Post on 04-Apr-2018
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For additional copies or to download this docment, please visit:
www.alcatel-lucent.com/publicsafet
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ABL F NNS
ew apabilities for Public afet / 5
Limitations of First Responder ommnications / 6
unprecedented pportnities / 8
he olution: Public afet / 11
Partnerships / 11
he utilities Advantage / 16
: What t s, What t Does / 19
h L / 19
How L Meets the Needs of Pblic Safet / 26
Preparing for / 29
Deploing an etwork / 35
Providing Reliable, Secre ommnications / 35
uilding up the ackhaul etwork to upport rafc / 39
upporting Video on the etwork / 43
ffectivel Managing Video / 44
Governance of Video ontent / 44
volving Voice upport on the etwork / 47
Spporting Roaming ot of Jrisdiction / 49
use of a ommercial ireless arrier / 50
Rollout trateg / 53
Best practices / 55nvest oda to Accelerate Benets / 58
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NwCpbiiisfor pbiCsfy
We live in a changing world, where public saety and the owners and operators o
critical inrastructure must address new threats and challenges, both natural and
man-made. In addition to police, fre and emergency medical services (EMS), utili-ties and transportation agencies have critical roles to play in emergency response.
Its no longer enough or these frst responders to rely on a push-to-talk (PTT)
network or situational awareness.
Mobile technology capable o sending and receiving bandwidth-intensive data
can help emergency response organizations do their jobs more eectively and saely.
These organizations need mobile broadband networks that let them share streaming
real-time video, detailed maps and blueprints, high-resolution photographs and other
fles that todays public saety wireless networks cant handle. The same is true when
served by commerical wireless networks during major events or catastrophes.
Long Term Evolution (LTE), the new standard or wireless communication o
high-speed data or mobile phones and data terminals, will satisy the broadband
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needs o emergency response
organizations. Already de-
ployed by many o the worldslargest mobile operators, it
delivers capacity and speed and
simplifes the network archi-
tecture.
LTE will enable sharing o
incident data like never beore:
in real time, securely, and in line
with the mission-critical needs
o the 21st century. And it will
do so in a manner not typically
possible with third-generation
(3G) technologies deployed in
todays commercial networks.
LTE is a set o standards or
radio access networks, which sitbetween mobile devices such
as cell phones, tablets and laptops and the core network. As the name implies,
LTE encompasses the evolutionary path rom todays networks to tomorrows all-IP
based, ultra-ast converged networks. It enables real-time video transmission rom
a frefghter at an incident scene to the emergency operations center, transmission
o high-defnition video (some o which may be received through next-generation
112/911 systems), distribution o high-resolution photos and detailed maps to police
cars, and much more. LTE gives users the same experience in a mobile setting as onfxed networks in the workplace or home.
LTE provides unprecedented capabilities or mobile broadband networks. It has
been declared by public saety and communications experts to be the technology o
choice or mobile broadband communications or years to come.
imitations of irst Responder ommunicationsCurrent Land Mobile Radio (LMR) and Proessional Mobile Radio (PMR) networks
are limited by their lack o capacity and standardization, which prevents emergen-
cy response teams rom communicating in an efcient and cost-eective manner.
No mission-critical broadband: LMR/PMR networks rely on narrowband systems
Mobile carriers in man contriesnow have commerciall available L
networks. he Global mobile Sppliers
Association (GSA) reported in Jne 2012
that 80 L operators have lanched
commercial services, and another 144
commercial networks are expected to
be operational b the end of 2012.
Altogether, the GSA fond that 327
operators in 99 contries have committed
to commercial L network deploments
or are engaged in trials, technolog
testing or stdies.
Sorce: http://www.gsacom.com/news/gsa_352.php
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that are optimized or voice. They lack the capacity to support rich, multimedia
content, which is needed to improve response and cooperation among emergency
response organizations. While some public saety agencies have low-rate wide-band data capabilities, most do not. Video and bulk fle transers are impossible
with most public saety mobile data networks, and support or remote access
to databases and Internet is limited. Some agencies pay or broadband through
commercial providers, which allows them to have access to the Web and e-mail,
or example. However, these networks become congested during catastrophes,
emergencies or other public saety events, which is exactly when public saety
communication is most critical.
No interoperability: While eorts are underway to standardize LMR/PMR net-
works using APCO Project 25 (P25) and TETRA open standards, many LMR/PMR
systems rely on outdated proprietary technology and hence do not interoperate.
This hampers inter-agency response because LMR/PMR systems used by neigh-
boring cities or counties cannot communicate with each other. The problem is ur-
ther compounded when a multi-agency or joint public saety and utility response
is required. An agency could operate multiple dedicated networks to cater to its
voice and data needs, though this would multiply deployment and management
costs: each time a change is made to a network there are new costs or equipment,
testing, operations and devices.
MJOR P y ORGZODOR
L has been endorsed b major pblic safet organizations as the technolog of
choice for the pblic safet broadband network. Proponents inclde:
Association of PblicSafet ommnications fcials (AP)
RA + ritical ommnications Association (A)
nternational Association of hiefs of Police (AP)
nternational Association of Fire hiefs (AF)
united States National Pblic Safet elecommnications oncil (NPS)
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nprecedented Opportunities
In contrast to existing technologies, LTE provides massive capacity and lowlatency, ensuring the necessary broadband to support mission-critical applications.
It is a standards-based technology which ensures interoperability and cooperation
among agencies. As a global mobile technology, it inherently supports roaming.
Furthermore, LTE leverages a large competitive ecosystem o equipment, applica-
tions and devices made or the private (commercial) sector, which can mean lower
development and equipment costs.
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OR P y OVRVWL is a powerfl new technolog that will benet pblic safet in nmeros was
Greater interoperabilit and enhanced inter-agenc cooperation:
Standardized protocols and interfaces
Biltin roaming capabilities
Sophisticated qalit of service (QoS) toolbox inclding priorit access
mechanisms that athorize and prioritize commnication, and provide
garanteed and differentiated QoS applications
nprecedented broadband capabilities:
High capacit, allowing a wide variet of applications that rel on rich,
mltimedia content
Low latenc, enabling realtime services (VoP, video, grop calls)
Mch faster than 3G, emploing advanced technologies
ost effective:
Lowers operating costs with a simplied allP architectre Leverages a rich, open ecosstem from commercial networks
omplements existing narrowband radio networks
Makes private networks more economicall feasible
High reliabilit and securit:
Spports a geographicall redndant Pbased architectre, redcing single
points of failre
Spports encrption/ciphering on both control and ser planes, enabling secre
commnications
volution to mission-critical network:
3GPP is incorporating enhanced fnctionalit to spport featres reqired for a
missioncritical network in the pcoming release (Release 12) sch as:
ProSe (Proximit Services) for direct mode operation
(also called talk arond) between terminals
nablers for efcient grop commnications (GSL)
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h soioN:pbiC sfy
An LTE-based broadband data overlay network oers the solution or public
saety agencies. The network has high reliability and security, and users can
count on optimal perormance at all times due to its QoS capabilities. Public
saety LTE operates in dedicated bands (400 MHz or 700 MHz spectrum de-
pending on the region/country) and complements the near-term continued useo existing narrow-band LMR/PMR solutions or mission critical voice.
Public saety LTE and other critical communications users can also operate
in spectrum usually dedicated to commercial LTE systems where authorized by
the regulator. This means that, when dealing with a major disaster (e.g., earth-
quake, oods), the total frst responder team public saety, utilities, transporta-
tion agencies, and deense have real-time access to video and operational data
with a highly interoperable solution to enhance saety and decision-making.
