Properties and classification of matter

Properties and Properties and classification of classification of

mattermatter

What is matter?

All matter is composed All matter is composed of particles (of particles (atomsatoms, , ionsions or or moleculesmolecules). ).

We will be studying states of We will be studying states of matter:matter:

solidssolids

liquidsliquids

gasesgases

There is also There is also plasma, plasma, liquid crystal liquid crystal and and Bose-Einstein condensatesBose-Einstein condensates

– – the quantity of the quantity of particlesparticles in a in a substance substance

- mesured in - mesured in kg kg oror pounds pounds

– –the quantity of the quantity of space space occupied occupied by a substance by a substance

- mesured in - mesured in cmcm33 or or mLmL

SOLIDSSOLIDS

The particles are very The particles are very close togetherclose together

There is a high There is a high force of attractionforce of attraction between the particlesbetween the particles

Possess a Possess a defineddefined mass mass (does not change)(does not change)

Possess a Possess a defineddefined form form (does not change)(does not change)

SOLIDSSOLIDS

The particles The particles don’t spread out don’t spread out in a containerin a container

Cannot be Cannot be invisibleinvisible

The particles don’t move The particles don’t move around, but they can around, but they can vibratevibrate. . The The force of gravityforce of gravity is is always always pushing on the particles. pushing on the particles.

The particles are close together, but The particles are close together, but there is space between them. there is space between them.

The The force of attractionforce of attraction between the particles is between the particles is less than that of solids. less than that of solids. The particles can easily The particles can easily move around. move around.

LIQUIDSLIQUIDS

Possess a Possess a defined massdefined mass

Possess a Possess a defined volume defined volume

LIQUIDSLIQUIDS

The particlesThe particles spread out spread out in a container (they take in a container (they take the container’s form, so the container’s form, so their form is indefinite). their form is indefinite).

Cannot be Cannot be invisibleinvisible

Particles can Particles can move easilymove easily

LIQUIDSLIQUIDS

The particles are The particles are very very spread out. spread out.

Possess an Possess an undefined volume. undefined volume.

The The force of attractionforce of attraction is is very small, as is the very small, as is the force force of gravity. of gravity.

GASESGASES

Possess an Possess an undefinedundefined mass mass (as the particles are always (as the particles are always moving)moving)

Possess an Possess an undefinedundefined form form (take (take the form the form of their container) of their container)

GASESGASES

The particlesThe particles spread out spread out in a container (take its form)in a container (take its form)

Can be Can be invisibleinvisible

The particles can The particles can easily easily move around move around

Review: SolidsReview: Solids

Mass?Mass? Volume?Volume? Form?Form? Attraction?Attraction? Particles?Particles? Invisible?Invisible? Take the form of the container?Take the form of the container?

Review: LiquidsReview: Liquids

Review:GasesReview:Gases

Review: Solid, Liquid and/or Gas??Review: Solid, Liquid and/or Gas??

Particles move Particles move quicklyquickly

Particles only Particles only vibratevibrate

Takes the form Takes the form of its of its

containercontainer

The particles The particles are very are very

spread out spread out

Defined Defined massmass

Very little Very little attraction attraction

between the between the particlesparticles

Does not take Does not take the form of its the form of its

containercontainer

Defined masse Defined masse and volumeand volume

Not affected Not affected by gravityby gravity

Defined masse, Defined masse, defined defined volume, volume,

undefined formundefined form

Undefined Undefined VolumeVolume

Strong attraction Strong attraction between particlesbetween particles

Particles can move Particles can move aroundaround

Defined masse, Defined masse, defined volume, defined volume,

defined formdefined form

The particle theory of matter

- See page 156 of Science Power 9

PlasmaPlasma Exists at very high Exists at very high

temperaturestemperatures Exists in natureExists in nature Used in atomic Used in atomic

laserslasers Examples:Examples:

The Sun’s nucleus The Sun’s nucleus Stars Stars Flashes of Flashes of

lightninglightning

Bose-Einstein Condensates Bose-Einstein Condensates

The lowest state of The lowest state of mattermatter

Exists at very cold Exists at very cold termperatures only termperatures only

Absolute Zero Absolute Zero (0°Kelvin = -273 (0°Kelvin = -273 °Celsius)°Celsius)

All particle movement All particle movement stopsstops

A SUPER SOLID is A SUPER SOLID is formed!! formed!!

