RESEARCH TOOL & DATA COLLECTION

METHOD

-VIPIN PATIDAR

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www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.comINTRODUCTION

Tools are instruments used to collect

information for performance assessments, self-evaluations, and external evaluations.

Tools need to be strong enough to support what the evaluations find during research.

Depending on the nature of the information to be gathered, different instruments are used to conduct the assessment forms for gathering data.

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DEFINITION OF TOOL: It is a testing device for measuring a

given event, such as , a questionnaire, an interview or a set of guidelines or checklist for observation.

It is an instrument or machine that aids in accomplishing a task.

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MEANING OF RESEARCH TOOLS:

Research tools are:

the Instruments used for the purpose of data collection,

are measurable and observable for data analysis & interpretation

constructed by researcher according to objectives.

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PRINCIPLES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF RESEARCH TOOL:

Principles

questioning words must be

concise, complete and definite.

Keep in mind the sequence and

order of question i.e. psychological

order.

One question should not

influence the other.

Tool must not be too long or too short. It should complete within 25-30 minutes.Should be

attractive in appearance. 

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DEFINITION OF DATA Data collection is a systematic process of collecting detail information about desire objective from selected sample under controlled settings.

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DATA COLLECTION:

Primary data collection

personal contact observations is needed

face to face contact with the participants is

required.

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PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION:

In-person surveys

• to gain general answers to basic questions.

Direct observation

• When the researcher is directly involved with the study group.

Interviews • used to gain more in depth answers to complex questions.

Focus groups

• certain sample groups are asked their opinion about a certain subject or theory.

www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.comCONTD……..

These data collection tools: allow for a true measurement of accuracy and

let the researcher obtain any unspoken observations about the participants while conducting research.

E.g. Socio-economic surveys, studies related to rural or tribal communities, nursing research, hospital management studies, knowledge awareness practice studies etc.

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SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION:

Postal mail

Electronic mail

Telephone

Web-based surveys

It is done :when very

large group of population is

required.When

Personal contact is not possible for

the researcher to

collect the data.e.g:

Institutional survey,

organizational research

etc.

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METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION:Method refers to the way of gathering

data, a tool is an instrument used for the method.

(1) observation method (2) interview method (3) Questionnaire (4) physiological measurement

www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com ONE OR MORE METHODS HAS/HAVE TO BE CHOSEN. THE CHOICE OF A METHOD DEPENDS UPON THE FOLLOWING FACTORS:

The nature of the study of the subject-matter. The unit of enquiry. The size and spread of the sample. Scale of the survey. The educational level of respondents. The type and depth of information to be

collected. The availability of skilled and trained manpower.

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1) OBSERVATION TECHNIQUE: One of the basic method and oldest

method. Data is obtained by investigator own

direct observation without asking from the respondent.

If observation is systematically planned and recorded can be used to checked for their validity and reliability.

Assessed through senses with or without mechanical devices.

Commonly used for behavioral studied.

www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.comTypes of Observation Technique:STRUCTURE

D• Standardized condition of observation.

• Careful definition of units to be observed.

• The style of recording the observed information

• E.g. Descriptive studies

UNSTRUCTURED

• The observation does not take place as in structured observation.

• E.g. Explanatory studies

www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.comInstruments/ Tools for observation method:

Field notesAnecdotesChecklist 

www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.comAdvantages & Disadvantages of Observation Technique:

Advantages Disadvantages

1) Subject bias is eliminated.

1) An expensive method

2) Relates to what is currently happening.

2) Information is very limited

3) Independent of respondent.

3) Unforeseen factors may interfere with the observational task.

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2) INTERVIEW METHOD The interview method of collecting of

data involves presentation of oral stimuli and reply in terms of oral response.

It can be used through personal interviews and if possible, through telephone interview

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CLASSIFICATION 2.1. Personal

interviewA. StructuredB. Unstructured C. FocusedD. Clinical E. Non-directive

2.2. Telephonic interview

www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com2.1 Personal interviews:

Asking question generally in a face to face to collect the information.

The sort of investigation may be in the form of direct personal investigation or may be indirect .

www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.coma) Structured interview:

Involve the use of a set of predetermined questions and of highly standardized techniques of recording.

