Post on 27-Mar-2020
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Principles of Information Systems textbook: Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Dr.Amer Alzaidi Department of Information Systems
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+Communication
n E-mail : aalzaidi@uj.edu.sa
n Office Hours: Sunday, Tuesday and Thursday from 9am until 12non. Note – Please send an e-mail if you want to book an appointment.
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+House Rules
n Formal Dress
n No Phone No Laptop on the table
n Once I start talking and you are not in the room you are late, welcome to attend but you will be marked as late.
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+Exam and Marks
Type Mark
Attendance and Participation 15
Mid-term 1 10
Mid-term 2 10
Lab 1 5
Lab 2 5
Assignment 15
Final 40
Total 100
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+Source of Studying
1. Textbook Author: Ralph Stair & George Reynolds Title: “Principles of Information Systems”, Sixth Edition
2. Course Presentation
3. Your own lecture notes
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+Course Outline n PART 1 Information Systems in Perspective
n Chapter 1 An Introduction to Information Systems in Organizations
n PART 2 Technology n Chapter 2 Hardware and Software n Chapter 3 Database Systems, Data Centers, and Business Intelligence n Chapter 4 Telecommunications, the Internet, Intranets, and Extranets
n PART 3 Business Information Systems n Chapter 5 Electronic and Mobile Commerce and Enterprise Systems n Chapter 6 Information and Decision Support Systems n Chapter 7 Knowledge Management and Specialized Information Systems
n PART 4 Systems Development and Social Issues n Chapter 8 Systems Development
n PART 5 Information Systems in Business and Society n Chapter 9 The Personal and Social Impact of Computers
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Chapter 1 An Introduction to Information Systems in Organizations Dr.Amer Alzaidi Department of
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+ Why Learn About Information Systems in Organizations?
n Information systems used by: n Sales representatives n Managers n Financial advisors
n Information systems: n Indispensable tools to help you achieve your career goals
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+ Introduction
n Information system (IS): n A set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate, and forecast
data and information and provide feedback to meet an objective
n Businesses: n Can use information systems to increase revenues and reduce costs
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+ Information Concepts
n Information: n One of an organization’s most valuable resources n Often confused with the term data
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+ Data, Information, and Knowledge
n Data: n Raw facts
n Information: n Collection of facts organized in such a way that they have value beyond
the facts themselves
n Process: n Set of logically related tasks
n Knowledge: n Awareness and understanding of a set of information
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Data, Information, and Knowledge (continued)
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Data, Information, and Knowledge (continued)
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Data, Information, and Knowledge (continued)
+ The Characteristics of Valuable Information
n If an organization’s information is not accurate or complete: n People can make poor decisions, costing thousands, or even
millions, of dollars
n Depending on the type of data you need: n Some characteristics become more important than others
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+ The Value of Information
n Directly linked to how it helps decision makers achieve their organization’s goals
n Valuable information: n Can help people and their organizations perform tasks more
efficiently and effectively
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+ What is an Information System?
n Information system (IS) is a set of interrelated elements that: n Collect (input) n Manipulate (process) n Store n Disseminate (output) data and information n Provide a corrective reaction (feedback mechanism) to meet an
objective
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What is an Information System? (continued)
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+ Input, Processing, Output, Feedback
n Input: n Activity of gathering and capturing raw data
n Processing: n Converting data into useful outputs
n Output: n Production of useful information, usually in the form of documents
and reports
n Feedback: n Information from the system that is used to make changes to input
or processing activities
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+ Manual and Computerized Information Systems
n An information system can be: n Manual or computerized
n Example: n Investment analysts manually draw charts and trend lines to assist
them in making investment decisions
n Computerized information systems: n Follow stock indexes and markets and suggest when large blocks of
stocks should be purchased or sold
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+ Computer-Based Information Systems
n Single set of hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures: n That are configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data
into information
n Technology infrastructure: n Includes all hardware, software, databases, telecommunications,
people, and procedures n Configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data into
information
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Computer-Based Information Systems (continued)
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+ Computer-Based Information Systems (continued)
n Hardware: n Consists of computer equipment used to perform input, processing,
and output activities
n Software: n Consists of the computer programs that govern the operation of the
computer
n Database: n Organized collection of facts and information, typically consisting of
two or more related data files
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+ Computer-Based Information Systems (continued)
n Telecommunications, networks, and the Internet: n The electronic transmission of signals for communications
n Networks: n Connect computers and equipment to enable electronic
communication
n Internet: n World’s largest computer network, consisting of thousands of
interconnected networks, all freely exchanging information
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+ Computer-Based Information Systems (continued)
n Intranet: n Internal network that allows people within an organization to
exchange information and work on projects
n Extranet: n Network that allows selected outsiders, such as business partners
and customers, to access authorized resources of a company’s intranet
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+ Computer-Based Information Systems (continued)
n People: n The most important element in most computer-based information
systems
n Procedures: n Include strategies, policies, methods, and rules for using the CBIS