Bose-EinsteinCondensate

Name Starts as Finishes as

Example

Melting Solid Liquid Melting ice

Evaporation Liquid Gas Boiling water

Sublimation SolidGas

GasSolid

Carbon Dioxyde <-

> vapor

Condensation

Gas Liquid On windows in

the morning

Bose-EinsteinCondensate

MELTING

EVAPORATION

SOLIDIFICATION

CONDEN

SATION

SUBLIMATIO

The classification of matter

Matter

Mixtures PureSubstances

Pure SubstancesPure Substances A pure substance pure A pure substance pure is made up of is made up of

one type of particle (atoms or one type of particle (atoms or molecules)molecules)

WaterWater

ChlorineChlorine

OxygenOxygen

MixturesMixtures Contain 2Contain 2++ different types of particles that different types of particles that do not do not

chemically react. They maintain their chemical chemically react. They maintain their chemical characteristics but their physical properties may characteristics but their physical properties may change. change. Can be Can be heterogenous heterogenous or or homogenoushomogenous

Examples: Examples:

Sugar and waterSugar and water Salt and pepperSalt and pepper Gold ringGold ring Diet CokeDiet Coke

Pure substances

ElementCompound

Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Mixture

All particles are identical.

There is more than one type of particle

Matter

Mechanical Mixtures

Solutions

Types of MixturesTypes of Mixtures

Homogenous Homogenous MixturesMixtures

Heterogenous Heterogenous MixturesMixtures

- The particles are The particles are uniformly spread outuniformly spread out- Examples: Examples:

- salt water- salt water

- stirred Kool-Aid- stirred Kool-Aid

- The particles The particles are are not not uniformly spread uniformly spread outout- Examples:Examples: - Oil and waterOil and water- Concrete Concrete

Classify the MixtureClassify the Mixture

DietDiet PepsiPepsi

Flat DietFlat Diet PepsiPepsi

Black coffeeBlack coffee

Dirt Dirt

SugarSugar

The air in New The air in New YorkYork

SandSand

Aluminum foilAluminum foil

Sugar & waterSugar & water

SpaghettiSpaghetti

PaintPaint

MayonnaiseMayonnaise

AlcoholAlcohol

Chocolate chip Chocolate chip ice creamice cream

Oil and vinagar Oil and vinagar salad dressingsalad dressing

Vegetable SoupVegetable Soup

Matter

Mechanical Mixtures

Solutions

HeterogenousHomogenous

Homogenous mixtures Homogenous mixtures are called are called solutionssolutions

Heterogenous mixtures Heterogenous mixtures are called are called mechanical mechanical mixturesmixtures

1. 1. Mechanical Mixtures Mechanical Mixtures -They are -They are heterogeneous (have two or more visible heterogeneous (have two or more visible parts). The two different types of substances parts). The two different types of substances are easy to see and can be easily separated.are easy to see and can be easily separated.

a) a) Mechanical mixtures Mechanical mixtures - two solids mixed - two solids mixed together; e.g., sand and rocks, wood chips together; e.g., sand and rocks, wood chips and beads.and beads.

b) b) SuspensionsSuspensions - a solid and a liquid which - a solid and a liquid which mix but settle upon standing; e.g., silt and mix but settle upon standing; e.g., silt and water.water.

http://mrmcclung.ca/substances/substanceshome.html

Types of mixturesTypes of mixturesc) Colloids - are homogeneous mixtures that are made of particles of one substance suspended into another. The suspended particles get stuck in the spaces of the other particles. This allows them to scatter light. Colloids will show the Tyndall Effect.

Examples of colloids are: butter, mayonnaise, steam, clouds, fog, egg white, paint, smoke, whipped cream, shaving cream, gel, hair mousse, homogenized milkhttp://mrmcclung.ca/substances/substanceshome.html

Tyndal EffectTyndal EffectSome mixtures that appear to be solutions may prove not to be solutions after all. If the path of a bright light shining through a mixture can easily be seen, then that mixture is not a solution.

