Biotechnology

Biotechnology is a set of techniques based especially on molecular and cell biology; utilized for the generation of organisms with novel features.

1. Techniques used in basic and applied biology broad interpretation

2. Techniques producing potentially applicable results most frequent interpretation

3. Techniques used to produce product for gaining profit from selling them narrow interpretation

20.

22.

Cloning:personality rights

Stem cells: sacrament of life

Gene technology: dangerous

GMOs: unhealthy

Gene therapy:Creator’s business

23.

Cells of many plant species can be regenerated to whole plants (totipotency)

Embryo culture

Organ culture

Callus culture

Cell culture

Adult plant Adult plant

Protoplast culture

Aim: - multiplication

- getting rid of viruses - etc.

in the laboratory

Robert Briggs Thomas King

Nuclear transfer 1997 2005

Frog A Frog B

Frog B clone

Egg Skin cell

irradiation

nucleus

EMBRYO DOLLY

Egg cell

Fused cell

Removal of nucleus

Surrogate mother

Black headed

Black headed

White headed

White headed

(Nuclear transfer)

1a.

1b.

2.

3.

4.

5. 6.

Skin cell

Removal of nucleus

Cell fusion (or nuclear transfer)

White head Black head

Embryonic stem cells

White headed clone

Surrogate mother

Black head

Black leg

Egg

Cloned embryo

Reproductive cloning Therapeutic cloning

How has snoopy been cloned?

Enucleated egg (mixed-breed bitch)

nucleus (Afghan hound skin cell)

Fusion

Surrogate mother (Labrador terrier)

Snoopy (Afghan hound)

Medicine

Egg

Body cell (e.g. skin

cell)

Nucleus

Nucleus

Cloned zygote Cloned

embryo

Cloned baby

The nucleus is reprogrammed during cloning

Epigenetikus öröklődés: 1 egyededen belül

„time switcher”

The ORIGINAL SIN

Cloned soldiers

Personality rights

Unnatural

Cloned Evils

Agriculture: propagation of advantageous breeds. Danger: lack of genetic variablilty →

→ a pathogen can exterminate the entire breed or species

Medicine: propagation of cells identical with the donor → in the experiments we obtain useful

information on the donor for his/her treating strategy (personalized medicine)

Basic research: propagation of individuals with identical genotypes →

→ animals with identical genetic backgrounds provide more reliable results in scientific experiments

mouse human

2008 England permission: Cow/human hybrid

CHIMERA HYBRID

Chimeric cell group

chimeric mouse