Progressivism Review

Reform

• Change for the better

“Gilded Age”

• On the outside everything looked great, but underneath things were rotten

Tammany Hall

• “Political Machine” in New York City

Rockefeller

• Dominated the oil industry

• Practiced horizontal integration

Carnegie

• Pioneered vertical integration

• Extremely wealthy by age 40

• Donated $350 million by the time he died

Social Darwinism• Suggested that wealthy people had

superior wisdom and were the “fittest” members of society

Gustavus Swift

• Invented the refrigerated rail car

Upton Sinclair

• Wrote The Jungle based on close observations of how meat packers lived

Trusts

• Lower retail prices

• Availability of items that were once luxuries

• Development and use of new machinery

Vertical Integration

• Controlling all aspects of an industry

• Used by Carnegie

Progressives

• Ida Tarbell- anti- Rockefeller and Standard oil company

• Uptn Sinclair- author

• Ida B. Wells- anti-lynching

• Lester Ward- thought science should be used to improve the human condition

Political Reforms

• Initiative

• Recall

• Referendum

Politicians

• Could stay in power by doing favors for people

Immigrants

• Settled in U.S. cities for JOBS

Positives of Cities

• Jobs

• Electricity

• Indoor plumbing

Education

• Laws were passed requiring children to attend school

• Illiteracy rates declined

Immigrant Challenges

• U.S. cities with-– Gambling– Robbery– Political Corruption

Problems of Cities

• Waste disposal problems

• Slum Housing

• Crime

Monopolies

• Attempted to control the market by eliminating competition

Progressive Reformers

• Wanted to give voters more direct say in lawmaking

Robber Barons• Negative nickname given to men like

Rockefeller and Carnegie

Captains of Industry

• Positive nickname given to men like Rockefeller and Carnegie

New Immigrants

• Wave that came over around 1900

• Mainly from Italy, Greece, Russia, and other areas of Southern and Eastern Europe

New Immigrants

• More likely to be– Illiterate– Poor– Catholic or non-Protestant

Theodore Roosevelt

• Became famous as a Rough Rider on San Juan Hill

• Western Rancher

• Asthmatic

• Became President when McKinley was assassinated

Roosevelt’s Accomplishments

• Meat Inspection Act of 1906

• Increased number of national parks

• Arbitrated the United Mine Workers Strike

Woodrow Wilson

• Due to the Republican split, won the election of 1912 in an electoral landslide

Wilson

• Allowed press conferences

• Supported the Underwood Tariff reduction bill

• Program was known as “New Freedom”

1912 Election

• Woodrow Wilson- Democrat

• William Howard Taft- Republican

• Teddy Roosevelt- Progressive

W.E.B. Du Bois

• Felt blacks should receive equality immediately

Federal Trade Commission

• Established to stop unfair business practices among companies

• Supported by Wilson

Underwood Tariff

• Established to reduce the tariff

• High tariffs had been protecting American business

Jane Addams

• Wealthy woman that moved to Chicago and built Hull House to help the poor

Alcohol

• Viewed as a cause of violence against women

17th Amendment

• Direct election of senators

Carry Nation

• Strongly against alcohol

• Would scold and intimidate saloon patrons with a hatchet

Walter Rauschenbusch

• Religious leader during the Progressive era

• Thought Christians should better their communities by helping others

Robert La Follette

• Wisconsin Governor responsible for a great deal of reform legislation

Accommodation

• Idea that economic success for blacks was more important than racial equality

Mary Ritter Beard

• Wrote about the contributions of women in history

Muckrakers

• Writers whose articles attacked problems in the U.S.

19th amendment• Gave women the right to vote

Suffrage

• The right to vote

Seneca Falls

• Site of Women’s Rights conference in 1848

Leon Czolgosz

• Assassinated President McKinley

Immigrant

• Person entering a country to live there

Margaret Sanger

• Spoke to women about preventing pregnancy

Eugene V. Debs

• Socialists candidate in 1912 presidential election

Urbanization

• Growth of cities

Tenement Buildings

• Crowded, run down apartments in slums

Tariff

• Tax on imported goods

Nativism

• Preference for native-born Americans over immigrants

Teddy Roosevelt

• McKinley’s vice-president, became the youngest president ever

Temperance Movement

• Drive to restrict or prohibit use of alcohol

William Howard Taft

• Republican president from 1909-1913

UMW- United Mine Workers

• Called for a coal mine strike hoping for increased pay, less hours and union recognition