A non-solution contains particles large enough to scatter or reflect light, showing the path of light as it passes through the mixture. This scattering of light is called the Tyndall Effect. True solutions do not show the Tyndall Effect.

http://mrmcclung.ca/substances/substanceshome.html

2. Solutions- have minute particles that do not settle out. They are homogeneous transparent (can see through) with a solute is dissolved into a solvent

Examples: Non-transparent (ie. Alloys – a

homogeneous mixture of a metal with one or more metals or non-metals . Example: a nickel – 75% copper and 25% nickel

Transparent – salt water

http://www.edinformatics.com/math_science/suspensions_colloids.htm

Your turn!

MatterMatterDefinitionDefinition: All substances : All substances

which possess a masse which possess a masse and a volume and a volume

All matter possesses All matter possesses physical physical andand chemical chemical propertiesproperties

Chemical PropertiesChemical Properties

All properties which can All properties which can produce a new substanceproduce a new substance

Chemical PropertiesChemical Properties Examples:Examples:

A reaction with a substance A reaction with a substance which produces waterwhich produces water

Flammability Flammability Neutralizing an acid Neutralizing an acid RottingRottingCorrosionCorrosion

Chemical PropertiesChemical Properties Examples cont…Examples cont…

A reaction with water which A reaction with water which produces a gas produces a gas

The neutralization of a baseThe neutralization of a base A reaction with oxygenA reaction with oxygenElectromotivity (Electricity Electromotivity (Electricity can move through it)can move through it)

Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties

All properties which we All properties which we can observe or mesure can observe or mesure which do not create a new which do not create a new substancesubstance

Boiling point Boiling point Melting pointMelting point Density Density TasteTaste ColorColor

Solubility (the ability to Solubility (the ability to dissolve) dissolve)

Hardness Hardness Odor Odor Luster (reflection of light)Luster (reflection of light)

Classification of Classification of propertiesproperties

ChemicalPhysical

Qualitative Quantitative

Reacts with water colour melting temperature

Reacts with air texture boiling point

Reacts with pure oxygen

taste density

Reacts with acids smell viscosity

Reacts with other pure substances

state solubility

Toxicity crystal shape electrical conductivity

Stability malleability heat conductivity

Combustibility ductility

ChangesChanges

All matter undergoes All matter undergoes chemical chemical and and physical physical changeschanges

Change

Physical

Does not modify

Chemical

modifies

The nature of the substance

Don’t forget!! Don’t forget!!

Chemical Chemical

ChangeChangePhysical Physical

ChangeChange- A new - A new substance is substance is createdcreated

- A new - A new substance substance is not is not createdcreated

Indications of Chemical Indications of Chemical ChangeChange

1. Formation of a gas

2. Formation of a precipitate (solid)

3. Color change

4. Production of heat and or light

Indications of Physical Indications of Physical ChangeChange

1. Change of shape

2. Change of phase (state of matter)

Indications of Physical Indications of Physical ChangeChange

If we can If we can reverse the change,reverse the change, it is it is a physical change. a physical change.

Ex: Ex: water + salt = salt waterwater + salt = salt water

BUT: We can BUT: We can boilboil water and separate water and separate the water from the salt. the water from the salt.

* * Physical changePhysical change* *

Classify the changeClassify the change

Le fer se rouilleLe fer se rouille

Un oeuf est Un oeuf est cassécassé

L’hydroxde de L’hydroxde de sodium se sodium se dissout dans dissout dans l’eaul’eau

Un bougie brûleUn bougie brûle

Un glaçon fondeUn glaçon fonde

Les pétards Les pétards s’explosents’explosent

Classifier les Classifier les changements changements

Les stalactites de Les stalactites de glace (icicles) glace (icicles) formentforment

L’eau est chauffé L’eau est chauffé et devient la et devient la vapeurvapeur

Du lait qui Du lait qui tourne (sours)tourne (sours)

Tu laves ton chien Tu laves ton chien avec du savon et avec du savon et de l’eaude l’eau

Une barre de Une barre de chocolat qui chocolat qui fondefonde

On coupe leOn coupe lefromagefromage

L’acide sur le calcaire L’acide sur le calcaire (limestone) produit le (limestone) produit le dioxyde de carbonedioxyde de carbone

Une réaction entre Une réaction entre le vinaigre et le le vinaigre et le bicarbonate de bicarbonate de soude (baking soude (baking

soda)soda)

La bouilloire La bouilloire commence à commence à bouillirbouillir

Le forgeron forme un fer à cheval

Le bois qui Le bois qui pourrit (rotting)pourrit (rotting)

Ton chat fume une cigarette

Properties and classification of matter

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