Performance and stress tests on Carbon based Power Capacitors

1. Scopeofthetests

Standard datasheets of ba0ery and supercapacitor cells o7en provide data that is only applicable in wellcontrolled standardised condi:ons. Example are that charging has to be done at 0.5C (half of the nominalcurrentandatastandardtemperatureof25°C). Inrealsystemssuchcondi:onswouldbeveryrestric:ve. Inthe following tests we wanted to have a be0er understanding of the proper:es of carbon based powercapacitorsthatcanoperateatverydifferenttemperaturesandcanbechargedanddischargedatmuchhighercurrents.Inaddi:on,thesetestshavebeensetupasstresstestswithe.g.applyingmaximumsustainedcurrentduringthewhiletestsandwithrela:veshortrelaxa:onintervals.These tests arenotfinalbutprovideabase to start from formoreelaborate tests.One conclusion that canalready be drawn is that the power capacitors operate without any problem at higher currents and highertemperatures.However,thetestsalsoshowedtheimportanceofrelaxa:onperiods.Athighdischargeratesnotallavailableenergycanbedumpedintotheloadandrelaxa:onallowstorecovertheresidualenergy.Itislaosnotedthatthecellswere100%charged(stoppedwhencurrentdropsbelow0,1Aratherthan0,02A)toreducethetes:ng:me.

1.1.ProductType

ToomencarbonbasedpowercapacitorCell.Furtherreferredtoas“powercapacitorcell”or“cell”.

• 1.0Ah/2000F/3.2VDC(18500cylindrical)• 1.3Ah/3300F/2.7VDC(18650cylindrical)

1.2.Testsiteandtestequipment

FlandersMake,LommelPECSBT8050

1.3.Testsequence:

Cellsaretakenfromstock.Typicalsequence:• Discharge:llminimumvoltage• Relaxa:on(typically60seconds,nocurrent)• Chargewithspecifiedchargingcurrentandspecifiedvoltage:llcurrent<0.1A.

• Fastchargephase:currentismaximum:llmaximumvoltageisreached• Slowchargephase:currentslowlydropswhilevoltagedifferencegoestozero.

• Relaxa:on(typically60seconds,nocurrent)• Dischargewithspecifiedcurrent:llvoltagedropstominimaldischargingvoltage+0,05V• Relaxa:on(typically600seconds,nocurrent)• Op:onal:dischargetoes:materesidualcharge.

1.4Datarecorded:

• Current(mAongraphs)• Voltage(mVongraphs)

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• Temperatureonskinofcell(°Congraph)• Time(seconds)• MeasurementswithFLIRcameratovalidatetemperaturesensor• Noac:vecoolingused(heatisdissipatedtoambientairortoaheatabsorbingmaterial).

1.5Typesoftests

• Testatroomtemperature(maintainedat25°C+/-2°C).Constantchargeanddischargecurrent• Testinthermalovenat45°C• Forsometestthecellswereplacedinaheatabsorbingmaterial.• Testatroomtemperaturewithpulseddischargingcurrent.

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3.Testresults

3.1TMDD1.0/3.2/18500-1.0Ah/2000F/3.2VDC

Test4729-18500cell-chargeat1C(1A)-dischargeat1C(1A)roomat25°C+/-2°C

Maximumtemperatureincrease:+3.2°C

Energyinjected:3,216Whin3882seconds

Energyreleasedupondischarge:3,05Whin3688seconds.

DOD(DepthOfDischarge):102%

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Test4737-18500cell-chargeat5C(5A)-dischargeat5C(5A)roomat45°C+/-2°C

Maximumtemperatureincrease:+9.5°C

Energyinjected:3,09Whin2626seconds

Energyreleasedupondischarge:2,734Whin656seconds

DOD:91%

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Test4733-18500cell-chargeat10C(10A)-dischargeat10C(10A)roomat25°C+/-2°C

Maximumtemperatureincrease:+26°C

Energyinjected:2,70Whin2989seconds

Energyreleasedupondischarge:2.14Whin281seconds

DOD:78%

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Test4745-18500cell-chargeat10C(10A)-dischargepulsedat10C(10A)roomat25°C+/-2°C.Averagedischargecurrent2,6A(2,6C).Pulse:dischargefor6secondsat10C(10A)thenfor24secondsat1C(1A)andrepeatun:lvoltagedropstominimum.

Maximumtemperatureincrease:+13°C

Energyinjected:2,76Whin3300seconds

Energyreleasedupondischarge:2,37Whin1000seconds

DOD:78%

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3.2TMDD1.3/2.7/18650-1.3Ah/2000F/2.7VDC

Test4726-18650cell-chargeat1C(1.3A)-dischargeat1C(1.3A)roomat25°C+/-2°C

Maximumtemperatureincrease:+2.0°C

Energyinjected:3,216Whin3880seconds

Energyreleasedupondischarge:3,048Whin3688seconds

DOD:102%

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Test4727-18650cell-chargeat5C(6.5A)-dischargeat5C(6.5A)roomat25°C+/-2°C

Maximumtemperatureincrease:+19.0°C

Energyinjected:3.42Whin1155seconds

Energyreleasedupondischarge:2,7Whin710seconds

DOD:99%

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Test4728-18650cell-chargeat10C(13A)-dischargeat10C(13A)roomat25°C+/-2°C

Maximumtemperatureincrease:+22°C

Energyinjected:3,59Whin850seconds

Energyreleasedupondischarge:2,28Whin315seconds

DOD:88%

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Test4734-18650cell-chargeat10C(13A)-dischargeat10C(13A)roomat25°C+/-2°C

Maximumtemperatureincrease:+15°C(useofheatabsorbingmaterial)

Energyinjected:3,61Whin919seconds

Energyreleasedupondischarge:2,21Whin306seconds.