PartnershipsIn todays commercial mobile marketplace, operators are spectrum-starved. With
hundreds o millions o users, and multiples o that with the emergence o connected
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P y PRM
orth merican the united States, the Middle lass ax Relief and Job reation Act of 2012
(signed into law on Febrar 22, 2012) provides p to 34 MHz of 700 MHz
spectrm for pblic safet broadband se.
edicates 20 MHz of 700 MHz spectrm to pblic safet broadband se,
pairing 10 MHz of 700 MHz pblic safet broadband spectrm alread
licensed to pblic safet with the 700 MHz block for a total of 20 MHz
of dedicated broadband spectrm.
Provides pblic safet with exibilit to se the remaining 14 MHz; that is, the
12 MHz narrowband block pls the 2 MHz gard bands for broadband.
anada is following the united States band plan.
sia-Pacic, urope, Middle ast and frica
n the AsiaPacic region, the ftre AsiaPacic elecommnit (AP) plan
provides 2x45 MHz of 700 MHz spectrm. Althogh this is being discssedin most contries, no contr has identied spectrm for pblic safet.
n rope, the Middle ast, and Africa, a rst digital dividend which refers
to the spectrm freed p as a reslt of the switchover from analog to digital
terrestrial V has been allocated to commercial wireless operators (with a
few exceptions in the Middle ast). iscssions on a second digital dividend are
starting on the basis of providing a sbset of the AP band plan. t is nknown
whether there will be a dedicated spectrm for pblic safet in this second
devices (or example, machine-to-machine communication), operators are
desperate or access to new airwaves to help them address the crush o trafc on
their networks.
Utilities are in a similar situation. Unlike public saety, there is no dedicated allot-
ment o spectrum to address utility needs, either during emergency response (to keep
their networks up and running) or or the smart grid (which is critical or enhanced
efciency and security o the utility network).
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digital dividend, which is schedled as a discssion item at the next orld
Radiocommnication onference in 2015.
herefore it is nlikel that dedicated 700 MHz spectrm will be made available
soon in an contr in rope, the Middle ast, Africa, or AsiaPacic. n man
of these contries, the 400 MHz freqenc band is reserved for private mobile
radio sers, sch as those within emergenc services, transportation and tilities.
here are opportnities to se some of the spectrm in the 400 MHz band for
broadband. Reglator change is reqired to allow the se of broadband channels
that are scaled down to 1.4 MHz , 3 MHz or 5 MHz for an easier t from within
the existing bt disparate 400 MHz spectrm slices available toda. n a move in this
direction, the Spanish reglator recentl annonced it will free 2x5 MHz of spectrm
in the 450470 MHz band for pblic protection and disaster relief (PPR).
atin merica and the aribbean
Most Latin American contries are expected to adopt the AsiaPacic
elecommnit (AP) plan in 700 MHz (F: 45 MHz). Mexico, olombia, hile
and cador have alread selected this plan and Argentina, Brazil and othersare likel to as well. ach contr is also analzing whether spectrm will be
dedicated to pblic safet, or if it will be 100% commercial. Most pblic safet
agencies in Latin America and the aribbean (and government entities, as is the
case in Argentina) are hoping to gain access to at least 2x5 MHz in the 700 MHz
spectrm. he 400 MHz spectrm is mainl sed for pblic safet or government
entities in Latin America. Brazil alread dedicated the 450 to 470 MHz band to a
rral project. Mexico has the 380 to 400 MHz band dedicated to pblic safet.
LTE provides numerous benefts that make it attractive or partnerships be-
tween jurisdictions, and between public and private organizations. Experts predict
there will be more partnerships as more public saety agencies begin moving or-
ward with deployments.
First, there are the fnancial benefts. As shown in Figure 1 it is dramatically
more cost-eective to build a network as part o a public-private partnership rather
than on a standalone basis. Second, the LTE architecture makes partnering attractive
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or a number o reasons, includ-
ing the ability to keep trafc
rom multiple organizationsseparate and secure.
Sharing will be helpul be-
cause it provides great benefts
at lower cost. For example,
partnering with a utility could
provide an agency aordable
access to utility-owned inra-
structure in rural geographies
towers, rights-o-way, and net-
work backbone all o which
can save considerable time and
resources compared to a green-
feld deployment. Conversely,
public saety agency inrastruc-
ture backbone, towers couldalso be leased to partners to
provide a new revenue stream.
Agencies are also able to
gain exible coverage through
partnerships with commercial wireless operators, roaming while in other public
saety jurisdictions, and optimized cost and control when operating at home in
their private LTE network.
A larger public saety entity may possess and manage its own centralized equip-ment, enabling ull control over its subscriber base and operations. Alternatively,
core network equipment can be shared among multiple entities and managed by a
third party. This exibility gives public saety entities administrative control over their
subscribers and network.
n the united States National
Broadband Plan, the F estimateda total reqired investment of $16
billion to deplo a nationwide pblic
safet L. he Middle lass ax
Relief and Job reation Act of 2012
does not come close on the fnding
front. nstead, ongress reqired
FirstNet to look to partnerships to
make p the $9 billion in additional
resorces needed to deplo a
nationwide network. n practice,
this means partnerships that create
cash. t also means partnerships that
redce the deploment costs of the
network. Fortnatel, the new law
provides FirstNet with some powerfltools to prodce, throgh spectrm
and network infrastrctre sharing.
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Stand-alone
$21,371MTCO
10-year TCO savings 46 % = $6,718M
Public-private
$14,653M
55%CAPEX 45%
Device management
Device
Training
Coordination and monitoring
Planning and engineering
Maintenance
Roaming expenses
HSS
NOC and data center
IP core
LTE core
Backbone lease
Backhaul
Site rental
Utilities
One-time services
Spares
MW CAPEX
Hardening costs
Site acquisition cost
eNodeB
$25,000
$20,000
$15,000
$10,000
$5,000
$0
Site acquisition cost is the biggest
contributor to the standalone
network TCO
The other major contributors are
hardening costs, maintenance
costs, eNodeB, device
management and one-time
services are major contributors
Maintenance is the biggest
contributor to the public-private
partnership TCO
Other major contributors include
eNodeB, hardening costs, devices
igure 1. ell abs comparison of a .. standalone public safet network
versus public-private partnership
(as submitted on June 15, 2012 to the National Telecommunications and Inormation Administration in its
Request or Inormation on the Development o the State and Local Implementation Grant Program)
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he tilities dvantageIn many public saety emergency situations, utilities have a key role to play
along with fre, police and EMS, and as such they maintain their own emergencyresponse workorce. I a power line is involved in a fre, accident or other emer-
gency, other responders may have to wait or the utilitys sta to address the issue
beore their rescue activities can begin. A gas leak is similar: the leak must be
contained by utility personnel beore it is sae or EMS responders to enter.
Utilities are in an excellent position to partner with public agencies or an LTE
deployment:
Experience: They are well equipped and experienced at responding quickly
to emergencies.
Inrastructure: They have substantial inrastructure in place such as power
and transmission poles to which they can add other equipment. Many
have been investing in IP-based communications or years, which in turn can
provide the high bandwidth backhaul that will be required or LTE, and they
already have fber optics and microwave systems in place.
Presence: They have a particularly strong presence in rural areas and arealready ocused on end-to-end coverage. For example, utilities reach 100
percent coverage o a geographic area, which is consistent with the coverage
public saety is expected to provide. Commercial communications providers
typically reach only 97 percent o the population.
There are already many successul examples o LMR systems shared between utili-
ties and public saety agencies in the United States, which urther demonstrates
the value o cooperation.
