The Sounds of Language. Phonology, Phonetics & Phonemics… Phonology, Phonetics & Phonemics…...
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Transcript of The Sounds of Language. Phonology, Phonetics & Phonemics… Phonology, Phonetics & Phonemics…...
The Sounds of The Sounds of LanguageLanguage
The Sounds of LanguageThe Sounds of Language
• Phonology, Phonetics & Phonemics…Phonology, Phonetics & Phonemics…
• Producing and writing speech sounds...Producing and writing speech sounds...
• Consonants, vowels & sound charts…Consonants, vowels & sound charts…
• Phonemic analysis...Phonemic analysis...
• Etics and Emics…Etics and Emics…
• Applications….Applications….
PhoneticsPhonetics
• AcousticAcoustic– physical properties of sound, sound waves, physical properties of sound, sound waves,
• AuditoryAuditory– perception of sounds, psychological perception of sounds, psychological ““realityreality””
• ArticulatoryArticulatory– pronunciation of sounds, articulationpronunciation of sounds, articulation
– also known as descriptive phonetics.also known as descriptive phonetics.
Producing Speech SoundsProducing Speech Sounds
• larynx & larynx & vocal vocal cordscords– voicingvoicing
• lungs
• velum (soft palate) mouth closed: [m, n] mouth open = [õ]
• oral & nasal cavities
Writing Speech SoundsWriting Speech Sounds
• Spelling vs phonetic transcriptionSpelling vs phonetic transcription– cat (English)cat (English)– ciel (French)ciel (French)– cizi (Czech)cizi (Czech)– ““ghotighoti””
• Phonetic chartsPhonetic charts– I.P.A.I.P.A.– Pike.Pike.
ConsonantsConsonants
• Point of Articulation (Place in vocal Point of Articulation (Place in vocal tract)tract)
• Manner of ArticulationManner of Articulation
• VoiceVoice
Consonants: PlaceConsonants: Place• From front to back:From front to back:
bilabial [p, b, m]
labiodental [f, v]
(inter)dental [, ]
alveolar [t, d, s, z, n, l]
alveopalatal (palatal-alveolar; postalveolar)[, , ñ].
Consonants: Place Consonants: Place (continued)(continued)
Front to backFront to back
velar [k, g, x, , ]uvular [ ] (French ‘r’)
pharyngeal [ (Arabic ‘ain’)]
glottal [, h] .
retroflex [, ]
Consonants: MannerConsonants: Manner• Stops (plosives) [t, d], [Stops (plosives) [t, d], [!, !, ]]
• Aspirated: [tAspirated: [thh, d, dhh]]
• Fricatives [s, z]Fricatives [s, z]
• Affricates [Affricates [ʧʧ, , ʤʤ]] • Taps & TrillsTaps & Trills
– Taps / flaps [ Taps / flaps [ ]]
– Trills [ r ]Trills [ r ]
• Nasals [ n ]Nasals [ n ]
• Approximants [ l, Approximants [ l, , j, w ]., j, w ].
A Word About A Word About ApproximantsApproximants
• Sometimes called liquids & glidesSometimes called liquids & glides
• Variously charted in different systemsVariously charted in different systems
• IPA calls them approximants [ w, j, IPA calls them approximants [ w, j, ] ]
– And lateral approximants [ l ]And lateral approximants [ l ]
• Pike calls some of them frictionless laterals [ l ]Pike calls some of them frictionless laterals [ l ]– He calls some of them semivowels [w, y]He calls some of them semivowels [w, y]
– And he calls some of them vowels [ r ].And he calls some of them vowels [ r ].
Consonants: ReviewConsonants: Review
Phonetic ChartingPhonetic Charting
• Mapping the sounds of a languageMapping the sounds of a language– Helps you to analyze and pronounce sounds...Helps you to analyze and pronounce sounds...
– Helps you to analyze sound systems...Helps you to analyze sound systems...• and to see patternsand to see patterns
– Guides you in understanding accents….Guides you in understanding accents….
Charting and SoundsCharting and Sounds• Shinzwani [ Shinzwani [ ] ]
– voicelessvoiceless
– retroflexretroflex
– stopstop
• Czech [Czech [ řř ]]– voicedvoiced
– alveolaralveolar
– fricativefricative
– AND trill.AND trill.
Charting and Accents: 1Charting and Accents: 1
• How would How would youyou pronounce pronounce ShinzwaniShinzwani [ [ona]?ona]?– Why did you make the choice you made?Why did you make the choice you made?
• Place?Place?
• Manner?.Manner?.
Vowels: PlaceVowels: Place
• part of tongue raisedpart of tongue raised– front, center, backfront, center, back
• height of tongueheight of tongue– high, mid, lowhigh, mid, low
i u
e o
a
Vowels: MannerVowels: Manner• roundedrounded
[u, o] - back (e.g. most English back vowels)[u, o] - back (e.g. most English back vowels)
[y, ø] - front (e.g., French, German, Danish)[y, ø] - front (e.g., French, German, Danish)
• unroundedunrounded[ i, e] - front (e.g. all English front vowels)[ i, e] - front (e.g. all English front vowels)
[ [ , , ] - back (e.g., Turkish, Native Am] - back (e.g., Turkish, Native Americanerican langlanguageuages)s)
• tense/lax (close/open)tense/lax (close/open)– [i] vs [[i] vs [II] .] .
