Phonetics Unit 1. Introduction - Review What is phonetics? What are the origins of phonetics? How...

Phonetics Phonetics

Unit 1

Introduction - ReviewIntroduction - Review

• What is phonetics?• What are the origins of phonetics?• How can we define sounds?• What are the stages of sound production and

perception?• Which activities have derived from these

stages?


• What is involved in the production of sounds?• Which human organs are involved when we

speak?• What are the two subystems involved in the

process of speaking?


• How are lungs called in the speaking process?• How can we produce –V and +V sounds?• What’s another name for pharynx, nasal and

oral cavities?• How do we call the organs in the oral cavity?

• How can we describe sounds?

Description of speech sounds Description of speech sounds

• Articulation = physiological movements to modify the airstream

• Discrete sounds = segmentals (consonants vowels)

• Ways to articulate of segments:– Articulators completely close off the vocal tract– Narrow the space in the vocal tract– Modify the shape of vocal tract

Description of speech sounds Description of speech sounds

• Obstruction of airstream = consonantal sounds

• Absence of obstruction = vocalic sounds• Sounds are described according to 2 parameters:– Point of articulation: describes which articulator is

involved in the production of a sound.– Manner of articulation: describes the type of closure

made by the articulators and the way the air is released.

Consonants: Point/place of Consonants: Point/place of articulationarticulation• Bilabial: 2 lips obstruct the airstream /p, b, m/– Examples: pplace, bbathroomm, mmother

• Labio-dental: the inner edge of lower lip get into light contact with the upper teeth /f, v/– Examples: ffalse, vvery

• Dental: tip of tongue against the upper teeth /ө, ð/– Examples: mouthth, ththere

• Alveolar: tip and blade of the tongue get into light contact with the alveolar ridge /d, t, n, l, s, z/– Examples: ddental, ttoe, nnarrow, llow, ssun, zzone

• Retroflex: tip of tongue curled back next to the hard palate, but without contact /r/– Exampl: carr

Consonants: Point/place of Consonants: Point/place of articulationarticulation

• Alveo-palatal: tip or blade of tongue at front of palate, near the alveolar ridge /ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ/– Examples: sshoe, treassure, cchoice, ggym

• Palatal: front of togue at palate /Spanish-r/ /j/– Examples: perro, yyou

• Velar: obstruction of airstream with the back of the tongue at the soft palate or velum /k, g, ŋ/– Examples: cclown, ggot, songng


• Uvular: back of tongue at the uvula /French-r/– Example: pourr

• Glottal: air passing through glottis causing friction in vocal folds but no vibration /h/– Example: hhome


Point of Point of articulation/articulation/voicingvoicing

BilabialBilabial+V -V+V -V

Labio-Labio-dentaldental+V -V+V -V

DentalDental+V -V+V -V

AlveolarAlveolar+V -V+V -V

Retro Retro flexflex+V -V+V -V

Alveo-Alveo-palatalpalatal+V -V+V -V

PalatalPalatal+V -V+V -V

VelarVelar+V -V+V -V

GlottalGlottal+V -V+V -V

SoundsSoundsb pm

v f

ð ө d t n s l z

r ʒ ʃʤ ʧ

Spanish-rj

g k ŋ

h

ExamplesExamples BookMouthPlot

FunnyVery

Mouth There

DropNiceLoveBuzzTieSun

Rain DogePleasureShoutCatch

CarroYet

GoalKingKey

House


Consonants: Manner of articulationConsonants: Manner of articulation

• Stops: complete closure at some point of vocal tract, releasing airstream abruptly /p, b, t, d, k, g/

• Fricatives: almost closing vocal tract and pushing airstream through a passage producing friction /f, v, ө, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h/

• Affricates: complete brief stopping of airstream with an obstructed release causing friction /ʧ, ʤ/

• Laterals: obstuction at the center of vocal tract, airstream released through the sides of the contact /l/

• Nasals: lowered velum and airstream flows though the nose /m, n, ŋ/

• Flaps: a single rapid contact of the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge /ʕ/