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WORD O hen the pblic safet commnit thinks of an ideal partner for the deploment
and se of a missioncritical network, the think of a partner who has the same
missioncritical needs the do: life and death, not revenes and prot. utilities
t the bill. he are emergenc rst responders, and the also need a ve9s
network that is hardened and bilt for missioncritical needs so it wont go ofine
when the network is needed the most. he also have an existing revene base
that can spport sensible investments in the tilit bsiness smart grids.
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:wh i is,wh i dos
LTE is a relatively new wireless technology that greatly increases the speed,
reliability and capacity o mobile phone networks. LTE standards were frst
described in Release 8 o the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Both
3GPP and 3GPP2 have declared LTE to be the next-generation global standard ormobile communications.
Wh LTE is aster, simpler and more economically easible than any other mobile com-
munication technology. The ollowing eatures and benefts combined make LTE
much more powerul and reliable than 3G, and provide unprecedented capabilities
or public saety, as well as other critical inrastructure operators such as utilities.
Better perormance The numerous technological advances o LTE bring better
overall perormance. End users will certainly notice an improved experience, and
the technology itsel will be more reliable.
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Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology, or example, is used with LTE.
MIMO puts several antennas rather than one on a single tower and on the devices.
With more antennas working or the same communication, perormance (coverageand capacity) is signifcantly improved without the need or additional bandwidth or
increased transmitting power.
Orthogonal requency division multiple access (OFDMA) is another technology that
is used with LTE. It maximizes the use o available spectrum ar better than previous
technologies. This is a key attribute because there is a fnite amount o spectrum avail-
able or use. The improved spectral efciency lets the system optimize bandwidth data
capacity, number o users, and user experience.
What it means or public saety and utilities: Improve situational awareness
Two-way voice, real-time high-defnition video, and large data fle distribution
integrated with incident management databases, including Geographic
Inormation Systems (GIS), provide or immediate, dependable communications
during incident response. With LTE, voluminous amounts o inormation can be
exchanged rom anywhere, instantly, in many ways. Collaboration utilizing these
tools ensures eective sharing o inormation in task orce operations.
Simplifed, IP-based architecture The all-IP architecture o an LTE network
requires ewer elements, which reduces complexity and results in lower capi-
tal expenditure (CAPEX) and operational expenditure (OPEX) as well as lower
latency. LTE is also extremely scalable, which makes it easy to accommodate a
signifcant number o users. All-IP architecture is also more exible, making it easy
to inter-connect nodes, build pathways between nodes or increased resiliency and
availability, and to change the logical paths between nodes i needed.
In todays commercial marketplace, operators are reducing network complexityand cost by leveraging a common IP architecture or their fxed and mobile needs.
Public saety agencies can beneft rom the same efciencies. Best o breed technolo-
gies and solutions rom the commercial sector augmented with public saety spe-
cifc eatures, such as ruggedized devices or frst responders will provide reduced
cost, reduced complexity, and superior service or the public saety market.
What it means or public saety: Uniy communications and enhance day-to-
day operations
Voice, video, and data on one end-to-end IP network results in reduced
complexity and lower costs through greater efciency. LTE supports
telemetry and remote diagnostics, which means inormation can be sent
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automatically to mobile devices and analyzed remotely. As a result,
personnel have instant remote access to databases to access vehicle records
or suspect fles, or example, or to submit reports electronically. Public
saety personnel can be more eective when paperwork and waiting times
are reduced.
What it means or utilities: Manage distributed feld assets with a single network
LTE provides a single network to enable meter collectors, substations, pole-
mounted and remote intelligent devices, feld personnel, distributed energy
resources, enterprise voice and data, as well as video surveillance.
Devices
Radio
AccessNetwork
(RAN)
Backhaul
(IP/MPLS andmicrowave)
Operations,
Administrationand Maintenance Applications
Commandcenter
Data center
eNodeB
User Equipment
(UE)
eNodeB
IP-based Architecture
EvolvedPacket Core
(EPC)
Essentialsignaling
andtransport
control
components
IP/MPLS
igure 2. Public afet solution high level
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Low latency With LTE, users typically experience a one-way latency o 10-15
ms, which is very important when it comes to demanding applications such aspush-to-talk or streaming video, and or applications that require very ast access
setup, which is oten the case with public saety applications. Too much latency
degrades the signal and can rustrate the end user.
What it means or public saety: Unprecedented video and digital imaging
LTE gives new meaning to the phrase a picture is worth a thousand words.
Seeing whats happening at an incident scene while the situation is
unolding is much more helpul than hearing about it. LTE provides near-
real-time transmission o high-defnition video, as well as detailed images o
crime and disaster scenes, suspects, and more. I an ofcer is not responding
by radio, a dispatcher can instruct the squad car to activate and/or remotely
control a camera and autonomously transmit video to the dispatcher.
PD: G P ORWRDL is mch faster than 3G theoreticall more than 15 times faster in both
download and pload speeds. rthogonal Freqenc ivision Mltiple Access(FMA) technolog is sed on the downlink while Singlearrier FMA (S
FMA) is sed on the plink. FMA provides robst data transmissions when
sed over wide channels. his enables L to be effective at bandwidths larger
than 5 MHz, which is the maximm bandwidth at which 3G can work.
For example, the maximm theoretical download speed of L is 326 Mb/s sing
20 MHz bandwidth and 4x4 MM schemes. For 3G, it is arond 20 Mb/s. Speeds
offered to sers in the real world are actall mch lower than these theoretical
or laborator gres. Both in theor and in practice, however, L is clearl
a giant leap forward. hile 3G tpicall provides 2 Mb/s in download speed
to realworld sers with a 5 MHz channel, L tpicall provides 15 Mb/s in
download with a 10 MHz channel.
Speed in the real world depends on several factors, sch as the nmber of sers
on the sstem, distance from the cell tower or the nmber of antennas on thetower. Speed also depends on the size of the bandwidth channel being sed. A
channel that is 10 MHz wide is faster than one that is 5 MHz wide.
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What it means or utilities: Realize the benefts o a smart grid
Utilities are looking or opportunities to leverage intelligent and proactivemonitoring o their inrastructure in order to be smarter about how they manage
their resources. National energy, environmental and other policies are demanding
a more efcient, clean and reliable electric grid. Smart technologies allow utilities
to keep energy owing as cost-eectively as possible. With LTE, the ability to
access extremely demanding applications will open the door to many unctions
that are not possible with current networks. For example, because LTE supports
high-defnition video in real time, a utility will be able to use a drone to y over
transmission lines and check or aults beore they aect service.
Greater interoperability LTE has a number o advantages related to interoper-
ability: commercially standardized protocols and interaces mean that more public
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saety personnel can talk to one another, agencies and individuals can be on the
same communications platorm, and there is support or an open device ecosystem.
What it means or public saety and utilities: Enhance cooperation and lower costs Move away rom special or proprietary and expensive technologies.
Allow roaming onto commercial networks when necessary, acilitating
broad partnerships between public saety and commercial carriers.
Communicate seamlessly with other emergency responders. When utilities
join other frst responders on a public saety LTE network, inter-agency
communications is greatly enhanced.
Ater next-generation 112/911 is a reality, leverage growing amounts
o inormation text, images, and video received by Public Service
Answering Points (PSAPs) rom the public through mobile devices.
Security LTE makes use o some o the most advanced mechanisms available or
air interace and network security. Air interace security eatures and capabilities
protect the LTE device, network elements, and trafc rom attacks originating over
the air interace. Network security eatures and capabilities protect the LTE net-
work elements and trafc rom security attacks generated in the wireline transportnetwork and external devices connected to the evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access Network (eUTRAN) and the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) network. End-to-
end security is achieved with strong data encryption in the devices and network.
