Principles of Information Systems - uj.edu.sa (3).pdf · 2015-10-11 · Communication ! E-mail :...

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Principles of Information Systems textbook: Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Dr.Amer Alzaidi Department of Information Systems

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+Communication

n E-mail : [email protected]

n Office Hours: Sunday, Tuesday and Thursday from 9am until 12non. Note – Please send an e-mail if you want to book an appointment.


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+House Rules

n Formal Dress

n No Phone No Laptop on the table

n Once I start talking and you are not in the room you are late, welcome to attend but you will be marked as late.


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+Exam and Marks

Type Mark

Attendance and Participation 15

Mid-term 1 10

Mid-term 2 10

Lab 1 5

Lab 2 5

Assignment 15

Final 40

Total 100


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+Source of Studying

1.  Textbook Author: Ralph Stair & George Reynolds Title: “Principles of Information Systems”, Sixth Edition

2.  Course Presentation

3.  Your own lecture notes


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+Course Outline n  PART 1 Information Systems in Perspective

n  Chapter 1 An Introduction to Information Systems in Organizations

n  PART 2 Technology n  Chapter 2 Hardware and Software n  Chapter 3 Database Systems, Data Centers, and Business Intelligence n  Chapter 4 Telecommunications, the Internet, Intranets, and Extranets

n  PART 3 Business Information Systems n  Chapter 5 Electronic and Mobile Commerce and Enterprise Systems n  Chapter 6 Information and Decision Support Systems n  Chapter 7 Knowledge Management and Specialized Information Systems

n  PART 4 Systems Development and Social Issues n  Chapter 8 Systems Development

n  PART 5 Information Systems in Business and Society n  Chapter 9 The Personal and Social Impact of Computers


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Chapter 1 An Introduction to Information Systems in Organizations Dr.Amer Alzaidi Department of

Information Systems 7

+ Why Learn About Information Systems in Organizations?

n  Information systems used by: n  Sales representatives n  Managers n  Financial advisors

n  Information systems: n  Indispensable tools to help you achieve your career goals


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+ Introduction

n  Information system (IS): n  A set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate, and forecast

data and information and provide feedback to meet an objective

n  Businesses: n  Can use information systems to increase revenues and reduce costs


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+ Information Concepts

n  Information: n  One of an organization’s most valuable resources n  Often confused with the term data


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+ Data, Information, and Knowledge

n  Data: n  Raw facts

n  Information: n  Collection of facts organized in such a way that they have value beyond

the facts themselves

n  Process: n  Set of logically related tasks

n  Knowledge: n  Awareness and understanding of a set of information


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Data, Information, and Knowledge (continued)


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+


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+


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+ The Characteristics of Valuable Information

n  If an organization’s information is not accurate or complete: n  People can make poor decisions, costing thousands, or even

millions, of dollars

n  Depending on the type of data you need: n  Some characteristics become more important than others


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+ The Value of Information

n  Directly linked to how it helps decision makers achieve their organization’s goals

n  Valuable information: n  Can help people and their organizations perform tasks more

efficiently and effectively


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+ What is an Information System?

n  Information system (IS) is a set of interrelated elements that: n  Collect (input) n  Manipulate (process) n  Store n  Disseminate (output) data and information n  Provide a corrective reaction (feedback mechanism) to meet an

objective


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What is an Information System? (continued)


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+ Input, Processing, Output, Feedback

n  Input: n  Activity of gathering and capturing raw data

n  Processing: n  Converting data into useful outputs

n  Output: n  Production of useful information, usually in the form of documents

and reports

n  Feedback: n  Information from the system that is used to make changes to input

or processing activities


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+ Manual and Computerized Information Systems

n  An information system can be: n  Manual or computerized

n  Example: n  Investment analysts manually draw charts and trend lines to assist

them in making investment decisions

n  Computerized information systems: n  Follow stock indexes and markets and suggest when large blocks of

stocks should be purchased or sold


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+ Computer-Based Information Systems

n  Single set of hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures: n  That are configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data

into information

n  Technology infrastructure: n  Includes all hardware, software, databases, telecommunications,

people, and procedures n  Configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data into

information


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Computer-Based Information Systems (continued)


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+ Computer-Based Information Systems (continued)

n  Hardware: n  Consists of computer equipment used to perform input, processing,

and output activities

n  Software: n  Consists of the computer programs that govern the operation of the

computer

n  Database: n  Organized collection of facts and information, typically consisting of

two or more related data files


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n  Telecommunications, networks, and the Internet: n  The electronic transmission of signals for communications

n  Networks: n  Connect computers and equipment to enable electronic

communication

n  Internet: n  World’s largest computer network, consisting of thousands of

interconnected networks, all freely exchanging information


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n  Intranet: n  Internal network that allows people within an organization to

exchange information and work on projects

n  Extranet: n  Network that allows selected outsiders, such as business partners

and customers, to access authorized resources of a company’s intranet


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n  People: n  The most important element in most computer-based information

systems

n  Procedures: n  Include strategies, policies, methods, and rules for using the CBIS


