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Three Types of Muscle Tissues
Skeletal Muscle usually
attached to
bones
under
conscious
control
striated
Smooth Muscle
walls of most
viscera, blood vessels,skin
not under conscious
control
not striated
Cardiac Muscle wall of heart
not under
conscious
control
striated
Chapter 9Chapter 9 -- Muscular SystemMuscular System
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Skeletal Muscle organ of the muscular
system
skeletal muscle tissue
nervous tissue
blood
connective tissues
fascia
tendon aponeuroses
Structure of a Skeletal MuscleStructure of a Skeletal Muscle
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epimysium
perimysium
fascicle endomysium
muscle
fascicles muscle fibers
myofibrils
thick and thin filaments
Structure of a Skeletal MuscleStructure of a Skeletal Muscle
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sarcolemma
sacroplasm
sarcoplasmic reticulum transverse tubule
triad cisterna of sarcoplasmic
reticulum
transverse tubule
myofibril actin filaments
myosin filaments
sarcomere
Skeletal Muscle FiberSkeletal Muscle Fiber
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Structure of a Skeletal MuscleStructure of a Skeletal Muscle
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I
band A band
H zone
Z line
M line
SarcomereSarcomere
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Thick Filaments
composed of myosin
cross-bridges
Thin Filaments
composed of actin
associated with troponin
and tropomyosin
MyofilamentsMyofilaments
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site where axon and
muscle fiber
communicate motor neuron
motor end plate
synaptic cleft
synaptic vesicles neurotransmitters
Neuromuscular JunctionNeuromuscular Junction
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single motor neuron
all muscle fibers controlled by motor neuron
Motor UnitMotor Unit
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acetylcholine (ACh)
nerve impulse causes release
of acetylcholine from synaptic
vesicles
binds to acetylcholine
receptors on motor end plate
generates a muscle impulse
muscle impulse eventuallyreaches sarcoplasmic reticulum
Stimulus for ContractionStimulus for Contraction
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muscle impulses cause
sarcoplasmic reticulum to
release calcium ions into
cytosol
calcium binds to troponin to
change its shape
position of tropomyosin is
altered binding sites on actin
exposed
actin and myosin bind
Excitation Contraction CouplingExcitation Contraction Coupling
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When sarcromeres
shorten, thick and thin
filaments slide past oneanother
H zones and I bands
get narrower
Z lines move closer
together
Sliding Filament TheorySliding Filament Theory
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actin and myosin
cross-bridge bind
myosin cross-
bridge pulls actin
ADP and phosphate
released from myosin
new ATP binds to
myosin
linkage between actinand myosin cross-bridge
break
ATP splits
myosin cross-bridge goes back
to original position
CrossCross--bridge Cyclingbridge Cycling
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acetylcholinesterase ± breaks down acetylcholine
muscle impulse stops
calcium moves back into sarcoplasmic reticulum myosin and actin binding prevented
RelaxationRelaxation
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creatine phosphate ± stores energy that quickly convertsADP to ATP
1) Creatine phosphate 2) Cellular respiration
Energy Sources forEnergy Sources forContractionContraction
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Anaerobic Phase glycolysis
produces little ATP
Aerobic Phase citric acid cycle
electron transport
chain
produces most ATP
myoglobin stores extra
oxygen
Oxygen Supply andOxygen Supply andCellular RespirationCellular Respiration
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oxygen not available
glycolysis continues
pyruvic acid
converted to lactic acid
liver converts lactic
acid to glucose
Oxygen debt ± amount of oxygen needed by liver to convert
lactic acid to glucose
Oxygen DebtOxygen Debt
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inability to contract
commonly caused from
decreased blood flow ion imbalances
accumulation of lactic acid
cramp ± sustained, involuntary contraction
Muscle FatigueMuscle Fatigue
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by-product of cellular respiration
muscle cells are major source of body heat blood transports heat throughout body
Heat ProductionHeat Production
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Threshold Stimulus
minimal strength required to cause contraction
Recording a MuscleContraction
twitch
latent period
period of contraction period of relaxation
refractory period
all-or-none response
Muscular ResponsesMuscular Responses
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process by which individual twitches combine
produces sustained contractions
can lead to tetanic contractions
SummationSummation
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recruitment - increase in the number of motor units
activated
whole muscle composed of many motor units
as intensity of stimulation increases, recruitment of
motor units continues until all motor units are
activated
Recruitment of Motor UnitsRecruitment of Motor Units
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smaller motor units recruited first
larger motor units recruited later produces smooth movements
muscle tone ± continuous state of partial contraction
Sustained ContractionsSustained Contractions
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isotonic ± muscle contracts and
changes length
concentric ± shortening contraction
eccentric ± lengthening
contraction
isometric ± muscle contracts but
does not change length
Types of ContractionsTypes of Contractions
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Slow-twitch fibers (type I)
always oxidative resistant to fatigue
red fibers
most myoglobin
good blood supply
Fast-twitch glycolytic fibers (type II) white fibers (less myoglobin)
poorer blood supply
susceptible to fatigue
Fast-twitch fatigue-
resistant fibers (typeII
b) intermediate fibers
oxidative
intermediate
amount of
myoglobin
pink to red in color
Fast and Slow TwitchFast and Slow TwitchMuscle FibersMuscle Fibers
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Compared to skeletal muscle fibers
shorter
single nucleus elongated with tapering ends
myofilaments randomly organized
no striations
lack transverse tubules sarcoplasmic reticula not well developed
Smooth Muscle FibersSmooth Muscle Fibers
