Medical Terminology Chapter 2

The Language Of The Language Of MedicineMedicine1010thth edition edition

Davi-Ellen ChabnerDavi-Ellen Chabner

Chapter 2Terms Pertaining to the

Body as a Whole

Chapter Goals

• Define terms that apply to the structural organization of the body.

• Identify the body cavities and recognize the organs contained within those cavities.

• Locate and identify the anatomical and clinical divisions of the abdomen.

• Locate and name the anatomical divisions of the back.

Chapter Goals (cont’d)

• Become acquainted with terms that describe positions, directions, and planes of the body.

• Identify the meanings for new word elements and use them to understand medical terms.

Chapter 2 Lesson 2.1

Structural Organization of the Body

• CELLS• TISSUES• ORGANS• SYSTEMS

Cells—The fundamental unit of all living things

• Major parts of a cell include:– Chromosomes– Nucleus– Cell membrane– Cytoplasm– Mitochondria– Endoplasmic reticulum

• CELL—The fundamental unit of all living things

Study Section 1

• Anabolism• Catabolism• Cell membrane• Chromosomes• Cytoplasm• DNA

• Endoplasmic reticulum• Genes• Karyotype• Metabolism• Mitochondria• Nucleus

• Cells are specialized to carry out individual functions.

• Identify the following in the image– Epithelial cell– Fat cell– Nerve cell– Muscle cell

Structural Organization of the Body (cont’d)

Types of cells

Tissues • Different tissue types include:

Epithelial tissueMuscle tissueConnective tissueNerve tissue

• Organs: Different types of tissue combine to form an organ

• Systems: Groups of organs working together to perform complex functions

Study Section 2

• Adipose tissue• Cartilage• Epithelial cells• Histologist• Larynx• Pharynx• Pituitary gland

• Thyroid gland• Trachea• Ureter• Urethra• Uterus• Viscera

Body Cavities and Organs

Cranial

Thoracic

Abdominal

Pelvic

Spinal

Lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta

Stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver, gall bladder

Portions of the small and large intestines, bladder, rectum, urethra, ureters; uterus and vagina in female

Nerves of the spinal cord

Cavity Cavity Organ(s)Organ(s)

Body Cavities

• Label the body cavities in the figure

Body Cavities (cont’d)

• Body cavities are the spaces within the body that contain internal organs (viscera).

QUICK QUIZ:

1. Which body cavity contains the pleural cavity and the mediastinum?A. CranialB. PelvicC. SpinalD. Thoracic

QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)

2. Which body cavity contains the peritoneum?A. AbdominalB. PelvicC. SpinalD. Thoracic

Organs of the Abdominopelvic and Thoracic Cavities

Organs of the Abdominopelvic and Thoracic Cavities (cont’d)

Study Section 3

• Abdominal cavity

• Cranial cavity

• Diaphragm

• Dorsal (posterior)

• Mediastinum

• Pelvic cavity

• Peritoneum

• Pleura

• Pleural cavity

• Spinal cavity

• Thoracic cavity

• Ventral (anterior)

Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants

Regions Right hypochondriac regionLeft hypochondriac region Epigastric region Right lumbar regionLeft lumbar region Umbilical region Right inguinal regionLeft inguinal regionHypogastric region

Abdominopelvic Regions (cont’d)

Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants

• Quadrants Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ)Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Abdominopelvic Quadrants (cont’d)

Chapter 2Lesson 2.2

Anatomical Divisions of the Back

• Cervical • Thoracic • Lumbar • Sacral • Coccygeal

Anatomical Divisions of the Back (cont’d)

Study Section 4• Abdominopelvic

Regions: Hypochondriac Epigastric Lumbar Umbilical Inguinal Hypogastric

• Abdominopelvic Quadrants:RUQLUQRLQLLQ

Study Section 4 (cont’d)

• Divisions of the Back:CervicalThoracicLumbarSacralCoccygeal

• Related Terms:VertebraVertebraeSpinal columnSpinal cordDisk (disc)