Charting VowelsCharting Vowels
DiphthongsDiphthongs
to frontto front[ii] seen[ii] seen
[ai] sign[ai] sign
[[i] boidi] boid
to center[i] beer[e] bear[a] bar[] bore
to back[uu] sue[ou] hoe[au] how.
SuprasegmentalsSuprasegmentals
• Additional pronunciationAdditional pronunciation– [o] as segment[o] as segment
• Marked with diacriticsMarked with diacritics– [ [ ] as suprasegmental (nasalization) ] as suprasegmental (nasalization)
• [o[o] = nasalized segment.] = nasalized segment.
Phones and PhonemesPhones and Phonemes
• phonephone– smallest smallest identifiableidentifiable unit of sound in a language unit of sound in a language
– more easily identified by outsidersmore easily identified by outsiders
• phonemephoneme– smallest smallest contrastivecontrastive unit of sound in a language unit of sound in a language
– heard as a single sound by insidersheard as a single sound by insiders
– Contrasts are not predictable.Contrasts are not predictable.
PhonologyPhonology
• Sounds and their arrangementsSounds and their arrangements– Phonetics & PhonemicsPhonetics & Phonemics
• Phonetics:Phonetics:– identify & describe sounds in detail (phones)identify & describe sounds in detail (phones)
• PhonemicsPhonemics– analyze arrangements of sounds analyze arrangements of sounds
– identify groupings of sounds (phonemes)identify groupings of sounds (phonemes)
• Examples:Examples:– English English ““pillpill”” vs vs ““spill -- [pspill -- [phh] + [p] = /p/] + [p] = /p/
– Hindi Hindi ““pphhll”” (fruit) vs (fruit) vs ““ppll”” (minute) -- [p (minute) -- [phh] + [p] = /p] + [p] = /ph /h / + /p/ . + /p/ .
Identifying PhonemesIdentifying Phonemes• Minimal pairsMinimal pairs
– reveal contrasts in soundsreveal contrasts in sounds• ‘‘pinpin’’ ‘‘tintin’’ ‘‘kinkin’’ ‘‘binbin’’ ‘‘dindin’’ ‘‘gingin’’
• Examples for practice (W/R p. 4Examples for practice (W/R p. 488))– 3.2a Shinzwani3.2a Shinzwani
– 3.2b Hindi3.2b Hindi
– 3.2c Czech3.2c Czech
– 3.2d French3.2d French
– 3.2e Chatino.3.2e Chatino.
VariationsVariations• a phoneme can be a single sound/phonea phoneme can be a single sound/phone
• or it can be a or it can be a groupgroup of sounds/phones of sounds/phones– members of a group are usually similarmembers of a group are usually similar
• they are close on the phonetic chartthey are close on the phonetic chart
• they sound like they sound like ‘‘variationsvariations’’ of one another of one another
– members of a group are members of a group are non-contrastivenon-contrastive • they donthey don’’t mark differences in meaningt mark differences in meaning
– when such variations exist, they are called:when such variations exist, they are called:
• are heard as are heard as ‘‘the same soundthe same sound’’ by native by native speakersspeakers
• are usually are usually ‘‘complementarycomplementary’’ to one another to one another– we say they are in we say they are in ‘‘complementary distributioncomplementary distribution’’
• because the variation is usually because the variation is usually ‘‘conditionedconditioned’’ by by neighboring sounds, neighboring sounds, – we can also call this we can also call this ‘‘conditioned variation.conditioned variation.’’
Allophone ConditioningAllophone Conditioning
• is usuallyis usually– patternedpatterned
– predictablepredictable
– discoverablediscoverable
– describable.describable.
Phonemes vs. Allophones: Phonemes vs. Allophones: ReviewReview
• allophonesallophones– non-contrastivenon-contrastive
– predictable distributionpredictable distribution• [p[pn] and [spn] and [spn] n]
• phonemesphonemes– contrastivecontrastive
– non-predictable distributionnon-predictable distribution• [p[pn] vs [tn] vs [tn].n].
Etics vs. EmicsEtics vs. Emics
• Ken Pike, 1950sKen Pike, 1950s
• A core concept in anthropologyA core concept in anthropology
• EticsEtics– outside, cross-cultural /comparativeoutside, cross-cultural /comparative
– absolute, objectiveabsolute, objective
– a step to emic analysisa step to emic analysis
• EmicsEmics– inside, culture-specificinside, culture-specific
– relative, subjectiverelative, subjective
– a goal of emic analysis.a goal of emic analysis.
Doing Phonological Doing Phonological ResearchResearch
• Descriptive v prescriptive approachesDescriptive v prescriptive approaches– Transcription v spellingTranscription v spelling
• Avoid using your own categoriesAvoid using your own categories– Find out how the system operates Find out how the system operates on its own termson its own terms
• Describe the patterns you findDescribe the patterns you find– Identify the unitsIdentify the units
– Identify relationships between the units.Identify relationships between the units.
Comparative PhonologyComparative Phonology
• How many phonemes in a language?How many phonemes in a language?– From a few dozen to 100+From a few dozen to 100+
– average figures:average figures:• vowels: 8.7 vowels: 8.7
– English has 14English has 14
• consonants: 22.8 consonants: 22.8 – English has 24English has 24