Phonetics Phonetics

Unit 1

Introduction - ReviewIntroduction - Review

• What is phonetics?• What are the origins of phonetics?• How can we define sounds?• What are the stages of sound production and

perception?• Which activities have derived from these

stages?

Introduction - ReviewIntroduction - Review

• What is involved in the production of sounds?• Which human organs are involved when we

speak?• What are the two subystems involved in the

process of speaking?

Introduction - ReviewIntroduction - Review

• How are lungs called in the speaking process?• How can we produce –V and +V sounds?• What’s another name for pharynx, nasal and

oral cavities?• How do we call the organs in the oral cavity?

• How can we describe sounds?

Description of speech sounds Description of speech sounds

• Articulation = physiological movements to modify the airstream

• Discrete sounds = segmentals (consonants vowels)

• Ways to articulate of segments:– Articulators completely close off the vocal tract– Narrow the space in the vocal tract– Modify the shape of vocal tract

Description of speech sounds Description of speech sounds

• Obstruction of airstream = consonantal sounds

• Absence of obstruction = vocalic sounds• Sounds are described according to 2 parameters:– Point of articulation: describes which articulator is

involved in the production of a sound.– Manner of articulation: describes the type of closure

made by the articulators and the way the air is released.

Consonants: Point/place of Consonants: Point/place of articulationarticulation• Bilabial: 2 lips obstruct the airstream /p, b, m/– Examples: pplace, bbathroomm, mmother

• Labio-dental: the inner edge of lower lip get into light contact with the upper teeth /f, v/– Examples: ffalse, vvery

• Dental: tip of tongue against the upper teeth /ө, ð/– Examples: mouthth, ththere

• Alveolar: tip and blade of the tongue get into light contact with the alveolar ridge /d, t, n, l, s, z/– Examples: ddental, ttoe, nnarrow, llow, ssun, zzone

• Retroflex: tip of tongue curled back next to the hard palate, but without contact /r/– Exampl: carr

Consonants: Point/place of Consonants: Point/place of articulationarticulation

• Alveo-palatal: tip or blade of tongue at front of palate, near the alveolar ridge /ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ/– Examples: sshoe, treassure, cchoice, ggym

• Palatal: front of togue at palate /Spanish-r/ /j/– Examples: perro, yyou

• Velar: obstruction of airstream with the back of the tongue at the soft palate or velum /k, g, ŋ/– Examples: cclown, ggot, songng

Consonants: Point/place of Consonants: Point/place of articulationarticulation

• Uvular: back of tongue at the uvula /French-r/– Example: pourr

• Glottal: air passing through glottis causing friction in vocal folds but no vibration /h/– Example: hhome

Consonants: Point/place of Consonants: Point/place of articulationarticulation

Point of Point of articulation/articulation/voicingvoicing

BilabialBilabial+V -V+V -V

Labio-Labio-dentaldental+V -V+V -V

DentalDental+V -V+V -V

AlveolarAlveolar+V -V+V -V

Retro Retro flexflex+V -V+V -V

Alveo-Alveo-palatalpalatal+V -V+V -V

PalatalPalatal+V -V+V -V

VelarVelar+V -V+V -V

GlottalGlottal+V -V+V -V

SoundsSoundsb pm

v f

ð ө d t n s l z

r ʒ ʃʤ ʧ

Spanish-rj

g k ŋ

h

ExamplesExamples BookMouthPlot

FunnyVery

Mouth There

DropNiceLoveBuzzTieSun

Rain DogePleasureShoutCatch

CarroYet

GoalKingKey

House

Consonants: Point/place of Consonants: Point/place of articulationarticulation

Consonants: Manner of articulationConsonants: Manner of articulation

• Stops: complete closure at some point of vocal tract, releasing airstream abruptly /p, b, t, d, k, g/

• Fricatives: almost closing vocal tract and pushing airstream through a passage producing friction /f, v, ө, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h/

• Affricates: complete brief stopping of airstream with an obstructed release causing friction /ʧ, ʤ/

• Laterals: obstuction at the center of vocal tract, airstream released through the sides of the contact /l/

• Nasals: lowered velum and airstream flows though the nose /m, n, ŋ/

• Flaps: a single rapid contact of the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge /ʕ/

Consonants: Manner of articulationConsonants: Manner of articulation

• Trills: a series of rapid intermitent closures with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge /Spanish-r/