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+ Business Information Systems

n  Most common types of information systems: n  Those designed for electronic and mobile commerce, transaction

processing, management information, and decision support

n  Some organizations employ: n  Special-purpose systems, such as virtual reality, that not every

organization uses


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+ Business Information Systems (continued)


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Business Information Systems (continued)


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+ Electronic and Mobile Commerce

n  E-commerce: n  Any business transaction executed electronically between:

n  Companies (business-to-business, B2B) n  Companies and consumers (business-to-consumer, B2C) n  Consumers and other consumers (consumer-to-consumer, C2C) n  Business and the public sector n  Consumers and the public sector


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+ Electronic and Mobile Commerce (continued)

n  Mobile commerce (m-commerce): n  The use of mobile, wireless devices to place orders and conduct

business

n  E-commerce: n  Can enhance a company’s stock prices and market value

n  Electronic business (e-business): n  Uses information systems and the Internet to perform all business-

related tasks and functions


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Electronic and Mobile Commerce (continued)


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+ Enterprise Systems: Transaction Processing Systems and Enterprise Resource Planning n  Transaction:

n  Any business-related exchange, such as payments to employees and sales to customers

n  Transaction processing system (TPS): n  Organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and

devices used to record completed business transactions


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Enterprise Systems: Transaction Processing Systems and Enterprise

Resource Planning (continued)


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+ Enterprise Systems: Transaction Processing Systems and Enterprise Resource Planning (continued) n  Enterprise resource planning:

n  Set of integrated programs that manages the vital business operations for an entire multisite, global organization


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+ Information and Decision Support Systems

n  Management information system (MIS): n  Organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases,

and devices that provides routine information to managers and decision makers


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+ Information and Decision Support Systems (continued)


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+ Information and Decision Support Systems (continued)

n  Decision support system (DSS): n  Organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases,

and devices that support problem-specific decision making n  Can include:

n  A collection of models used to support a decision maker or user (model base)

n  A collection of facts and information to assist in decision making (database)

n  Systems and procedures (user interface or dialogue manager) that help decision makers and other users interact with the DSS


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Information and Decision Support Systems (continued)

+Specialized Business Information Systems: Knowledge Management, Artificial Intelligence, Expert Systems, and Virtual Reality n  Knowledge management systems (KMSs):

n  Organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices to: n  Create, store, share, and use the organization’s knowledge and

experience

n  Artificial intelligence (AI): n  Computer system takes on characteristics of human intelligence


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+ Specialized Business Information Systems (continued)


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+ Specialized Business Information Systems (continued)

n  Expert systems: n  Give computer ability to make suggestions and function like an

expert in a particular field

n  Virtual reality and multimedia: n  Virtual reality:

n  Simulation of a real or imagined environment that can be experienced visually in three dimensions

n  Multimedia: n  Can include photos and images, the manipulation of sound, and

special 3D effects


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+ Systems Development

n  Systems development: n  The activity of creating or modifying existing business systems

n  Outsourcing: n  Allows a company to focus on what it does best and delegate other

functions to companies with expertise in systems development


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+ Systems Development (continued)


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+ Systems Investigation and Analysis

n  Goal of systems investigation: n  To gain clear understanding of the problem to be solved or

opportunity to be addressed

n  Systems analysis: n  Defines the problems and opportunities of the existing system


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+ Systems Design, Implementation, and Maintenance and Review

n  Systems design: n  Determines how new system will work to meet business needs

defined during systems analysis

n  Systems implementation: n  Acquiring various system components defined in design step,

assembling them, and putting the new system into operation

n  Systems maintenance and review: n  Checks and modifies the system so that it continues to meet

changing business needs


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n  Organization: n  Formal collection of people and other resources established to

accomplish a set of goals n  A system n  Constantly uses money, people, materials, machines and other

equipment, data, information, and decisions


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Organizations and Information Systems


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Organizations and Information Systems (continued)

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n  Value chain: n  Series (chain) of activities that includes inbound logistics and warehouse

and storage

n  Supply chain management (SCM): n  Determines:

n  What supplies are required for value chain n  What quantities are needed to meet customer demand n  How supplies should be processed into finished goods and services n  How shipment of supplies and products to customers should be

scheduled, monitored, and controlled


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n  Customer relationship management (CRM) programs: n  Help companies manage all aspects of customer encounters n  Can get customer feedback to help design new products and

services


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+ Organizational Culture and Change

n  Culture: n  Set of major understandings and assumptions shared by a group

n  Organizational culture: n  Major understandings and assumptions

n  Influences information systems

n  Organizational change: n  How organizations plan for, implement, and handle change


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+ User Satisfaction and Technology Acceptance n  Technology acceptance model (TAM):

n  Specifies the factors that can lead to better attitudes about the information system

n  Technology diffusion: n  Measure of how widely technology is spread throughout an organization

n  Technology infusion: n  Extent to which technology permeates a department


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+ User Satisfaction and Technology Acceptance (continued)