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+ Business Information Systems
n Most common types of information systems: n Those designed for electronic and mobile commerce, transaction
processing, management information, and decision support
n Some organizations employ: n Special-purpose systems, such as virtual reality, that not every
organization uses
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+ Business Information Systems (continued)
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Business Information Systems (continued)
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+ Electronic and Mobile Commerce
n E-commerce: n Any business transaction executed electronically between:
n Companies (business-to-business, B2B) n Companies and consumers (business-to-consumer, B2C) n Consumers and other consumers (consumer-to-consumer, C2C) n Business and the public sector n Consumers and the public sector
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+ Electronic and Mobile Commerce (continued)
n Mobile commerce (m-commerce): n The use of mobile, wireless devices to place orders and conduct
business
n E-commerce: n Can enhance a company’s stock prices and market value
n Electronic business (e-business): n Uses information systems and the Internet to perform all business-
related tasks and functions
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Electronic and Mobile Commerce (continued)
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+ Enterprise Systems: Transaction Processing Systems and Enterprise Resource Planning n Transaction:
n Any business-related exchange, such as payments to employees and sales to customers
n Transaction processing system (TPS): n Organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and
devices used to record completed business transactions
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Enterprise Systems: Transaction Processing Systems and Enterprise
Resource Planning (continued)
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+ Enterprise Systems: Transaction Processing Systems and Enterprise Resource Planning (continued) n Enterprise resource planning:
n Set of integrated programs that manages the vital business operations for an entire multisite, global organization
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+ Information and Decision Support Systems
n Management information system (MIS): n Organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases,
and devices that provides routine information to managers and decision makers
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+ Information and Decision Support Systems (continued)
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+ Information and Decision Support Systems (continued)
n Decision support system (DSS): n Organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases,
and devices that support problem-specific decision making n Can include:
n A collection of models used to support a decision maker or user (model base)
n A collection of facts and information to assist in decision making (database)
n Systems and procedures (user interface or dialogue manager) that help decision makers and other users interact with the DSS
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Information and Decision Support Systems (continued)
+Specialized Business Information Systems: Knowledge Management, Artificial Intelligence, Expert Systems, and Virtual Reality n Knowledge management systems (KMSs):
n Organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices to: n Create, store, share, and use the organization’s knowledge and
experience
n Artificial intelligence (AI): n Computer system takes on characteristics of human intelligence
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+ Specialized Business Information Systems (continued)
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+ Specialized Business Information Systems (continued)
n Expert systems: n Give computer ability to make suggestions and function like an
expert in a particular field
n Virtual reality and multimedia: n Virtual reality:
n Simulation of a real or imagined environment that can be experienced visually in three dimensions
n Multimedia: n Can include photos and images, the manipulation of sound, and
special 3D effects
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+ Systems Development
n Systems development: n The activity of creating or modifying existing business systems
n Outsourcing: n Allows a company to focus on what it does best and delegate other
functions to companies with expertise in systems development
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+ Systems Development (continued)
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+ Systems Investigation and Analysis
n Goal of systems investigation: n To gain clear understanding of the problem to be solved or
opportunity to be addressed
n Systems analysis: n Defines the problems and opportunities of the existing system
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+ Systems Design, Implementation, and Maintenance and Review
n Systems design: n Determines how new system will work to meet business needs
defined during systems analysis
n Systems implementation: n Acquiring various system components defined in design step,
assembling them, and putting the new system into operation
n Systems maintenance and review: n Checks and modifies the system so that it continues to meet
changing business needs
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n Organization: n Formal collection of people and other resources established to
accomplish a set of goals n A system n Constantly uses money, people, materials, machines and other
equipment, data, information, and decisions
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Organizations and Information Systems
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Organizations and Information Systems (continued)
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n Value chain: n Series (chain) of activities that includes inbound logistics and warehouse
and storage
n Supply chain management (SCM): n Determines:
n What supplies are required for value chain n What quantities are needed to meet customer demand n How supplies should be processed into finished goods and services n How shipment of supplies and products to customers should be
scheduled, monitored, and controlled
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Organizations and Information Systems (continued)
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Organizations and Information Systems (continued)
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n Customer relationship management (CRM) programs: n Help companies manage all aspects of customer encounters n Can get customer feedback to help design new products and
services
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Organizations and Information Systems (continued)
+ Organizational Culture and Change
n Culture: n Set of major understandings and assumptions shared by a group
n Organizational culture: n Major understandings and assumptions
n Influences information systems