• Approximants: influence of the vowel sound that follows /r/ and the semivowels /j, w/

Consonants: Manner of articulationConsonants: Manner of articulation

Place, Place, manner, manner, voicingvoicing

BilabialBilabial+V -V+V -V

Labio-Labio-dentaldental+V -V+V -V

DentalDental+V -V+V -V

AlveolarAlveolar+V -V+V -V

Retro Retro flexflex+V -V+V -V

Alveo-Alveo-palatalpalatal+V -V+V -V

PalatalPalatal+V -V+V -V

VelarVelar+V -V+V -V

GlottalGlottal+V -V+V -V

StopsStops b p

d t k g

FricativesFricatives v f ð ө z s ʒ ʃ h

AffricatesAffricates ʤ ʧ

LateralsLaterals l

NasalsNasals m n ŋ

FlapsFlaps ʕ

TrillsTrills/Spanish-r/

ApproxiApproximants – mants – Semi Semi vowelsvowels

rj w

Spelling of soundsSpelling of sounds

• /p/ voiceless bilabial stop, regularly represented by the letter “p” in writing.

• /b/ voiced bilabial stop, regularly represented by the letter “b” in writting.

• /t/ voiceless alveolar stop, represented in writing by:– t…………time - tt……….better – th………Thomas - ed……..washed

Spelling of soundsSpelling of sounds

• /d/ voiced alveolar stop, represented in writing by:– d………..dear– dd……..teddy

• /k/ voiceless velar stop, represented in writing by:– k………..kind - qu………conquer– c………..cake - ch………stomach– cc……….accord

Spelling of soundsSpelling of sounds

• /g/ voiced velar stop, represented in writing by:– g………smogg - gh…….ghost– g…….smuggle

• /f/ voiceless labiodental fricative, represented in writing by:– f……….fork - ff………off– ph……physics - gh……cough

Spelling of soundsSpelling of sounds

• /v/ voiced labiodental fricative, represented in writing by:– v……convent– f…….of

• /ɵ/ voiceless dental fricative, regularly represented by “th”in writing.

• /ð/ voiced dental fricative, regularly represented by “th” in writing.

Spelling of soundsSpelling of sounds

• /s/ voiceless alveolar fricative, represented in writing by:– s………soccer - ss…………assume– c………cell - sc………..scissors– x (ks)…….éxecute

• /z/ voiced alveolar fricative, represented in writing by:– s……apples - ss……….scissors– z…….zoom - zz………fuzzy– x(gs)…..exám

Spelling of soundsSpelling of sounds

• /ʃ/ voiceless alveolpalatal fricative, represented in writing by:– sh…..shoes - ch……machine– s…….sugar - ss…….assure– ti……nation - ci……..social– sci…..conscience - ce…….ocean

Spelling of soundsSpelling of sounds

• /ʒ/ voiced alveopalatal fricative, represented in writing by:– si………vision - s……….measure– z……….seizure - ge……..rouge

• /h/ voiceless glottal fricative, represented in writing by:– h……..heat - wh…..whose

Spelling of soundsSpelling of sounds

• /ʧ/ voiceless alveopalatal affricate, represented in writing by:– ch……children - tch……match– tu…….picture - te……..righteous– tion….question

Spelling of soundsSpelling of sounds

• /ʤ/ voiceled alveopalatal affricate, represented in writing by:– j…….judge - g…………gym– dg….pledge - gg………..suggest– dj…..adjacent - de……….grandeur– di……soldier

Spelling of soundsSpelling of sounds

• /m/ voiced bilabial nasal, represented in writing by:– m……..mother - mm……..summer– mb…..comb - mn………column

• /n/ voiced alveolar nasal, represented in writing by:– n………noon - nn……….funny– kn…..know

Spelling of soundsSpelling of sounds

• /ŋ/ voiced velar nasal, represented in writing by:– ng…..song - nk…..thank

• /l/ voiced alveolar lateral, represented in writing by:– l……..life - ll……….call

Spelling of soundsSpelling of sounds

• /r/ voiced retroflex approximant, represented in writing by:– r…….red - rr………narrow– rh……rhyme

• /j/ voiced palatal semivowel, represented in writing by:– y……yes - i………million– u…..tune - ew……few– eau…beauty - ui…….suit

Spelling of soundsSpelling of sounds

• /w/ voiced labiovelar semivowel, represented in writing by:– w…….we - wh……when– qu…...queen - gu……..language– o……..once