Primary and Secondary Sources

“the leavings, the shards, the remnants of people who once lived and don't live any more."

A definition of a Primary Sourcehttp://www.lib.washington.edu/subject/history/historyday/his.html

What is going on in this photo? What questions does it raise?

Why do we use primary sources in history?

No bias, no viewpoint Only your interpretation Can give additional information

Materials Textures Printing methods Technologies

What is a Primary Source?

Autobiographies Diaries Documents Eyewitness accounts Film footage Laws Letters Newspaper articles

Novels Objects from the time Oral histories Photographs Poems, art, music Speeches

An informational source from the time of the event

Does a Primary Source have to be the original material?

No – it can be in another form, but it can’t be edited or interpreted in any way.

For example,

Patrick Henry’s “Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death!” speech can be found in 100 Key Documents in American History

Why Use Primary Sources in the Classroom? Expose Students to Multiple Perspectives Develop knowledge, skills,and analytical

abilities Bring lessons to life Motivate students More interesting for you and your students

Questions to ask yourself when looking at Primary

Sources Who wrote this? How do they know the information they

are telling me? When did they write it? Why did they write it? Who did they write it for?

What are Secondary Sources?

An informational source that analyzes the event. These sources often use several primary sources to compile the information.

Biographies Encyclopedias History books Textbooks

Are Secondary Sources useful for Lessons?

Yes – They provide the necessary background or context to be able to interpret Primary Sources

For example,

World Book 2005 or your Social Studies textbook can provide background information about the events leading up to Revolutionary War.

Beware of Bias!

Is it possible for a Secondary Source to be completely objective?

Wikipedia’s entry on President Bush

The following passage describes his National Guard service:

In May 1968, at the height of the Vietnam War, he entered the Texas Air National Guard. He trained in the guard for two years, where he was among the last to learn to fly the F-102, a plane not used in Vietnam and due to be retired.

While this could be true, why would it be important to know that he was “among the last to learn to fly the F-102”? Is this a commentary on President Bush flying an outdated plane? Is it an unbiased point of view?

Encarta’s entry on President Bush

(note that Encarta lets people edit its pages but with editor approval)

Upon completing college, [Bush] became eligible for the military draft. To meet his service obligation, Bush enlisted in the Texas Air National Guard in 1968. He told the admitting officer that he wanted to become a pilot like his father, who was a highly decorated Navy flier in World War II. He did his basic training at Lackland Air Force Base in Texas, and entered a pilot-training program at Moody Air Force Base Georgia. He received favorable reports from his superiors, attained the rank of second lieutenant, and was certified to fly the F-102 jet fighter during training missions in the South and along the Gulf Coast.

Encarta doesn’t mention that President Bush being one of the last to fly the F-102, and instead notes patriotically how President Bush wanted to fly a jet like his father.

Where to Find Primary SourcesOnline

Library of CongressAmerican Memory Collection

Where to Find Primary SourcesOnline

National Archives and Records Administration

Where to Find Primary SourcesOnline

Eyewitness: History Through the Lives of Those Who Lived It

Where to Find Primary SourcesOnline

Primary Sources on the Web

Where to Find Primary SourcesOnline

Early America

Where to Find Primary SourcesOnline

History and Politics Out Loud

Where to Find Primary SourcesOnline

Vincent Voice Library

Where to Find Primary SourcesOnline

History Channel Speech Archive

Where to Find Primary SourcesOnlineNew York Public Library

Digital Library Collection

Where to Find Primary SourcesOnline

Newspaper Archive

Where to Find Primary SourcesOffline

Teacher Created Materials Primary Sources Kits

Where to Find Primary SourcesOffline

Metropolitan Museum of Art

Resources for Educators

Where to Find Primary SourcesOffline

Antiques Fairs and Dealers

•Photographic Reproductionshttp://www.historicfotos.com/main.html

 •Palmer Wirfs Antiques and Collectibles Fairs

http://www.palmerwirfs.com/

Where to Find Primary SourcesOffline

Books

Copyright and Primary Sources Educational Use Allowed Check Copyright on Websites

How to Use Primary Sources in the Classroom Analyzing Documents and Photos

Time to observe Put yourself in the time Cover part of photo Ask questions Notice details

How to Use Primary Sources in the Classroom

Discussion Questions Higher Order Thinking Skills

Sample Questions

Who was the author? What might the purpose of this document have

been? If you were at the scene, what might you report? Does this picture or document accurately portray

these people? Where might this document or photo be found

today?

Activities

Problem Solving

Cooperative Groups

Assessment

Creating Your Own Primary Sources with Students

Journals Interviews Newspapers Websites Photos Software

FlipAlbum

Final Thoughts

Start small. Keep it simple. Think outside the box. Have fun!