This includes encryption at the base stations which provides over-the-air cipher-
ing and integrity validation as well as security over land lines connecting the base
stations to the EPC using IPSec. Mutual authentication between the network and
devices ensures system integrity.
What it means or public saety and utilities: Communicate securely and reliably Enables secure communication
Eliminates tampering with over-the-air inormation
Throughput capability enables implementation o additional end-to-end
security layers, i needed
Mutual authentication means rogue devices will not jeopardize operations
Provides the basis or a secure and reliable communication between devices
and data centers
Network sharing The concurrent use o the network by multiple entities with dis-
tinct unctions and roles means asset-sharing must be done in a manner amenable
to all parties. Standard network-sharing methods are available to ensure multiple en-
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tities have access to their air share o resources without hindering each others op-
erations. For example, an architecture based on the Multiple Operator Core Network
(MOCN) concept is possible when utilities have access to their network identity. What it means or public saety and utilities: Share resources
Spectrum resources can be concurrently used
Spectrum-sharing can be tailored based on mutual agreements
Distinct encryption levels can be provided
Trafc can be segregated
Quality o service and prioritization With its all-IP architecture, the LTE net-
work must rely on QoS controls to handle dierent types o services and prevent
congestion. In that regard, QoS unctions are spread across the whole LTE network
domain, including the User Equipment (UE), base station, EPC, and IP/multiproto-
col label switching (MPLS) backhaul/backbone segments.
LTE standards defne a comprehensive ramework to support end-to-end QoS
rom the terminal to the edge o the EPC. Each user and each application per user
can be translated into a set o QoS parameters (data rate, latency, packet loss rate and
priority) to enable guaranteed and dierentiated delivery o each individual applica-tion end-to-end. Further, LTE introduces priority mechanisms, including pre-emption,
to distinguish between higher and lower priority sessions and UEs. In the event o
congestion, this enables the network to prioritize the most critical services/users by
pre-empting resources rom less critical applications/users.
Finally, the rules o QoS can be changed dynamically, ensuring or instance that
a group assigned to an incident will have priority over other frst responders that may
also be in the incident area but that are not part o the response team. QoS continuity
when roaming is ensured subject to local policies. What it means or public saety and utilities:
Assure QoS or mission-critical activities
Intelligent sharing o air resources and network capacity
Trafc prioritization, especially critical during incidents
Enable quality o experience
Bandwidth exibility LTE can be exibly deployed with a wide range o channel sizes,
or carrier bandwidths. These can range rom 1.4 MHz wide up to 20 MHz. LTE works
well at any level within this range. In the uture evolution o LTE (LTE-Advanced, frst
defned in 3GPP Release 10), it will be possible to aggregate multiple bandwidths
to achieve transmission bandwidth in excess o 20 MHz (up to 100 MHz).
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What it means or public saety and utilities: Flexibility and scalability Flexibility to ft in existing but disparate spectrum slices (e.g. at 400 MHz)
System perormance scalability as additional spectrum becomes available
How Meets the eeds of Public afetWorldwide, governments are striving to protect their citizens and critical
inrastructures rom threats that range rom broad-scale terrorist activities or
natural disasters to a more localized incident like a fre, crime and medical crisis.
Public saety agencies must deal with a growing number and diversity o calls orservice while also aced with tight budgets, constrained workorces, and public
expectations o increasingly more rapid and eective action.
LTE oers relie or public saety and frst responder organizations, enabling
high-speed broadband accessible over wide coverage areas, improved interoperability,
more eective use o multiple systems and applications (video, digital imagery, maps,
automatic vehicle location (AVL), Web access, remote reporting, biometric reporting,...).
Situational awareness and decision-making will be improved, which in turn will
increase the saety o the public and the frst responders themselves.
Unifed communications inrastructure With LTE, public saety agencies
can provide voice, video and data all on the same network. This type o unifed
PUBLIC SAFETY
TRANSPORTATION
UTILITIES
Information andApplication Access
Public SafetyVideo, images, sharing/greater
interoperability, etc
TransportationVideo surveillance remote sensors,trafc management, etc
Utilities
Manage distributed eld assets,inter-agency communications,
video etc
Public Safety
LTE Network
igure 3. Public safet network delivers high-speed broadband mobile access
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communications has become increasingly popular in recent years, and LTE takes it
to the next level with technological advances.
With everything on one network, it is easy to add more capabilities as they areneeded, or as unding becomes available. This helps agencies manage their budgets.
That is why many public saety agencies are planning to frst roll out data services on
LTE networks, and then add voice capabilities later. They can continue to use their
LMR/PMR systems or voice until the time is right to move voice to the LTE network.
When it is time to add voice, agencies dont need to waste their investment in
LTE equipment. Instead, they just add the voice application to the LTE inrastructure,
and keep moving orward. This is much more economical than in the past, when
agencies would build a separate network to add a new capability, incurring extracosts or both deployment and operations.
Ecosystem o devices The public sector has a tremendous opportunity with
LTE to leverage commercially available equipment and devices. Applications,
devices and other equipment have been developed mostly in the private sector
or commercial purposes. It makes sense or public saety to take advantage o the
tremendous oundation that has been laid. It is easier to achieve interoperability
in a variety o situations when using devices that are available everywhere. USB
dongles, PC cards and vehicle modems are likely to be used when public saety
LTE networks are initially deployed. Cell phones, smartphones and other multime-
dia-capable devices (tablets, PC, etc.) are also available.
P y OO400 MHz: vercor, the integrated L 400 PMR soltion from AlcatelLcent and
assidian, provides an option for the existing PMR 380470 MHz band. t offershigh datarate capabilities for PMR networks that ensre the needed bandwidth
for reliable voice and eastose data, video services allowing PMR sers to
operate effectivel. As the worlds rst commercial L PMR offer at 400 MHz,
the soltion can also be integrated into existing RA and RAPL networks.
700 MHz: he AlcatelLcent soltion for the se of the 2x10 MHz of bandwidth
in the pper 700 MHz spectrm (band 14) was established to enable advanced
pblic safet wireless commnications in the united States.
dditional pectrum: Soltions for agencies with spectrm in standard L bands
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prpriNgfor
Getting ready or LTE will take some work, but the eort will be well worth it. As
public saety agencies prepare to create LTE networks, there are many key steps
along the way.
Determine user requirements. Think ahead about what users will actually
want to do once LTE is in place. What are their requirements? They could be
dierent or each public saety agency. Will users need high-defnition video all
the time? Will the agency want to do a lot o administrative or ofce work rom
a mobile environment? What will the agency use text messages or, and how o-
ten? Which databases will people need to access while out in the feld? This type
o application and user analysis is an important step in preparing or LTE. Talk
with actual users police ofcers, frefghters and EMS personnel, or example
and understand how they will use the LTE system.
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Determine which applications are needed. Once user requirements are known,
the agency can determine which kinds o applications are needed. Confrm the
throughput requirements or those applications. How much capacity will berequired to ulfll user needs? Think ahead; public saety agencies always want
more and more applications that require broadband. Consider applications that
improve situational awareness. Also look at those that improve communications
across dierent agencies and jurisdictions. Be aware that most o the commercial
service providers limit bandwidth per month, which can be a problem i video is
used requently.
Consider solution requirements. Think about users, capacity, coverage, existing
inrastructure, device ecosystem and other actors in the overall solution.
Assess what the agency has. Early on, look at what the agency has, and how it
is being used. Then determine how much o it can be leveraged when creating the
LTE network. There may be extensive acilities that can be used, which will save
a lot o money. Conduct an in-depth assessment o existing network inrastruc-
ture and backhaul. What can be used rom the LMR/PMR inrastructure? Doesthe agency have microwave? Fiber? MPLS? How is everything connected to the
network? What is owned? What is leased?