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Visceral Smooth Muscle
single-unit smooth
muscle sheets of muscle fibers
fibers held together by
gap junctions
exhibit rhythmicity
exhibit peristalsis
walls of most hollow
organs
Multiunit Smooth Muscle
fibers function separately
irises of eye walls of blood vessels
Types of Smooth MuscleTypes of Smooth Muscle
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Resembles skeletal muscle contraction
interaction between actin and myosin
both use calcium and ATP
both depend on impulses
Different from skeletal muscle contraction
smooth muscle lacks troponin
smooth muscle depends on calmodulin
two neurotransmitters affect smooth muscle
acetlycholine and norepinephrine hormones affect smooth muscle
stretching can trigger smooth muscle contraction
smooth muscle slower to contract and relax
smooth muscle more resistant to fatigue
Smooth Muscle ContractionSmooth Muscle Contraction
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only in the heart
muscle fibers joined together by intercalated discs
fibers branch
network of fibers contracts as a unit
self-exciting and rhythmic
longer refractory period than skeletal muscle
Cardiac MuscleCardiac Muscle
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origin ± immovable end
insertion ± movable end
prime mover (agonist) ±
primarily responsible for
movement
synergists ± assist prime
mover
antagonist ± resist primemover¶s action and cause
movement in the opposite
direction
Skeletal Muscle ActionsSkeletal Muscle Actions
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Major Skeletal MusclesMajor Skeletal Muscles
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Major Skeletal MusclesMajor Skeletal Muscles
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Muscles of Facial ExpressionMuscles of Facial Expression
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Muscles of MasticationMuscles of Mastication
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Muscles of FacialMuscles of FacialExpression and MasticationExpression and Mastication
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Muscles That Move theMuscles That Move theHead and Vertebral ColumnHead and Vertebral Column
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Muscles That Move theMuscles That Move thePectoral GirdlePectoral Girdle
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Muscles That Move the ArmMuscles That Move the Arm
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Deep Muscles of theDeep Muscles of theBack and NeckBack and Neck
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Muscles of theMuscles of theShoulder and BackShoulder and Back
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Muscles of the AnteriorMuscles of the AnteriorChest and Abdominal WallChest and Abdominal Wall
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Muscles That Move the ForearmMuscles That Move the Forearm
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Muscles That Move theMuscles That Move theHandHand
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Muscles of theMuscles of theShoulder and ArmShoulder and Arm
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Cross Section of the ArmCross Section of the Arm
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Muscles of theMuscles of theShoulder and ArmShoulder and Arm
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Muscles of theMuscles of the Arm and Forearm Arm and Forearm
l f hl f h
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Muscles of theMuscles of the Arm and Forearm Arm and Forearm
C S i f hC S i f h
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Cross Section of theCross Section of theForearmForearm
M l f h Abd i lM l f h Abd i l
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Muscles of the AbdominalMuscles of the AbdominalWallWall
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Muscles of the Abdominal WallMuscles of the Abdominal Wall
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Muscles of the Pelvic OutletMuscles of the Pelvic Outlet
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9-53
Muscles of Pelvic OutletsMuscles of Pelvic Outletsand Urogenital Diaphragmand Urogenital Diaphragm
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Muscles That Move the ThighMuscles That Move the Thigh
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Muscles That Move the LegMuscles That Move the Leg
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Muscles That Move the FootMuscles That Move the Foot
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Muscles of the Thigh and LegMuscles of the Thigh and Leg
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Muscles of the Thigh and LegMuscles of the Thigh and Leg
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Muscles of the Thigh and LegMuscles of the Thigh and Leg
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Cross Section of the ThighCross Section of the Thigh
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Muscles of the LegMuscles of the Leg
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Muscles of the LegMuscles of the Leg
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Muscles of the LegMuscles of the Leg
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Cross Section of the LegCross Section of the Leg
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myoglobin, ATP, and creatine
phosphate decline
by age 80, half of muscle masshas atrophied
adipose cells and connective
tissues replace muscle tissue
exercise helps to maintainmuscle mass and function
LifeLife--Span ChangesSpan Changes
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Myasthenia Gravis
autoimmune disorder
receptors for acetylcholine on muscle cells are attacked
weak and easily fatigued muscles result difficulty swallowing and chewing
ventilator needed if respiratory muscles are affected
treatments include
drugs that boost acetylcholine removing thymus gland
immunosuppressant drugs
antibodies
Clinical ApplicationClinical Application
Active vs Inactive Muscle:Active vs Inactive Muscle:
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A ctive vs. Inactive Muscle: A ctive vs. Inactive Muscle:Muscular A trophyMuscular A trophy
Exercise and Diet StimulatesExercise and Diet Stimulates
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Exercise and Diet StimulatesExercise and Diet StimulatesMuscle Development Muscle Development
Arnold Schwarzenegger Arnold Schwarzenegger ± ± BodyBody
Builder, Actor, and PoliticianBuilder, Actor, and PoliticianHans and FranzHans and Franz