Rikard pennell aea_2012_final

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Integrating GIS & Cost Analyses: Mapping School Transportation for

Foster Youth

Center for Family & Community Engagementhttp://www.cfface.org

Dr. Joan Pennelljpennell@ncsu.edu

R.V. Rikardrvrikard@ncsu.edu

Professor & Center Director

Research Manager

Fostering Youth Educational Success (YES!)

http://cfface.chass.ncsu.edu/Fostering_Yes/index.php

Who are the Partner Organizations?

Cumberland County Department of Social Services, Public Schools,

Mental Health, and County Court collaborate with North

Carolina State University.

What is Fostering YES?A project to support foster youth success in their school, home, and community. This project gives foster youth a say in their educational

planning and builds community capacity.

Who funds the Project?A U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Administration for Child and Families, Children’s Bureau grant supports the project.

Why is the Project Needed?Foster youth have frequent changes in where they live and go to school, leading to increased grade-level retentions. On average, foster youth in Cumberland County attend six schools.

Trauma & Academic Performance

• Foster youth traumatized by:– Child abuse and neglect– Removal and placement– Separation from school of origin & friends

• Trauma leads to hyper arousal, lack of self-control, & learning disabilities

• Enter care with histories of absences, truancy, expulsions, and school transfer

• These problems compounded in care• Age out of care at risk of depression,

homelessness, unemployment, & incarceration

Impact of School Changes

• A positive school experience can offset trauma and promote wellbeing

• Fostering Connections 2008 legislation mandates child welfare to strive for school stability

• Foster youth experience educational instability--transfers, delays, disruptions, ostracism

• Lose average of 4-6 months of educational progress for every school move

Purpose:

1. Develop a pragmatic method to estimate transportation costs as well as maximizing revenue streams and strategic placement of foster youth.

2. The method employs a set of focused cost models and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data to develop and inform strategic planning.

Foster Youth ID

CCS School Performan

ce Data

DSS – GIS Data (School of

Origin Address, School Placement Address, Foster

Placement Adress)

Data Sharing Strategy

NOTE: Foster Youth ID is first three letters of last name, 4 digit birth year, 2 digit birth month, 2 digit birth date. For example: ABC20000131

Location: Cumberland County, NC

Data

Cumberland County

DSS

N =278

Cumberland

Public Schools

N =268

Match Process with 1st

Placement AddressN = 137

Concern: is there a significant difference between youth with and without first placement address?

• Lack of demographic data (i.e., age, sex, race/ethnicity).

• However, using grade level of youth as of July, 2011.

Data (cont.)

With alpha at 0.05 and df-t: 263.7; p= 0.48579. No concern of significant difference.

MethodsWhat we know:

1. Hourly wage for Cumberland County Social Worker is $26.16.2. The average weekly price of gasoline from July 2008 – July 2011 is $2.821

1. Energy Information Administration http://tonto.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=EMM_EPMR_PTE_R1Y_DPG&f=W

What we don’t know:1. Distance (in miles) and, 2. Duration (in minutes) to transport a foster youth.

Methods (cont.)Develop a Google Maps Application Programming Interface (API) to calculate distance and duration

It is possible to generate a database of average miles and average minutes using a Google Maps API.

First Placement

Second Placement

Third Placement

First Second Third $-

$2,000.00

$4,000.00

$6,000.00

$8,000.00

$10,000.00

$12,000.00

Foster Youth Transportation Cost per Placement Event

Placement Event

n = 134

n = 106

n = 58

Limitations1. Limited demographic data,2. Limited educational data, 3. Few explanatory variables,4. Cross sectional, and 5. Only examine fiscal costs not human costs

BUT….6. Some very stark findings, 7. Emphasis on cost, time, and movement

Implications

Cumberland County DSS automated data collection system – Placement and Removals and Family Planning Meetings.

State of NC moving to data sharing system: NC Educational Stability Task Force.

Adoption of metric to measure progress – for example: Number of Retentions, Number of School Moves.

Bateman, I. J., Garrod, G. D., Brainard, J. S., & Lovett, A. A. (1996). Measurement issues in the travel cost method: A geographical information systems approach. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 47(1-4), 191–205. doi:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1996.tb00684.x

Boardman, A. E., Greenberg, D. H., Vining, A. R., & Weimer, D. L. (2001). Cost-Benefit Analysis: Concepts and Practice (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Carlson, D., Reder, S., Jones, N., & Lee, A. (2006). Homeless student transportation project evaluation ( No. WA-RD 665.1). Washington State Transportation Center (TRAC). Retrieved from http://evans.washington.edu/files/665.1.pdf

References

National Working Group on Foster Care and Education. (2011, July). Education is the lifeline for youth in foster care. Research Highlights on Education and Foster Care. Retrieved from http://www.casey.org/Resources/Publications/pdf/EducationalOutcomesFactSheet.pdf

Ray, A. (1984). Cost-benefit analysis: Issues and methodologies. World Bank.

Stotland, J., McInerney, M., Feierman, J., Burdick, K., McNaught, K., & Kelly, K. (2011). Fostering Connections Implementation Toolkit (p. 140). Retrieved from http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/migrated/child/education/publications/toolkit_combined_with_cover.authcheckdam.pdf

Wang, F. (2006). Quantitative methods and applications in GIS. CRC Press.

Yuan, M. (2001). Representing complex geographic phenomena in GIS. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 28(2), 83–96.

References

Integrating GIS & Costs Analyses: Mapping School Transportation for

Foster Youth

Center for Family & Community Engagementhttp://www.cfface.org

Dr. Joan Pennelljpennell@ncsu.edu

R.V. Rikardrvrikard@ncsu.edu

Professor & Center Director

Research Manager