Look at the agencys physical inrastructure. I there are existing tower sites or
voice communications, it is likely these can be re-used or the LTE network. But the
agency should look closely. How many towers are there? Can they bear more weight?
Hold more antennas? Can an LTE base station (eNodeB) be added? Is there enough
power at the base o each tower to run more equipment? The agency should also con-frm how it is currently connecting to those sites, and the capacity o those connections.
Identiy system strengths and weaknesses. With LTE, there will be more data
trafc and it needs enough network capacity to get rom place to place. Where
does the agencys system have room to grow? How can the agency achieve greater
capacity? Are there bottlenecks in the network that impede adding capacity?
Identiy strengths and weaknesses, whether the agency has its own network or
is leasing rom a commercial carrier. I leasing, can the agencys carrier handle an
increase in data trafc once LTE is here?
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I the agency owns the
network, can the equipment
and inrastructure grow tomeet uture demands? Will the
network need more backhaul?
Sometimes, additional tech-
nologies can bridge the gaps.
MPLS, or example, can help
the current backhaul network
run more efciently, so the
agency can expand capacity
that way rather than building
more backhaul.
Future-proo when buying.
It is important to uture-proo
the network. The agency needs
to think about LTE now, so itdoes not go down the wrong
path in planning or purchas-
ing. Ensure everything that
is done today will pay o later when LTE goes live both or the agency and or
neighboring jurisdictions. The agency will make better purchases ater it has done a
thorough assessment o what it has and where its weaknesses are. Choose technolo-
gies that will allow the agency to grow and get the most out o LTE. The agency can
upgrade its transport network, improve connectivity to towers or make other net-work improvements as usual, but it should start to also actor LTE into its thinking.
Develop a device strategy. Identiy which groups o users can use commercially
available devices. For users who need a ruggedized or hardened device, such as some
frst responders, determine whether it is more economical or them to use a commer-
cial device or a specifc cover which will make the device drop-resistant or water-repel-
lant. Assess whether the savings will oset the potential cost to replace the damaged
device, and whether a device ailure will impact frst responder saety or the mission.
PPOR
ith its expertise in bothtelecommnications and economic
analses, Bell Labs Advisor Services
provides extensive spport for L
planning activities.
xamples of spport ma inclde:
Assess the viabilit and capacit
of backhal/backbone facilities
rafc modeling
Std of mltiple RF coverage
scenarios
Reliabilit assessment of particlar
architectres based on potential
site locations
otal cost of ownership analses;
for example, to help spread costswith secondar partners
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Partnering with other agencies. For many agencies, partnering is a sensible ar-
rangement. In the U.S., this will be a state-level decision. It may be advantageous early
in the network design and deployment process to consider the potential benefts andrequirements o a partnership with a utility and/or transportation agency. For example,
this might include a public-private partnership with a utility that provides the utility
with controlled use o the public saety LTE network. With this partnership, a speci-
fed amount o bandwidth and designated level o priority will be available or utility
communications. The utility has assets that include existing backhaul, right o way,
and unding that may enable a more rapid broadband deployment than easible when
based solely on a public saety agencys budget. In rural areas where public saety
LMR/PMR coverage may be limited and the cost or covering each citizen is higher,
it may be particularly advantageous to consider leveraging utility assets to accelerate
coverage. A partnership could provide additional benefts such as enhanced public
saety and the ability to interoperate and collaborate with utility frst responders.
In determining whether to partner with others, consider the agencys size and
network capabilities. Also consider core competencies. Are neighboring agencies
stronger in certain areas? Perhaps working together can shore up everyones weak-
nesses, and expand everyones strengths.
Establish governance and/or regional agreement. How will the new LTE net-
work be governed? I working with other agencies, it will take extra eort to create
a jurisdictional agreement everyone can support. I working alone, the agency will
still have some governance issues to sort out. Which o the users will have priority
access to the network, and in which situations? Policies should spell out the priori-
ties within the agency. Even i the agency covers a single jurisdiction, it will need
agreement between police, fre, EMS and possibly other agencies as well.Partnering with other agencies gets more complicated. LTE provides an unprec-
edented opportunity to put together regional networks, but it can only work i
jurisdictions agree on a governance model. How will each o the agencies use the
network? What is one agencys priority compared to others? How do the agencies
handle users who roam into each others regions?
Jurisdictional priority can be one way to address the issue. This gives each
agency control o a portion o the network (base stations within its jurisdiction, or
example). Thus each jurisdiction is truly part o the solution, while still retaining
some ownership and control.
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Governance also plays a part during a multi-agency response to a large incident.
Much is determined by the location o the incident, as the home agency will have
the most control. In all cases, the agency should ensure personnel have the band-width and access to get the resources they need.
Create a business case. Whether the agency needs its own private LTE network or
wants to partner with others, it needs a strong business case to present to decision-
makers. A big part o this is fnancial. I the agency uses a commercial carrier, fnd
out what is spent with that carrier each month or broadband. Multiply that by the
number o users and the agency is probably paying a large sum each month. With
LTE lowering the cost o owning a network, it might be less expensive to build a
network than to continue paying or the use o someone elses. Do a cost/beneft
analysis. What is the best investment value or the organization? What makes
sense? Sometimes partnering with another agency can dramatically lower costs. I
the agency moves away rom commercial carriers to build its own network, keep
in mind that the agency will have to take on the maintenance and support o that
network as well. But it is like supporting an LMR/PMR network, and the overall
advantages could outweigh the new responsibility o maintenance and support.An agency could opt to have its own network but pay someone else to manage it
and still come out ahead.
Decide on interoperability with LMR/PMR. An important decision to make is
whether to connect the agencys LTE and LMR/PMR networks.
There are two schools o thought. One says an agency should connect them
because it will want as much interoperability and exibility as possible. The other
says there is no real problem in keeping them separate; eventually the voice willmove over onto LTE anyway and LMR/PMR will ade out o the picture. At this point,
no one seems certain about whether LMR/PMR will stick around. There would be
advantages to converging voice and data onto one LTE network. For starters, the LTE
handsets would be much less expensive than LMR/PMR devices. But they would
likely have to be proven in the feld beore everyone in public saety migrates to them.
Meanwhile, the investment in LMR/PMR has already been made, so it might be hard
to move away rom that anytime soon. People will have to wait and see. But eventu-
ally the decision will have to be made by each public saety agency.
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Providing Reliable, ecure ommunicationsA key requirement or a public saety network is that it must provide the capability
to frst responders to communicate together while in the feld and with commandand control centers rom any place and under any circumstance. To achieve this
very demanding objective (which goes well beyond what commercial cellular net-
works can oer), a combination o specifc network design and advanced solution
eatures is required.
Maximize communications reach and coverage. First, the public saety LTE
radio coverage must span both densely populated areas as well as remote and
sparsely populated areas (or example, in mountains/orested areas to fght orest
fres) where frst responder operations are also needed. A common requirement is
95%-98% outdoor coverage o the area an agency serves. Although the require-
ment is set at a high level, it is not possible to cover all the difcult environments
dpoyiNgN Nwork
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(like deep inside a building/basement or canyon). With existing LMR/PMR
technology, direct terminal-to-terminal communication is available to maintain
and extend continuity o communications between frst responders where networkcoverage is not available (or example, a freman entering a basement to extin-
guish a fre).
