NANOMEDICINE

BIONICS

ORGANIC TISSUE

ON METAL SKELETON

BIOLOGY

ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION TO

MODERN MEDICINE

TREATING

THE REAL

CAUSE OF

THE

DISEASE

understanding

and treating

diseases at the

molecular

level

THE FUTURE OF MEDICINE

MOLECULAR GENETICS

THE FUTURE OF MEDICINE

NANOTECHNOLOGY,

ROBOTICS

NANOMEDICINE

PRESENT? NEAR FUTURE? SCI-FI?

ISAAC ASIMOV's FANTASTIC VOYAGE (1966)

An atom has a diameter of about 0.1 nm, the atom's nucleus is about 0.00001 nm

1986,the term: NANOTECHNOLOGY

There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom is the title of a famous lecture given by physicist Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting at Caltech on December 29, 1959. Feynman considered the possibility of direct manipulation of individual atoms as a more powerful form of synthetic chemistry than those used at the time.

For his contributions to the development of QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS, Feynman was a joint recipient of the NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS IN 1965, together with Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga.

”THERE'S PLENTY OF ROOM AT THE BOTTOM”

RICHARD PHILLIPS FEYNMAN (1918–1988)

Feynman's photo ID badge whilst working on the MANHATTAN PROJECT.

”THERE'S PLENTY OF ROOM AT THE BOTTOM”

“ The principles of physics, as far as I can see, do not speak

against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom.”

1959

”THERE'S PLENTY OF ROOM AT THE BOTTOM”

"swallowing the doctor"

(a tiny, swallowable surgical robot)

"swallowing the doctor"

”THERE'S PLENTY OF ROOM AT THE BOTTOM”

”THERE'S PLENTY OF ROOM AT THE BOTTOM”

"swallowing the doctor"

"swallowing the doctor"

”THERE'S PLENTY OF ROOM AT THE BOTTOM”

SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE was invented in 1981. The journal NANOTECHNOLOGY was launched in 1989;

In 1989 at IBM’s Almaden Research Center in San Jose, California, scientists Don Eigler and Erhard Schweizer began a little atomic manipulation project of their own. With company pride they MANIPULATED 35 XENON ATOMS to form the logo, “IBM”. And thus the era of Nanotechnology began (published in NATURE in April 1990)

SCIENCE has a special issue on nanotechnology in November 1991.

MILESTONES OF EARLY NANOTECHNOLOGY

"WET" NANOTECHNOLOGY

"DRY" NANOTECHNOLOGY

COMPUTATIONAL NANOTECHNOLOGY

WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?

“Bottom-up approach”

Molecular components assemble

themselves

Synthetic chemistry

“Top-down approach”

Constructed from larger entities

DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO NANOTECHNOLOGY

SEEING THINGS ON THE ATOMIC LEVEL SCANNING TUNNELING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE

individual iron atoms to build "electron corrals" of various shapes on copper metal

Scanning tunneling microscopes use a weak electric current to probe the scanned material.

SCANNING TUNNELING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer of IBM's Zurich Research Center were awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering the STM.

see surface atoms

move xenon atoms

selective bond-breaking

Atomic Force Microscopes have performed NANOMACHINING operations on planar MoO3 crystals: applying 100 nanonewtons at the tip, two rectangular slots and a 50-nm rectangular sliding member were milled from a crystal, then the member was slid repeatedly from one slot to the other, making a reversible mechanical latch; 10-nm features can be milled with AFMs.

Individual nucleotides have been distinguished and manipulated on stretched DNA strands using AFMs.

ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE

pentacénmolekula

pentacene

ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE

ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE

SYNTHETIC CHEMISTRY

Chemists have built a large number of potentially useful rigid nanoparts including molecular-scale rods, rings, springs, cubes, spheres, tetrahedrons, hollow tubes, propellors

pseudorotaxane

rotaxanes

catenane

SYNTHETIC CHEMISTRY

TOP-DOWN APPROACH

Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) 1/1000th-scale working electric car just 2.8 millimeters wide, complete with motor, wheels, body, spare tire, bumpers, and even a 10-micron thick license plate.

BUILDERS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

BUILDERS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

Currently, the US MILITARY is the world’s leading investor in Nanotechnology. In 2007, over 30% of the military’s total expenditure was spent on Nanotech research. The optimum goal of this investment is to decrease casualties in combat by shifting to a technological war.