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+ Competitive Advantage

n  Significant and (ideally) long-term benefit to a company over its competition

n  Can result in higher-quality products, better customer service, and lower costs


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+ Factors That Lead Firms to Seek Competitive Advantage

n  The five-forces model: n  Rivalry among existing competitors n  Threat of new entrants n  Threat of substitute products and services n  Bargaining power of buyers n  Bargaining power of suppliers


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+ Strategic Planning for Competitive Advantage

n  Strategies: n  Cost leadership n  Differentiation n  Niche strategy n  Altering the industry structure n  Creating new products and services n  Improving existing product lines and service


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+ Strategic Planning for Competitive Advantage (continued)

n  Other strategies: n  Growth in sales n  First to market n  Customizing products and services n  Hiring the best people n  Innovation


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+ Performance-Based Information Systems

n  Major stages in the use of information systems: n  Cost reduction and productivity n  Competitive advantage n  Performance-based management


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+ Productivity

n  A measure of output achieved divided by input required

n  Higher level of output for a given level of input means greater productivity

n  Lower level of output for a given level of input means lower productivity

n  Productivity = (Output / Input) × 100%


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+ Return on Investment and the Value of Information Systems

n  Return on investment (ROI): n  One measure of IS value n  Investigates the additional profits or benefits that are generated as a

percentage of the investment in IS technology n  Earnings growth:

n  The increase in profit that the system brings


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+ Return on Investment and the Value of Information Systems (continued)

n  Market share and speed to market: n  The percentage of sales that a product or service has in relation to

the total market

n  Customer awareness and satisfaction: n  Performance measurement is based on feedback from internal and

external users

n  Total cost of ownership: n  The sum of all costs over the life of the information system


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+ Risk

n  Managers must consider the risks of designing, developing, and implementing systems

n  Information systems can sometimes be costly failures


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+ Careers in Information Systems

n  Degree programs: n  Information systems n  Computer information systems n  Management information systems


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+ Roles, Functions, and Careers in IS

n  Primary responsibilities in information systems: n  Operations:

n  System operators primarily run and maintain IS equipment n  Systems development:

n  Focuses on specific development projects and ongoing maintenance and review


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+ Roles, Functions, and Careers in IS

n  Primary responsibilities in information systems (continued): n  Support:

n  Provides user assistance in hardware and software acquisition and use, data administration, user training and assistance, and Web administration

n  Information service units: n  A miniature IS department attached and directly reporting to a

functional area in a large organization


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+ Typical IS Titles and Functions

n  Chief information officer (CIO): n  Employs the IS department’s equipment and personnel to help the

organization attain its goals

n  LAN administrators: n  Set up and manage the network hardware, software, and security

processes


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+ Typical IS Titles and Functions (continued)

n  Internet careers: n  Internet strategists and administrators n  Internet systems developers n  Internet programmers n  Internet or Web site operators

n  Certification: n  Process for testing skills and knowledge resulting in an

endorsement by the certifying authority


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+ Other IS Careers

n  New and exciting careers have developed in security and fraud detection and prevention

n  Other IS career opportunities include being employed by technology companies, such as: n  Microsoft (www.microsoft.com), Google (www.google.com), Dell

(www.dell.com), and many others


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+ Working in Teams

n  It is always good for IS professionals to: n  Have good communications skills and the ability to work with other

people

n  Getting the best team of IS personnel to work on important projects is: n  Critical in successfully developing new information systems or

modifying existing ones


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+ Finding a Job in IS

n  Developing an online résumé can be critical to finding a good job

n  Job search approaches: n  On campus visits n  Referrals from professors, friends, and family members n  The Internet:

n  Online job sites n  Company Web sites n  Social networking sites n  Blogs


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+ Global Challenges in Information Systems

n  Cultural challenges

n  Language challenges

n  Time and distance challenges

n  Infrastructure challenges

n  Currency challenges


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+ Global Challenges in Information Systems (continued)

n  Product and service challenges

n  Technology transfer issues

n  State, regional, and national laws

n  Trade agreements


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+ Summary

n  Data: n  Raw facts

n  To be valuable, information must be: n  Accurate, complete, economical to produce, flexible, reliable, relevant,

simple to understand, timely, verifiable, accessible, and secure

n  Types of systems used within organizations: n  E-commerce and m-commerce, TPS and ERP, MIS and DSS, and

specialized business information systems


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+ Summary (continued)

n  Systems development: n  The activity of creating or modifying existing business systems

n  Organization: n  Formal collection of people and various other resources established

to accomplish a set of goals

n  Information systems personnel typically work in an IS department that employs: n  A chief information officer, systems analysts, computer

programmers, and computer operators


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Principles of Information Systems - uj.edu.sa (3).pdf · 2015-10-11 · Communication ! E-mail :...

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