A similar eature that will enable terminal-to-terminal communications or LTE
is being studied right now by the 3GPP under the name Proximity Services in the
Release 12 timerame (ProSe, TR22.803). Additionally, a Cell-on-Wheels (COW) can
be deployed in the vicinity o an incident to temporarily provide high quality and
high capacity local coverage. This COW can connect to the network with a conven-
tional backhaul solution such as microwave or it may be operated as a relay in the
uture (as also defned by the 3GPP standards).
Ensure non-stop communications. Another aspect o the reliability and availability
o an LTE public saety network relies on the way the nodes o an end-to-end LTE
network are deployed and interconnected. The LTE core network can be deployed in a
geo-redundant confguration to enhance solution resiliency in the event o a disaster at
a core site. On top o this, LTE oers the inherent capability to connect each base station(eNodeB) to multiple core network elements. This enables the load balancing o trafc
to maximize perormance and network capacity use under normal operating conditions;
but more importantly it provides services continuity to the frst responders i there is a
ailure o a core network element. Also, LTE is an all-IP technology and all nodes can be
interconnected with a redundant/meshed packet-based backhaul network.
When IP/MPLS is used on the backhaul network, it can be designed so that any
transmission link or transmission equipment ailure can automatically be resolved in less
than 50 ms by selecting an alternative transmission path using the Fast ReRoute eature.The battery back-up design also has a key role in the overall availability and
resiliency o the solution. In the event o a major electricity blackout (caused, or ex-
ample, by a tornado knocking down electrical poles), public saety communications
must continue to operate to support the rescue o citizens and to maintain security
in the disaster area. Consequently, the battery back-up systems must be over-sized
compared to commercial networks practices, and may include backup generators to
handle prolonged power outages.
In the event the local communications inrastructure is destroyed by a major di-
saster (such as ooding or fre), it is always possible to deploy a COW equipped with
a back-up generator to provide emergency communications.
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Deliver quality o service. The last key element relates to QoS and the specifc
management o QoS or public saety operations to deliver the required peror-
mance. LTE is an all-IP radio network where all applications share the same radiochannel and IP inrastructure. The LTE standard defnes a comprehensive toolbox
that enables a dierentiated QoS or specifc applications (such as voice, data and
video) and users. Rules can be defned or each application and user to determine
exactly how that particular trafc ow should be handled rom end to end. The
parameters that can be set include such things as data rate (guaranteed or not),
latency, packet loss and priority.
Every single packet that enters the LTE network is inspected and mapped to the
appropriate bearer channel. Hence, when selecting an LTE packet core, it is o utmost
importance to choose a solution with a high perormance Packet Data Gateway
(PGW) that is able to efciently handle the deep packet inspection (DPI) and map-
ping process or all incoming packets. During deployment, the QoS parameters or
each application/user are provisioned so that each user experiences the appropriate
perormance under any radio circumstances. It is also possible to control and modiy
the QoS parameters o a particular (group o) user(s) or applications dynamically.
This means that in an emergency situation, or example, the situation commandercould temporarily provide higher priority to the team assigned to respond to the inci-
dent. A dedicated network will provide this level o control o these parameters.
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bidiNg ph bCkhNworko sppor rffiC
Data and video applications require much more bandwidth than voice services. As
public saety deploys LTE or aster, higher quality multimedia services, the growing
demand or bandwidth will put pressure on the backhaul network. Public saety net-work operators need a more exible and cost-eective way to quickly transorm their
backhaul networks to carry this mobile data trafc. Existing backhaul networks based
on leased lines cannot deliver the required capacity in a cost-controlled manner.
Public saety agencies should leverage the optimal cost points o newer trans-
port technologies including Carrier Ethernet and MPLS to provide the high reliability,
perormance and manageability o mission-critical packet and legacy trafc. An all-IP
backhaul will accommodate the new packet-based services while simultaneously
supporting traditional services because IP/MPLS is capable o supporting all trafc
types (data, voice and video) and protocols (TDM, ATM, Ethernet, IP, etc.).
Historically, organizations have built networks or a single purpose. This has
resulted in the operation and management o multiple siloed networks. With new
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BuLNG uP H BAHAuL NR SuPPR L RAFF
IP/MPLS technology, an agency can converge all o these networks and start running
this trafc over a single network to gain efciencies through load balancing, as well
as shared operating costs, management and security. For public service agencies, a
consolidated backhaul provides the additional advantage that they can leverage thisnew digital oundation to combine storage o all o the data gathered.
To meet the stringent QoS requirements o real-time trafc, the mobile backhaul
network must integrate many o the qualities and attributes o switched networks
including predictability, reliability and manageability. Rather than using multiple
overlay backhaul networks, the solution should accommodate legacy access needs
and be optimized or next generation broadband services using Ethernet and MPLS,
based on multiservice routing and switching platorms. The use o Ethernet/ATM/
TDM-based pseudowires will bring mature and efcient unctionality to the RAN and
enable the transition o the legacy RAN to packet.
When making the transormation to packet, there are some important require-
ments to keep in mind. The mobile backhaul network must:
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Support current LMR/PMR services while providing the scalability and
exibility to support new LTE mobile services
Enable scalable bandwidth at lower cost (leveraging Ethernet/IP over multiple
media: copper, fber, microwave) Provide service assurance across all services (via carrier-grade Ethernet/MPLS)
Deliver accurate clock synchronization mechanisms to converge rapidly
across the packet RAN
Lower operational costs (via integrated management)
Provide QoS support or all mobile services, efciently allocating scarce
network resources in real time
Increase network optimization and capacity, improving cost per bit
transported as leased lines are replaced
Address inrastructure diversity via exible backhaul alternatives, each
providing an evolution to all-IP
P, MP D P/MPLS networks are perfectl sited for providing backhal (transport)
in L networks. P/MPLS can handle high bandwidth, mediarich servicesthat reqire endtoend QoS. And while P/MPLS can evolve with ftre
needs and L, it also integrates with mltigenerational networks that need
to incorporate legac technologies. he se of both P and MPLS has been
growing consistentl in recent ears, and that growth is expected to contine.
Man pblic safet agencies have alread transitioned to P/MPLS networks
to converge mltiple services voice, data and video onto a single platform.
ther agencies have at least started on this, b moving their LMR/PMR
commnications to P. ith P/MPLS, mltiple tpes of data from nmeros
agencies can be sent over the network, while keeping trafc separate and
secre. MPLS also provides better exibilit and performance than previos
technologies. MPLS can carr both mobile and xed services simltaneosl. t
is a matre technolog that provides man options for the ftre.
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spporiNgVido oN h Nwork
First responders and command center personnel can improve situational aware-
ness and decision-making with the ability to see what is happening beore, during
and ater an incident. There is a growing amount o video surveillance eeds romfxed cameras and camera-equipped vehicles, frst responders with tablets, and
helmet cameras which can all be shared with frst responder teams.
Because LTE enables video to be rapidly shared and adapted, the requency,
type and amount o video content will grow. For example, citizens will soon be able
to send video via 112/911 systems. In addition, camera systems with remote pan, tilt
and zoom capabilities are available, and they provide the ability to vary the rame-
rate to suit the particular application (or example, to detect an intrusion or identiy
an intruder).
As a result, there are two signifcant actors that must be addressed:
Equipping command/dispatch centers and frst responders to eectively
manage video
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Implementing procedures governing the use o video, including its
management or large incidents to maximize frst responder and mobile
network perormance
ffectivel Managing VideoWithin the dispatch and/or command center, an important element to implement
as part o the initial solution deployment is a capability to eectively manage the
video selection, distribution and storage. For many agencies this will be with a
management solution (available today) that integrates inormation rom other
applications such as license plate recognition and access control systems in a
police command center to deliver a more comprehensive situational view. Using
remote camera management capabilities, the center can select the appropriate
eed(s) and push them to the frst responder(s) and agencies with whom they are
collaborating at an incident. For example, this might include remotely accessing
the DVR in a vehicle that passed a store while on patrol just minutes prior to a
burglary to determine i the vehicles camera captured inormation on the suspect
and vehicle. The command center could remotely select the appropriate level o
picture resolution and provide this in real-time to responders, along with a localstreet video surveillance eed to aid in the resolution.