Advantage DisadvantageRequire less knowledge and skill

Provide only superficial information

Less time consuming More rigid hence no freedom

More systematic and authentic

Not possible in all situations

www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.comb) Unstructured interviews: Flexibility of approach to questioning. It doesn’t follow a system of

predetermined questions and standardized techniques of recording information.Advantage: Disadvantage

Allow greater freedom to ask question

It demands knowledge and greater skill

Methods provide flexibility according to situation

Difficult to analyze the information

Data are more adequate and accurate

Time consuming

www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.comc) Focused interview: To focus attention on the given experience

of the respondent and its effects. d) Clinical interview: it is concerned with broad underlying

feelings of individual's life experience.

e) Non-directive interview: encourage the respondent to talk about

the given topic with a bare minimum of direct questioning

www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.comII. Telephone interview: collecting information consists in

contacting respondents on telephone.

Advantage: It is more flexible in comparison to

mailing method It is faster than other methods Recall is easy, call back are simple and

economical Disadvantage: Shortage of time for respondents to reply Restricted to respondents who have

telephone facilities

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It comprises a series of questions prepared by the researcher that are answered and filled by all the respondent. This is usually popular self report or self-administered method. It commonly used to get demographic data.It allow the collection of larger data from large no. of sample quickly and inexpensively.

3) QUESTIONNAIRE:

www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.comStructure of Question:

Open ended questionClose

ended/fixed/alternative

•When researcher want more information.

•Limited respond.

• difficult to analyze. •Easy to analysis

e.g. Why did you choose to take your graduate work at this university?

e.g. Have you ever taken a course in statistics?

( ) yes( ) No

www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.comADVANTAGESCan be posted, e-mailed or faxed.Can cover a large number of people or organizations.Wide geographic coverage.Relatively cheap.No prior arrangements are needed.Avoids embarrassment on the part of the respondent.Respondent can consider responses.

www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.comDISADVANTAGES:Design problems.Questions have to be relatively simple.Historically low response rate (although inducements may help).Time delay whilst waiting for responses to be returned.Require a return deadline.Several reminders may be required.Assumes no literacy problems.No control over who completes it.Not possible to give assistance if required.

www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.comTYPES OF CLOSED ENDED QUESTION A. Dichotomous questionsB. Multi choice questionsC. Cafeteria questionsD. Rank order questionsE. Rating scaleF. ChecklistG. Visual analogue scales[VAS]

www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.comA. Dichotomous questions

It makes the respondent to make a choice between two responses such as “Yes/No” “Male/Female”

E.g. Have you been hospitalized?

www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.comB. Multi-choice questions

It offers more than two response alternatives Graded alternatives are preferable for

opinion or attitude questions that give more information

E.g. how important is to you to avoid a pregnancy at this time

1. Extremely important 2. Very important3. Somewhat important4. Not at all important

www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.comC. Cafeteria questions These are special type of MCQ that ask

respondents to select a respondent’s response that most closely corresponds to their view.

E.g. People have different opinion or attitude about use of estrogen replacement therapy for women in menopause, which of the following statements best represents our joint view?

1. Estrogen replacement is dangerous and should be banned

2. Estrogen replacement has some side effects that suggest need for caution

3. I am undecided about view of Estrogen replacement therapy

4. Estrogen replacement has many beneficial effects

www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.comD. Rank-order questions It asks respondents to rank target concept

along some continuum such as most favorable or most to least important.

Respondents are asked to mark 1,2,3,4…. According to their importance and their should not be more than10 alternatives

E.g. people value different things about life. Below is

a list of principles or ideas that are often cited when people are asked to name things they value most by putting 1,2,3.etc.

i. Achievement and successii. Family relationshipiii. Health iv. Moneyv. Religion

www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.comF. Rating scale It asks the respondent to judge

something along an order dimension.

e.g. How satisfied are you with the nursing care during your hospitalization?

Extremely dissatisfied Extremely satisfied0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.comG. VISUAL ANALOG SCALE It is useful for assessing perception of

physic stimuli such as pain, sleep, quality and shortness of breath.

Advantage It is easy to develop for researcher.Widest possibility range of expression.

Disadvantage It includes concern with reliability and

validity.

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www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com4) PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT:It can be classified as In Vivo and In Vitro.

In Vivo includes measurements of those which are performed directly within or living organisms themselves; such as blood flow determination through radiography, IVP, cholecystography.An In Vitro measurement by contrast is performed outside the organism’s body, such as blood glucose, blood urea, serum Na+, K+.

www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.comPhysiological measurement can also be classified as listed below:

Physical measurement – Temperature, volume, pressure, electrical measures.Chemical measurements – hormones levels, sugar, urea, Hb%, potassium level, etc.Microbiological measurement – bacterial counts and identification.Anatomical and Cytological measurement – X-rays, tissue biopsies, tomography, CAT scan, etc.

Thank you

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