Past
NCPV
NCPV Charter
The National Center for Photovoltaics (NCPV) focuses on innovations in PV technology that drive industry growth in U.S. photovoltaic manufacturing.
The NCPV is directed to use the resources and capabilities of the national labs and universities for the benefit of the U.S. PV industry.
The NCPV was created to enhance communication, catalyze strategic partnerships, and serve the PV industry a the place to come to access the wealth of knowledge and facilities within the DOE system.
The NCPV charge is to accelerate PV as a viable energy option in the U.S.
World Record PV Efficiencies
NREL
NREL
NREL
NREL
NREL
NREL
NREL
NREL
NREL Technology Breakthroughs
Science & Technology Facility
Outdoor Test Facility
Solar Energy Research Facility
Process Development and Integration Lab
PV Facilities at NREL
Photovoltaics (PV)
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)
DOESolar Energy Technology
Program
Distributed Generation - on-site or near point of use
-
Centralized Generation
- large users or utilities -
System Integration
Market Transformation
DOE Solar Electricity Technology Program
20x-100x III-V MJs, 500x CdTe, CIGs, a-Si ~ 1-2 um
c-Si ~ 180 um
NCPV Technology Portfolio
Growth of Global PV Industry
US PV Market Share
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Global PV Deployment
http://www.energy.soton.ac.uk/solar/solar.html
Cost versus Production
Agenda Slide (Arial Narrow, 28 pt)
= Q3 2009 Price
= End-of-Year 2010 Price
Public data from SEC, analysts, etc.
PV Production Status
Navigant ‘08 Actual 5.4 GW ▲
PV News ‘08 Actual 6.9 GW ▲
* Goldman projection is for demand** Navigant projection is for accelerated case
Source: U.S. Dept. of Energy
Policy Driven Scenarios
PV Market Predictions
Source: Navigant Consulting
NCPV: Present
Crystalline Si
Poly X-tal Si
CdTe
a-Si
CIGS
Thin FilmsWafers
III-V
Concentrators
Low X
High X
Portable
Polymeric
Multijunction Solar Cells
load
Multi-junction solar cell
V1
V2
V3
• Creation of a fundamentally new technology path, the inverted lattice-mismatched (IMM) cell. This cell design resulted in the new 1 sun solar cell efficiency record (33.8%). Also, this technology allowed NREL to break the 40% AM1.5 photovoltaic conversion efficiency barrier under concentration! This technology shatters all records related to specific power (~3000 W/kg) (enabling for a host of PV spin-off applications, man portable energy scavenging, space power systems).
• Remarkably rapid transfer of the technology to industry. RF Micro Devices, Emcore, Spectrolab, Microlink.
• R&D 100 Award and the 2009 Federal Laboratory Consortium Award for Excellence in Technology Transfer.
Inverted Metamorphic Solar Cell
> 40% Efficient
Concentrating Photovoltaics
Thin Film PV
Ascent Solar
•Amorphous Si (aSi)•CdTe•Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS)
32
BIPV
Size Matters
Source: Nathan S. Lewis, California Institute of Technology
3.6 TW US Consumption
10% 20% 30% 40%
Efficiency
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs – UN Bruntland Commission
NCPV Future: Making PV More SustainableEconomical• Raw materials usage• Abundant Materials• Manufacturability• Efficiency • Durability• Market Assessment
Environmentally Safe• Non-toxic alternatives• Aqueous based materials• Re-use, Reman, Recycle• Environmental Impact Assessment
Societal • Reliability• Building Integrated (BIPV)• Productization
Cost ($/W)
Performance
Reliability
Cost ($/W) Performance
ReliabilityResidential 8-10 ¢/kWhCommercial 6-8 ¢/kWhUtility 5-7 ¢/kWh
2015 Goals:
Cost ($/W)
Performance
Reliability
Efficiency $ / m2
$ /
Wp
$/Watt of Module Price vs Efficiency and $/m2 Costs
Cost CompetitiveTarget
DOE SETP Goals
Comparison of Production Costs for Conventional Silicon and CdTe Thin Film Modules
Silicon $2.10/W CdTe $1.10/W
Feedstock 23%Coated Glass 29%
Ingot 12%
Materials 3%
Wafer 14%Equipment 13%
Cell 24%
Operating 5%
Encapsulation 27%
Encapsulation 50%
Source: U.S. Dept. of Energy
U.S. Production Trends
Predicted PV Revenues
Energy and Si-intensive wafers
Add Carbon & Heat Energy
pureSiHCl
3
orSiH4
CO2
Sand metallurgicalgrade Si
Add Heat Energy
(1000 °C)
siliconfeedstock
Add more heat energy (1500°C)
Waste ~1/2in sawing
Use 10X more than needed • ~ 2 yr energy payback
• $0.60/W - $1.00/W for feedstock alone
41
Vision for Si wafer replacement
Add Carbon & Heat Energy
pureSiHCl3
orSiH4CO2
Sand metallurgicalgrade Si
Directly depositenough pure siliconfor light absorption
HWCVD is best low-T scalable technique
NREL Si Group: H. Branz, MRS 2009
• Metamorphic Growth• Inverted Metamorphic Growth• 4, 5, … Junction Devices• Dilute Nitride Devices• Poly III-V• Mechanical Stacking• Optical Spectrum Splitting• Concentrator Designs• QM Bandgap Engineering• IBSC
h from 30% to 40% and beyond?
Emcore
Next Generation PV
Process Development and Integration Laboratory (PDIL)
Tooling Standards
Integration of Deposition, Processing, and Characterization
Solar Market Standards
NREL T&E1366 Technologies3M AMONIX ADCOAdvent SolarApplied Materials Applied Optical SciencesBASFBP SolarBRP Manufacturing Dow ChemicalCaliSolarDupontFirst SolarGT SolarInfoscitexInnovalightKonarkaNanoSolarPrimeStarSolar Power Industries SolFocusSchott SolarSkyline SolarSpectrolab (Boeing)SunPowerTruSealUni-Solar
IncubatorNew Pre-IncubatorTechnology Pathway PartnershipsPV Supply ChainFuture Generation ProgramPV Manufacturing Initiative
Working with the NCPV
Pre-IncubatorBanyan EnergyCrystal SolarISETTiSolAscent Solar TechnologiesEPIR TechnologiesMicroLink Devices1366 TechnologiesLightwave PowerVanguard SolarSempriusSpectraWattLuna Innovations
IncubatorCalsiolarSol FocusMicroLink DevicesSoloPowerPrimestarAVA SolarPlextronicsInnovalightSpire SolarSolexel1366 TechnologiesSolastaSkyline
TPPsAmmonixSunpowerSoliantGeneral ElectricKonarkaNanosolarBP SolarGreenrayUnisolarDow Chemical
Ind. CRADAsPlextronicsSiXtronCorning/Varian
UniversitiesToledoDelawareFloridaArizona StateCal TechRITMITPenn StateGeorgia TechStanfordUC DavisCSMColoradoColorado StateIllinoisMichiganSouth FloridaWashington
Next GenWakondaVoxtelSolastaSolexantSoltaixVoxtel
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Operated for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
By the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC
Visit us online at www.nrel.gov
Questions?