First responders need the capability to quickly and easily move between dier-
ent live video eeds streamed to their device to eectively aid in increasing situational
awareness and aster, better decision-making. For example, they should be able to
easily move a video rom their vehicle laptop to a ruggedized tablet or smartphone
when leaving their vehicle without having to undertake time-consuming actions
like re-sizing and manipulating windows. The exibility to view multiple video
streams and then select the relevant one is also needed, and is not always readilyavailable on every device.
Governance of Video ontentThe use o video has legal and regulatory implications, which will become more
pressing as that use grows and videos are dynamically communicated at incidents.
It is extremely important that agencies develop and communicate procedures
or how video is to be captured, shared and stored, particularly between agen-
cies. Multiple video streams have the potential to consume a lot o bandwidth,
so when multiple agencies respond to a large incident, priorities must be clear.
Agencies should establish procedures that ocus on the number o video streams,
their resolution, and so on, to maximize frst responder and network perormance.
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Modeling o video use and key applications may be helpul inputs in developing
procedures on the use o video. I the applications used and/or number o frst
responders at an incident varies signifcantly within the agencys jurisdiction, it
might be helpul to develop separate models or each key area, such as urban,
suburban and rural.
R RPODR VDOAlcatelLcent First Responder
Video enables the command/dispatch center to tailor the
nmber of video and data
views as well as the screen
laot for each device tpe and
grop of sers, so information
is delivered in a wa that is
appropriate to the sitation as
well as meaningfl in relation to
the size of the device.
nnovative software
developed b Bell Labs makes the speed deliver of this information possible
over a Pblic Safet L network and optimizes the se of network bandwidth. t
enables mltiple video feeds and operational data to be mixed into a single stream
that is sent to mobile devices. he reslting stream provides signicant bandwidth
gain (a ratio of at least the nmber of mixed ows to one) and efcient decodingand displa at the device since the complex maniplations are done in the First
Responder Video server in the command center.
First Responder Video offers two modes of operation. he dispatcher can select
the video mix to be transmitted to each specic grop of sers, and can change the mix
according to the mission needs. Also, sers can directl share video with other sers
that belong to their grop b simpl selecting a video from the mosaic and sharing it.
First Responder Video can also operate over commercial 3G and 4G networks.
his enables agencies toda to start a pilot deploment to determine operational
procedres as well as benet from enhanced safet and teamwork. hen once their
Pblic Safet L network is deploed, spport can evolve to this network which
offers additional control and a broader deploment.
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VoViNg VoiCsppor oN h Nwork
An LTE public saety network is primarily deployed to provide additional capa-
bilities to frst responders that will improve operational eectiveness, including
broadband applications such as live video and high-speed sharing o inormationsuch as maps and pictures. Initially, these capabilities will likely be available to a
subset o frst responders, and then to an increasing number over time as budgets
and applications become available.
Voice (and especially group voice calls) on existing LMR/PMR networks will
continue to be an essential mode o communication or all frst responders. However,
it is very important to also support voice on the LTE network. LTE can provide VoIP
services today and a new set o standard parameters has been already defned or
Voice over LTE (VoLTE), which provides VoIP interoperability or commercial
voice services.
Providing VoLTE on a public saety network initially enables agencies to replace
commercial wireless devices with devices that leverage the public saety network,
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MO R VO: .. R&Dn the same legislative act that created FirstNet, the u.S. ongress also provided
p to $300 million to the National nstitte of Standards and echnolog to prse
research and development on pblic safet commnications needs, incldingmission critical voice over broadband. he directives from ongress inclde:
ocment pblic safet reqirements
Accelerate deploment of capabilit for commnications between narrowband
and broadband networks
Research plan addressing wireless commnications needs of pblic safet beond
that provided b crrent generation of technolog
Accelerate deploment of mission critical voice, inclding talkarond, over
broadband networks, prioritization, athentication, and standard APs for the
nationwide broadband network
Accelerate deploment of technolog and eqipment that eventall facilitates
migration from narrowband to broadband network
thus reducing the total cost o ownership. However, the requirements or voice sup-
port go well beyond the standard VoLTE service. In act, in the public saety context,what is most important is or the LTE network to interwork with P25/TETRA voice
(and low data-rate services like short message). Over the short term, this interwork-
ing enables interoperability. It also provides the necessary migration path rom P25/
TETRA with an LTE overlay to a mission-critical LTE network running all mission-
critical services (voice, video and data).
To achieve interoperability, a gateway that interconnects the narrowband sys-
tems with the LTE system is deployed. This gateway enables the extension o push to
talk (PTT) application with P25/TETRA to the LTE network. The same gateway mayalso have the role o a ull-blown PTT server or LTE. In the current approach or P25
interworking with LTE, all PTT messages (signaling, oor control, media) are trans-
ported over LTE and a PTT client is installed on the LTE terminal to emulate P25 ter-
minal behavior. As a consequence, the LTE terminal enabled with client sotware will
mimic and inherit all services available on P25. The interworking protocol is based
on the extension o the IP-based ISSI interace, which has previously been defned to
interconnect multiple P25 networks. Preliminary implementations are available that
enable a frst level o interworking. Standardization o this mechanism or P25/LTE
interworking is on-going in the TIA TR8.8 group. Similar discussions are also starting
in the TETRA/TETRAPOL community. This will ensure ull interoperability between
jurisdictions (and solutions rom dierent suppliers).
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In parallel, through the
addition o new 3GPP unc-
tionalities such as ProximityServices (ProSe; providing
talkaround or direct mode
o operations), evolved
Multimedia Broadcast
Multicast Service (eMBMS)
and GCSEL (Group Commu-
nication System Enablers or
LTE), LTE public saety net-
works will be able to more
efciently handle large-scale
group communications.
This will pave the way
toward complete migra-
tion to a mission-critical
LTE network. Preliminaryimplementations are available
that enable a frst level o
interworking.
upporting roaming out of jurisdictionPublic saety users need to connect not only in their own jurisdiction, but also
in other jurisdictions, or example, to provide mutual aid. In the U.S., the Na-
tional Public Saety Broadband Network (NPSBN) will support seamless roamingrom one part o the network to another part, using the X2 and/or S1 handover
mechanisms defned in the 3GPP standards. To support roaming to other jurisdic-
tions within the NPSBN a home APN is defned that connects the user to their
home PGW to provide access to services in their home enterprise network. To
connect to the visiting jurisdictions enterprise network, a common Access Point
Name (APN) is used as defned in PSCR Public Saety 700 MHz Demonstration
Network, Network Identifer Guidelines, Version 1.0, dated January 2012. This
common APN dynamically connects the user to the visiting network or services
in that network; including a visiting portal that provides inormation on the visiting
network, such as incident inormation.
PRM OR RODDP y ROPSpectrm for broadband pblic safet in rope
is not available toda. A radio reglationgrop (P FM 49) is working on identifing
spectrm for broadband applications. his
incldes identication of potential new bands
below 1 GHz and an optimized se of the
existing PMR 400 MHz band (380470 MHz)
for broadband se. Meanwhile, ropean pblic
safet organizations have similar needs to those
in the u.S. and a few of them are considering
sing commercial networks to start. However,
commercial networks do not provide the same
level of availabilit, resilienc, secrit and
control that a private network wold. So, it is
envisaged that while a commercial operator
ma be relied on to provide RAN connectivit
now, when spectrm is available to deplo aprivate network, pblic safet organizations will
opt to deplo a mltiagenc private network.