QUICK QUIZ:

3. Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the central region near the navel.A. InguinalB. UmbilicalC. LumbarD. Hypochondriac

QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)

4. Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the lower middle below the umbilical region.A. InguinalB. EpigastricC. LumbarD. Hypogastric

Positions, Directions, and Planes of the Body

•Positional and Directional Terms Anterior (ventral) Posterior (dorsal) Deep Superficial Proximal Distal

Inferior Superior Medial Lateral Supine Prone

Positional and Directional Terms

Positional and Directional Terms (cont’d)

Positions, Directions, and Planes of the Body (cont’d)

• Planes of the Body Frontal (coronal) Sagittal (lateral) Transverse (cross-sectional or axial)

Positional and Directional Terms

Positional and Directional Terms (cont’d)

Study Section 5

• Anterior (ventral)• Deep• Distal• Frontal (coronal) plane• Inferior (caudal)• Lateral• Medial• Posterior (dorsal)

• Prone• Proximal• Sagittal (lateral) plane• Superficial• Superior (cephalic)• Supine• Transverse (axial) plane

Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes

abdomin/o __________

adip/o __________

anter/o __________

bol/o __________

Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes

abdomin/o abdomen

adip/o fat

anter/o front

bol/o to cast (throw)

Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)

cervic/o __________

chondr/o __________

chrom/o __________

coccyg/o __________

cervic/o neck (of the body or uterus)

chondr/o cartilage

chrom/o color

coccyg/o coccyx (tailbone)

crani/o __________

cyt/o __________

dist/o __________

dors/o __________

crani/o skull

cyt/o cell

dist/o far, distant

dors/o back portion of the body

Combining Forms, Suffixes and Prefixes (cont’d)

hist/o, histi/o __________

ili/o __________

inguin/o __________

kary/o __________

Combining Forms, Suffixes and Prefixes (cont’d)

hist/o, histi/o tissue

ili/o ilium (of the pelvic bone)

inguin/o groin

kary/o nucleus

later/o __________

lumb/o __________

medi/o __________

nucle/o __________

later/o side

lumb/o lower back

medi/o middle

nucle/o nucleus

pelv/i __________

poster/o __________

proxim/o __________

sacr/o __________

pelv/i pelvis

poster/o back, behind

proxim/o nearest

sacr/o sacrum

sarc/o __________

spin/o __________

thel/o, theli/o __________

thorac/o __________

trache/o __________

sarc/o flesh

spin/o spine, backbone

thel/o, theli/o nipple

thorac/o chest

trache/o trachea, windpipe

umbilic/o __________

ventr/o __________

vertebr/o _____________

viscer/o __________

umbilic/o navel, umbilicus

ventr/o belly side of the body

vertebr/o vertebra(e),

backbone(s)

viscer/o internal organs

ana- __________

cata- __________

epi- __________

hypo- __________

inter- __________

meta- __________

ana- up

cata- down

epi- above

hypo- below

inter- between

meta- change

-eal __________-iac __________-ior __________-ism __________-ose __________-plasm __________-somes __________-type __________

SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning

-eal pertaining to-iac pertaining to-ior pertaining to-ism process, condition-ose pertaining to, full of-plasm formation-somes bodies-type picture, classification

SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning

QUICK QUIZ:

5. Which term means process of cutting the skull?A. ThoracotomyB. CraniotomyC. DiskectomyD. Arthroscopy

Pronunciation Guide Review

• ā as in āpe• ē as in ēven• ī as in īce• ō as in ōpen• ū as in ūnit

• ă as in ăpple• ĕ as in ĕvery• ĭ as in ĭnterest• ŏ as in pŏt• ŭ as in ŭnder

Pronunciation

Examples:

adipose ĂD-ĭ-pōscaudal KĂW- dăldistal DĬS-tăltrachea TRĀ-kē-ă

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