• Trills: a series of rapid intermitent closures with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge /Spanish-r/

• Approximants: influence of the vowel sound that follows /r/ and the semivowels /j, w/


Place, Place, manner, manner, voicingvoicing

BilabialBilabial+V -V+V -V

Labio-Labio-dentaldental+V -V+V -V

DentalDental+V -V+V -V

AlveolarAlveolar+V -V+V -V

Retro Retro flexflex+V -V+V -V

Alveo-Alveo-palatalpalatal+V -V+V -V

PalatalPalatal+V -V+V -V

VelarVelar+V -V+V -V

GlottalGlottal+V -V+V -V

StopsStops b p

d t k g

FricativesFricatives v f ð ө z s ʒ ʃ h

AffricatesAffricates ʤ ʧ

LateralsLaterals l

NasalsNasals m n ŋ

FlapsFlaps ʕ

TrillsTrills/Spanish-r/

ApproxiApproximants – mants – Semi Semi vowelsvowels

rj w

Spelling of soundsSpelling of sounds

• /p/ voiceless bilabial stop, regularly represented by the letter “p” in writing.

• /b/ voiced bilabial stop, regularly represented by the letter “b” in writting.

• /t/ voiceless alveolar stop, represented in writing by:– t…………time - tt……….better – th………Thomas - ed……..washed


• /d/ voiced alveolar stop, represented in writing by:– d………..dear– dd……..teddy

• /k/ voiceless velar stop, represented in writing by:– k………..kind - qu………conquer– c………..cake - ch………stomach– cc……….accord


• /g/ voiced velar stop, represented in writing by:– g………smogg - gh…….ghost– g…….smuggle

• /f/ voiceless labiodental fricative, represented in writing by:– f……….fork - ff………off– ph……physics - gh……cough


• /v/ voiced labiodental fricative, represented in writing by:– v……convent– f…….of

• /ɵ/ voiceless dental fricative, regularly represented by “th”in writing.

• /ð/ voiced dental fricative, regularly represented by “th” in writing.


• /s/ voiceless alveolar fricative, represented in writing by:– s………soccer - ss…………assume– c………cell - sc………..scissors– x (ks)…….éxecute

• /z/ voiced alveolar fricative, represented in writing by:– s……apples - ss……….scissors– z…….zoom - zz………fuzzy– x(gs)…..exám


• /ʃ/ voiceless alveolpalatal fricative, represented in writing by:– sh…..shoes - ch……machine– s…….sugar - ss…….assure– ti……nation - ci……..social– sci…..conscience - ce…….ocean


• /ʒ/ voiced alveopalatal fricative, represented in writing by:– si………vision - s……….measure– z……….seizure - ge……..rouge

• /h/ voiceless glottal fricative, represented in writing by:– h……..heat - wh…..whose


• /ʧ/ voiceless alveopalatal affricate, represented in writing by:– ch……children - tch……match– tu…….picture - te……..righteous– tion….question


• /ʤ/ voiceled alveopalatal affricate, represented in writing by:– j…….judge - g…………gym– dg….pledge - gg………..suggest– dj…..adjacent - de……….grandeur– di……soldier


• /m/ voiced bilabial nasal, represented in writing by:– m……..mother - mm……..summer– mb…..comb - mn………column

• /n/ voiced alveolar nasal, represented in writing by:– n………noon - nn……….funny– kn…..know


• /ŋ/ voiced velar nasal, represented in writing by:– ng…..song - nk…..thank

• /l/ voiced alveolar lateral, represented in writing by:– l……..life - ll……….call


• /r/ voiced retroflex approximant, represented in writing by:– r…….red - rr………narrow– rh……rhyme

• /j/ voiced palatal semivowel, represented in writing by:– y……yes - i………million– u…..tune - ew……few– eau…beauty - ui…….suit


• /w/ voiced labiovelar semivowel, represented in writing by:– w…….we - wh……when– qu…...queen - gu……..language– o……..once

Phonetics Unit 1. Introduction - Review What is phonetics? What are the origins of phonetics? How...

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