DOD:85%

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Test4739-18650cell-chargeat10C(13A)-dischargeat10C(13A)roomat45°C+/-2°C

Maximumtemperatureincrease:+13.5°C

Energyinjected:3,60Whin752seconds

Energyreleasedupondischarge2,20Whin319seconds.Residualenergy.

DOD:89%

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Test4740-18650cell-chargeat10C(13A)-dischargeat20C(26A)roomat25°C+/-2°C

Maximumtemperatureincrease:+13.5°C(useofheatabsorbingmaterial)

Energyinjected:3,61Whin909seconds

Energyreleasedupondischarge:1,36Whin135seconds.

DOD:75%

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Test4744-18650cell-chargeat10C(13A)-dischargepulsedatat20C(26A)-roomat25°C+/-2°C.Averagedischargecurrent6,24A(4,8C)Pulse:dischargefor6secondsat20C(26A)thenfor24secondsat1C(1.3A)andrepeatun:lvoltagedropstominimum.

Maximumtemperatureincrease:+12.5°C

Energyinjected:3,68Whin825seconds

Energyreleasedupondischarge:1,48Whin425seconds.

DOD:57%

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4.Extractofthedatasheetofthetestedcells.

TMDD1.0/3.2/18500

TMDD1.3/2.7/18650

1.0Ah/2000F/

3.2VDC1.3Ah/3300F/

2.7VDC

Item Unit Value Value

1 Nominalcapacity Ah 1,0 1,3

F 2000 3300

Tolerance % 5 5

2 RatedVoltage V 3,2 2,7

2B RatedEnergy/cell Wh 3,0 3,0

2CNominalEnergy/cell Wh 3,2 3,5

3 ChargeMode Constantpoten:al

4Recommendedchargingvoltage V 3,4 2,75

4BLimitchargingvoltageV-max V 3,5 2,85

5Finaldischargingvoltage V 2 1,6

6Max.con:nuouschargingcurrent A 10,0 19,5

7 Max.con:nuousdischargingcurrent

A 10,0 19,5

7AMax.con:nuouspower W 30,0 54,0

7BAllowablepulsedischargecurrent(<200ms)

A 80,0 100,0

8Max.InternalResistance mOhm 20 13

9 Weight g 30 39

Weighttolerance % 1 1

10 Diameter mm 18 18

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11 Height mm 50 65

Volumesinglecell mm3 12723 16540

Volumepackedcell mm3 16200 21060

12Transporta:onVoltage+/-0,1V V 3,1 2,4

13StorageVoltage+/-0,1V V 3,1 2,4

14Min.Opera:onTemperature °C -20 -40

Max.Opera:onTemperature °C 70 80

15MinstorageTemperature °C -5 -5

Max.StorageTemperature °C 35 35

16Max.storagehumidity RH% 85 85

18EnergyDensity/Mass Wh/kg 100 80

18BEnergydensity/volume Wh/dm3 235,8 181,4

19Powerdensity/Mass W/kg 1500 1500

20InstantaneousPowerDensity(200ms)

W/kg 4000 4000

21Residualenergya7erdischarging@XXA

XX=15(15C) % -- 80

XX=20(20C) % -- 75

XX=18(15C) % 80 --

XX=25(20C) % 75 --

22Life:mecharge/dischargecycle:ll75%

20000 50000

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StandardChargeProfile

Under the condi:onof ambient temperature (25±3)℃, charge thepower capacitor cellwith themaximumchargingvoltageundera0.5Climitedconstantcurrentun:lthechargingcurrentislessthanorequalto0.02A,thenstopcharging.Notes:exceedingthemaximumchargingvoltageorcharging/dischargingatahighercurrentratecaninfluencethelife:me,especiallyathighertemperatures.

DimensionsofthecarbonbasedpowercapacitorCells

11.Disclaimer

These tests doenot representofficlal data.Any iusof it is indica:veand shouldbe confirmedby addi:onaltests.

23Energyholdinga7er28days % 95 95

24Shortcircuittemperature °C 150 150

25 Guaranteeperiod months 12 12

26FireHazardoussubstances N.A.

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The company shall not be liable for any problems arising from the use of the hybrid carbon-based powercapacitorcelloutsideitsspecifica:ons.

Thecompanydoesnotassumeanyresponsibilityforproductsbeyondthequalityguaranteeperiod.Thecompanyisnotresponsibleforthedamagecausedbythecustomer'sacceptancetestsorduringdamagecausedbyanyassemblyprocess.

Contactpoint

AltreonicNV,Gemeentestraat61AB1,B3210Linden,BelgiumTel.:+3216202059Emailinfo.request@kurt.energy

ManufacturerShenzhenToomenNewEnergyCo.,Ltd

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