Models of Urban Structure

Urban Components-CBD (central business district): location of skyscrapers and

companies (would always be the center of the 3 urban models, many people commute, few actually live there)

-Central city: urban area that is not suburban; generally the older or original city surrounded by the newer suburbs.

-Inner city: urban area around the CBD; typically poorer and more run down in the US and other long-developed states; typically more rich

upscale in less-developed states.

-Ghetto: inner cities that become dilapidated centers of poverty, as affluent whites move out of the suburbs (white flight) and immigrants

and poorer people vie for scarce jobs and resources.-

Changes in Cities in the U.S. U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the

suburbs: suburbanization and counterurbanization

U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.

Developed Countries: suburbanization

wealthy move to suburbs automobiles and roads;

‘American Dream’ better services

wealthy move to suburbs

counterurbanizationidyllic settings

cost of land for retirementslow pace, yet high tech

connections to services and markets

Inner Cities – White Flight

• Inner-city physical problems– Deterioration process– Urban renewal

• Inner-city social problems– Underclass– Culture of poverty– Blockbusting– Redlining

Three Classical Models of Urban Structure

Concentric Zone Model

Ernest Burgess, 1920’sCity of Chicago

Concentric Zone Model

Zone A: •CBD is here•Transportation infrastructure converges•Most tertiary employment

Zone B: •Industrial activities•Adjacent to CBD, labor and markets•Port sites and rail yards

Concentric Zone Model

Zone C: •Low income housing•Constantly being converted to other uses due to expanding manufacturing and industrial activities•First generation immigrants

Zone D:• residential zone dominated by working class•Second generation immigrants•Near employment

Concentric Zone Model

Zone E: •Higher quality housing •Longer commuter costs

Zone F:• outside zone E•High class expensive housing•Rural, suburban setting

Concentric Zone Model: Considerations

Considered a product of its time, circa 1950Developed for American cities and not easily applied elsewhereDeveloped when people used public transit and can’t be applied to the highway cities of today

TODAY• INDIVIDUALLY-RECREATE POWDER

SPRINGS GA • Just like the model

• Include examples (in each sector) from your memory.

• Be able to discuss the positives and negatives of this model

Three Classical Models of Urban Structure

1871

1892

1996

THE SECTOR MODEL

Sector Model

Homer Hoyt, 1939City of ChicagoTransport had a direct impact on land usesCities grow along an axis, thus the sector model6

Sector Model

Zone 1: •CBD •Land is expensive•Little space, competition is high, congestion is high

Zone 2: •Zone of Transition•Old industries located here•State of constant change due to growth of Zone 1

6

Sector Model

Zone 3: •Zone of Transition•A.k.a old inner city areas•Low class residential housing

Zone 4: •Council Estates•Semi-detached housing•Garden areas•Medium-class residential

6

Sector Model

Zone 6: •Countryside areas•Pleasant, rural surroundings•Satellite villages and towns

Zone 5: •Commuter Zone•Private, high class, top quality housing•Much commuting into CBD

Multi-Nuclei Theory

Harris and UllmanSeparate nuclei or CBD’s in the urban pattern, not just oneCentrifugal forces determine land use, ie residential repels industrialHigh rent vs low rent

Multi-Nuclei Theory

Zone 1•CBD

Zone 2•Zone of Transition

Zone 3•Residential Low Class

Zone 4•Residential Middle Class

Multi-Nuclei TheoryZone 5•Residential Upper Class

Zone 6•Industry and Heavy Manufacturing

Zone 7•Mini CBD

Zone 8•Residential Suburb

Multi-Nuclei Theory

Zone 9•Industrial Suburb

Urban Realms Model

Each realm is a separate economic, social and political entity that is linked together to form a larger metro framework.

Modeling the Cities of the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery

• Latin American City (Griffin-Ford model)

• African City (de Blij model)

• Southeast Asian City (McGee model)

Latin American City (Griffin-Ford model)

The African City (de Blij model)

Southeast Asian City (McGee model)