MILITARY Nanotechnology-Devised Body Suit

-bulletproof

-fend off harmful biological chemical elements

-read the soldier’s vital signs

-instantaneous camoflauge

CARBON NANOTUBES

CARBON NANOTUBES

NANO-TEX

•Each nanowhisker is only ten nanometers long, made of a few atoms of carbon. These whiskers repel stains by forming a cushion of air around cotton fibers. But they cannot be seen or felt on the fabric's surface, so the fabric stays soft.

Old Navy, Nike, Nordstrom, Champion, Levi

NANOMEDICINE

NANOMEDICINE SEEKS TO DELIVER A VALUABLE SET OF RESEARCH TOOLS AND CLINICALLY HELPFUL DEVICES IN THE NEAR FUTURE.

ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

NEW THERAPIES

IN VIVO IMAGING

NEURO-ELECTRONIC INTERFACES

NANOELECTRONICS-BASED SENSORS

MOLECULAR NANOTECHNOLOGY (SPECULATIVE FIELD): CELL REPAIR MACHINES COULD REVOLUTIONIZE MEDICINE AND THE MEDICAL FIELD.

Non-viral Gene therapy: Nanoparticles

Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy

•Nanoporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al. 2001)

CANCER THERAPY

NANOSHELLS CANCER TREATMENT PROVES EFFECTIVE IN FIRST ANIMAL TEST, 2004

120 nm diameter nanoshells coated with gold

the nanoshells can be targeted by conjugating antibodies or

peptides to the nanoshell surface

infrared laser heats the gold to cook the cancer cells

CANCER DIAGNOSIS

Nanoparticles of cadmium selenide (quantum dots) glow when exposed to

ultraviolet light. When injected, they seep into cancer tumors. The surgeon

can see the glowing tumor, and use it as a guide for more accurate tumor

removal.

Quantum dots (nanoparticles with quantum confinement properties, such as

size-tunable light emission), when used in conjunction with MRI (magnetic

resonance imaging), can produce exceptional images of tumor sites.

The combination nanoparticle binds to the Her-2 tumor cell and unloads the cancer-fighting drug cisplatin directly into the cancer cell. The researchers created the twin nanoparticle by binding one gold (Au) nanoparticle with an iron-oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticle. On one end, they attached a synthetic protein antibody to the iron-oxide nanoparticle. On the other end, they attached cisplatin to the gold nanoparticle. pH-sensitive covalent bond to connect the gold nanoparticle with the cisplatin to ensure that the drug was not released into the body but remained attached to the nanoparticle until it was time for it to be released into the malignant cell.

CANCER THERAPY Twin nanoparticle shown effective at targeting, killing breast cancer cells March 10th, 2009

BACTERIAL CELL DIVISION

MECHANISM OF CANCER FORMATION

CANCER THERAPY

MODE OF ACTION OF ANTI CANCER DRUGS

THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION OF ANTIBODIES AND OTHER RECOMBINANT PROTEINS

CANCER THERAPY

MECHANISM OF ENDOCYTOSIS

CANCER THERAPY

APOPTOSIS- PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH

MEMBRANE TRANSPORTER PROTEINS RNAi

CANCER THERAPY

MECHANISM AND REGULATION OF TRANSLATION (PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)

CANCER THERAPY

BIONICS

FUTÓ

„SIMPLE” BIONICS

BIONIC EYE

BIONIC EAR

BIONIC EAR

Mastoidectomy

Posterior tympanotomy

Cochleostomy

SURGERY

Inserting The Electrode Array

Fixation Of The Implant

100% SCI-FI!

NANOROBOTS IN MEDICINE

LUNG CLEANER NANOROBOTS

SYNAPTIC REPAIR NANOROBOTS

DNS REPAIR NANOROBOT

RESPIROCYTE

RESPIROCYTE

RESPIROCYTE

RESPIROCYTE

MICROBIVORES

CLOTTOCYTE

VASCULOCYTE

CANCER KILLER NANOROBOT

BRAIN CELL ENHANCERS

DENTISTRY

THE FUTURE OF MEDICINE:

LIMITLESS POSSIBILITIES

Nanomedicine can make possible the re-engineering of the human body,

including the improvement of existing natural biological systems and the

addition of new systems and capabilities not found in nature. Such re-

engineering is commonly called "augmentation".

NANOTECHNOLOGY & EVOLUTION

evolution

After us ? Us Homo

Sapiens

Homo

Erectus

?

Bionic man

Intelligent

systems

Artificial life

POSTHUMAN EVOLUTION