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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case
Microbiology
B.E Pruitt & Jane J. Stein
AN INTRODUCTIONEIGHTH EDITION
TORTORA • FUNKE • CASE
Chapter 18Practical Applications of Immunology
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Vaccine History
• Variolation: Inoculation of smallpox (18th century)
• Vaccination: Inoculation of cowpox
• Herd immunity - when most of population is immune to a disease
• Actively acquired artificial immunity
• Works because of the anamnestic (remembering or secondary) response…memory cells!!
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Principal Vaccine Types
• Living, attenuated (weakened)
• Killed or Inactivated
• Whole MO
• Part only, often conjugated
• Toxoid
• New technologies
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• DtaP
• Diphtheria: Purified diphtheria toxoid
• Pertussis: Acellular fragments of B. pertussis
• Tetanus: Purified tetanus toxoid
• Meningococcal meningitis: Purified polysaccharide from N. meningitidis
• Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis: Polysaccharides conjugated with protein
• Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: S. pneumoniae antigens conjugated with protein
Principal Vaccines Used in the United States to Prevent Bacterial Diseases in Humans
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Principal Bacterial Vaccines• DaPT
• Diphtheria: Purified diphtheria toxoid
• Pertussis: Acellular fragments of B. pertussis
• Tetanus: Purified tetanus toxoid
• Meningococcal meningitis: Purified polysaccharide
(capsular Ag) from N. meningitidis
• Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis:
Polysaccharides conjugated with protein
• Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: S. pneumoniae
antigens conjugated with protein
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Principal Viral Vaccines
• Smallpox: Live vaccinia virus
• Poliomyelitis: Inactivated virus (Older OPV)
• Rabies: Inactivated virus
• Hepatitis A: Inactivated virus
• Influenza: Inactivated or attenuated (nasal) virus
• Measles: Attenuated virus
• Mumps: Attenuated virus
• Rubella: Attenuated virus
• Chickenpox: Attenuated virus
• Hepatitis B: Antigenic fragments (recombinant vaccine)
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Monoclonal Antibodies - Mabs
Figure 18.2
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Monoclonal Antibodies
• Immunotoxins: Mabs conjugated with toxin to target cancer cells
• Chimeric mabs: Genetically modified mice that produce Ab with a human constant region
• Humanized mabs: Mabs that are mostly human, except for mouse antigen-binding
• Fully human antibodies: Mabs produced from a human gene on a mouse
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Monoclonal Antibodies
• Alemtuzumab: For leukemia
• Infliximab: For Crohn’s disease
• Rituximab: For non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
• Trastuzumab: Herceptin for breast cancer
• Basiliximab and daclizumab: Block IL–2, immunosuppresives for transplants
• Palivizumab: Treatment of RSV
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Serology
• Study of Ag-Ab reactions
• Finding Ag or Ab by various reactions
• Paired sera – acute and convalescent
• Direct tests detect antigens (from patient sample)
• Indirect tests detect antibodies (in patient serum)
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Precipitation Reactions
• Involve soluble antigens with antibodies
Figure 18.3
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Agglutination Reactions
• Involve particulate antigens and antibodies
• Antigens may be:
• On a cell (direct agglutination)
• Attached to latex spheres (indirect or passive agglutination)
Figure 18.4
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Antibody Titer
• Is the concentration of antibodies against a particular antigen
Figure 18.5
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Hemagglutination
• Hemagglutination involves agglutination of RBCs.
• Viral hemagglutination inhibition tests for antibodies by the antibodies' ability to prevent viruses from agglutinating RBCs.
Figure 18.7
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Neutralization Reactions
• Eliminate the harmful effect of a virus or exotoxin
Figure 18.8b
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Complement Fixation
Figure 18.9.1
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Complement Fixation
Figure 18.9.2
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Fluorescent Antibody Techniques (Direct)
Figure 18.10a
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Fluorescent Antibody Techniques (Indirect)
Figure 18.10b
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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay(Direct ELISA)
Figure 18.12a
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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (Indirect ELISA)
Figure 18.12b
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Serological Tests
Figure 18.13
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Serological Tests
• Direct tests detect antigens (from patient sample)
• Indirect tests detect antibodies (in patient's serum)
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Serological Tests
• Agglutination: Particulate antigens (Indirect and direct)
• Hemagglutination: Agglutination of RBCs
• Precipitation: Soluble antigens
• Fluorescent-antibody technique: Antibodies linked to fluorescent dye (direct and indirect)
• Complement fixation: RBCs are indicator
• Neutralization: Inactivates toxin or virus
• ELISA: Peroxidase enzyme is the indicator (direct and indirect)
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Question 1
• Patient’s serum, influenza virus, sheep RBCs, and anti-sheep RBCs are mixed in a tube.
• Influenza virus agglutinates RBCs.
• What happens if the patient has antibodies against influenza virus?
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Question 2
• Patient’s serum, Chlamydia, guinea pig complement, sheep RBCs, and anti-sheep RBCs are mixed in a tube.
• What happens if the patient has antibodies against Chlamydia?