n Organizational change: n How organizations plan for, implement, and handle change
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+ User Satisfaction and Technology Acceptance n Technology acceptance model (TAM):
n Specifies the factors that can lead to better attitudes about the information system
n Technology diffusion: n Measure of how widely technology is spread throughout an organization
n Technology infusion: n Extent to which technology permeates a department
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+ User Satisfaction and Technology Acceptance (continued)
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+ Competitive Advantage
n Significant and (ideally) long-term benefit to a company over its competition
n Can result in higher-quality products, better customer service, and lower costs
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+ Factors That Lead Firms to Seek Competitive Advantage
n The five-forces model: n Rivalry among existing competitors n Threat of new entrants n Threat of substitute products and services n Bargaining power of buyers n Bargaining power of suppliers
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+ Strategic Planning for Competitive Advantage
n Strategies: n Cost leadership n Differentiation n Niche strategy n Altering the industry structure n Creating new products and services n Improving existing product lines and service
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+ Strategic Planning for Competitive Advantage (continued)
n Other strategies: n Growth in sales n First to market n Customizing products and services n Hiring the best people n Innovation
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+ Performance-Based Information Systems
n Major stages in the use of information systems: n Cost reduction and productivity n Competitive advantage n Performance-based management
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+ Productivity
n A measure of output achieved divided by input required
n Higher level of output for a given level of input means greater productivity
n Lower level of output for a given level of input means lower productivity
n Productivity = (Output / Input) × 100%
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+ Return on Investment and the Value of Information Systems
n Return on investment (ROI): n One measure of IS value n Investigates the additional profits or benefits that are generated as a
percentage of the investment in IS technology n Earnings growth:
n The increase in profit that the system brings
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+ Return on Investment and the Value of Information Systems (continued)
n Market share and speed to market: n The percentage of sales that a product or service has in relation to
the total market
n Customer awareness and satisfaction: n Performance measurement is based on feedback from internal and
external users
n Total cost of ownership: n The sum of all costs over the life of the information system
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+ Risk
n Managers must consider the risks of designing, developing, and implementing systems
n Information systems can sometimes be costly failures
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+ Careers in Information Systems
n Degree programs: n Information systems n Computer information systems n Management information systems
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+ Roles, Functions, and Careers in IS
n Primary responsibilities in information systems: n Operations:
n System operators primarily run and maintain IS equipment n Systems development:
n Focuses on specific development projects and ongoing maintenance and review
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+ Roles, Functions, and Careers in IS
n Primary responsibilities in information systems (continued): n Support:
n Provides user assistance in hardware and software acquisition and use, data administration, user training and assistance, and Web administration
n Information service units: n A miniature IS department attached and directly reporting to a
functional area in a large organization
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+ Typical IS Titles and Functions
n Chief information officer (CIO): n Employs the IS department’s equipment and personnel to help the
organization attain its goals
n LAN administrators: n Set up and manage the network hardware, software, and security
processes
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+ Typical IS Titles and Functions (continued)
n Internet careers: n Internet strategists and administrators n Internet systems developers n Internet programmers n Internet or Web site operators
n Certification: n Process for testing skills and knowledge resulting in an
endorsement by the certifying authority
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+ Other IS Careers
n New and exciting careers have developed in security and fraud detection and prevention
n Other IS career opportunities include being employed by technology companies, such as: n Microsoft (www.microsoft.com), Google (www.google.com), Dell
(www.dell.com), and many others
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+ Working in Teams
n It is always good for IS professionals to: n Have good communications skills and the ability to work with other
people
n Getting the best team of IS personnel to work on important projects is: n Critical in successfully developing new information systems or
modifying existing ones
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+ Finding a Job in IS
n Developing an online résumé can be critical to finding a good job
n Job search approaches: n On campus visits n Referrals from professors, friends, and family members n The Internet:
n Online job sites n Company Web sites n Social networking sites n Blogs
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+ Global Challenges in Information Systems
n Cultural challenges
n Language challenges
n Time and distance challenges
n Infrastructure challenges
n Currency challenges
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+ Global Challenges in Information Systems (continued)
n Product and service challenges
n Technology transfer issues
n State, regional, and national laws
n Trade agreements
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+ Summary
n Data: n Raw facts
n To be valuable, information must be: n Accurate, complete, economical to produce, flexible, reliable, relevant,
simple to understand, timely, verifiable, accessible, and secure
n Types of systems used within organizations: n E-commerce and m-commerce, TPS and ERP, MIS and DSS, and
specialized business information systems
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+ Summary (continued)
n Systems development: n The activity of creating or modifying existing business systems
n Organization: n Formal collection of people and various other resources established
to accomplish a set of goals
n Information systems personnel typically work in an IS department that employs: n A chief information officer, systems analysts, computer
programmers, and computer operators
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