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se of a commercial wireless carrierThe availability o dedicated bandwidth to support broadband public saety
services depends on the region or country. However, even when a dedicatedspectrum and network are deployed, it may also be desirable to take advantage
o the coverage provided by a commercial operator, particularly in regions where
the commercial network reaches areas the public saety network does not. I this
occurs, frst responders will want to be able to roam to the commercial network to
maintain communications.
Some terminals (such as the vehicular routers) include multiple radio modems
(or example, both a dedicated public saety network LTE modem and a commercial
LTE network modem). This enables the public service agency to leverage the connec-
tivity to multiple networks and enhance the throughput o that terminal i needed.
When visiting a commercial LTE network, the network interaces with the Home
Subscriber Server (HSS) in the users home network (NPSBN in the case o FirstNet)
to retrieve the specifc subscriber inormation. This includes inormation about the
home APN and common APN as discussed above. To connect to the home APN
the home-routed model is used as defned in 3GPP TS 23.401 and shown below.
Users Home PublicSafety Broadband
(In US, NPSBN)
OperatorsIP Services
Internet Packet
Exchange Provider(IPX)
Commercial LTE
Network
Home SubscriberServer (HSS)
Domain NameSystem (DNS)
Policy and ChargingRules Function
(PCRF)
MobilityManagementEntity (MME)
Serving Gateway(SGW)
Visited Charging DataFunction/ChargingGateway Function
(V-CDF/CGF)
Packet DataNetwork Gateway(PGW)
Billing Domain(BD)
Billing Domain(BD)
Charging DataFunction/ChargingGateway Function
(CDF/CGF)
eNodeB
LTEUser
IPX Diameter Agent IPX BGP Routing Billing Mediation
igure 4. onnecting a public safet network with a commercial network
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In the US, as shown in Figure 4, it is expected that FirstNet will select an Internet
Packet Exchange (IPX) provider to handle the connectivity between the NPSBN and
the various commercial networks with whom NPBSN creates roaming agreements.
When roaming onto commercial networks, it may be desirable to route certain
trafc, such as Internet trafc, locally in the commercial LTE network. The standards
defne a local breakout model to achieve this as illustrated in Figure 5. When using a
local breakout, a PGW in the commercial LTE network is used. The Policy and Charg-ing Rules Function (PCRF) in the visiting network interacts with the PCRF in the home
network to determine QoS and priority o sessions established using this method.
Either or both home-routed and local-breakout APNs can be supported or a
users device. This depends on the user APN data confgured in the HSS.
In addition to roaming to commercial LTE networks, roaming to commercial net-
works with dierent radio technologies such as HSPA, GERAN, 1xEV-Do, or eHRPD
is also supported.
Users Home PublicSafety Broadband
(In US, NPSBN)
Home OperatorsIP Services
Visited OperatorsIP Services
Internet Packet
Exchange Provider(IPX)
Commercial LTE
Network
Home SubscriberServer (HSS)
Domain NameSystem (DNS)
Home PolicyRules Function
(H-PCRF)
MobilityManagementEntity (MME)
Visited Policy andCharging Rules Function
(V-PCRF)
Packet DataNetwork Gateway
(PGW)
Serving Gateway(SGW)
Visited Charging DataFunction/ChargingGateway Function
(V-CDF/CGF)
Billing Domain(BD)
Billing Domain(BD)
eNodeB
LTEUser
IPX Diameter Agent Billing Mediation
igure 5. ocal trafc routing when roaming
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roosrgy
Public saety agencies will clearly beneft rom LTE, yet there are actors such as
budget, regulatory issues and internal resource constraints that stop deployment
rom happening sooner rather than later. As part o the deployment process itis worth considering two signifcant actors coverage and reliability in mul-
tiple phases or budget cycles. This can reect the availability o applications and
devices as well as incremental unding.
Specifc coverage and reliability requirements associated with the RAN tech-
nology and requency are two actors that drive the number o base stations, their
antenna design, backhaul requirements and cost. The initial macro network design
should ocus on the long term requirements.
A deployment plan may speciy coverage requirements that will be phased in
over time to reect the available budget. For example, the RAN design might begin by
ocusing on a goal o 95% outdoor coverage. I sufcient budget is not available, the
initial phase might ocus on coverage or a subset o the overall area the agency serves.
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In a subsequent phase, the coverage may be extended to include more areas. In-
building coverage in key areas or a growing number o buildings might be included in
initial and/or subsequent phases. Coverage goals in urban and rural areas might vary.For example, there might be a 95% coverage goal or vehicle routers in rural areas
and a 95% coverage goal or handheld and vehicle routers in urban areas.
As part o the deployment plan, in-building coverage might be provided in select
buildings. Small cells can also be included as part o the network design to efciently
address in-building coverage. Whenever possible, a network design that places base
stations as close as possible to key buildings might be implemented to help maxi-
mize the possible in-building coverage. This approach might be desirable even in the
absence o a specifc goal, due to budget constraints.
A phased rollout o LTE service to specifc agencies and departments within
an organization can also be used to reect budgets and minimize risk. For example,
smartphones might initially be deployed to a subset o the organization such as inspec-
tors and detectives in a police department. They might be provided with initial support
or only a subset o the possible applications while the agencys communications team
Phased Public Safety LTE Deployment
First create a Public Safety LTE macro network designthat reects long term requirements.
This is an example of one of many possible phased approaches
Multiplebudgetandgran
tcycles
Sp
ectrum,
regulationsand
resourcesenableLTE
de
ployment
Phase 1 Begin deploying a portion of LTE backhaul network that also
maximizes LMR/PMR coverage and performance Utilize utility/transportation backhaul in areas where public safety
lacks a presence for LMR/PMRbeginning of public/provate partner-
ship with utility or transportation operator
Phase 2 LTE outside coverage (95%) in subset of agencys area
Initial application support and rollout to subset of agency depart-ments
Voice interworking with P25/TETRA for non-critical applications
Initial shared utility/transportation access
Phase 3 Expand LTE coverage and in-building coverage at select sites Expand agency department and application support
Subsequent Phase(s) Introduce new applications and evaluate voice support Fill in coverage holes and expand coverage into new areas with
lightRadio and continue expanding in-building coverage
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ramps up its network knowledge and support. Additional departments and applica-
tions could be added in subsequent phases.
Small cells might be used to fll in holes in coverage such as stadiums or toexpand coverage into new areas. Units could be mounted on light poles, power poles
and buildings essentially disappearing into the environment. This greatly reduces
the expense and regulatory hurdles o building new towers.
For agencies acing regulatory uncertainty (either or availability o broadband
spectrum or or those in the U.S. awaiting more details on FirstNet), the initial de-
ployment phase might ocus on backhaul. Besides development o new RAN sites,
backhaul has one o the longer timelines in the overall LTE deployment schedule. To
do this, agencies should begin by creating an LTE RF design with associated back-
haul today that also reects P25/TETRA requirements. They can then begin install-
ing backhaul to improve todays voice capabilities, using the design or tomorrows
broadband with LTE to help accelerate the availability o its benefts once regulatory
and budgets constraints permit. For public saety agencies in the U.S., the specifc
backhaul resources and cost in support o LTE might be positioned as part o their
contribution to the FirstNet deployment in their state.
est practicesPutting an LTE network on top o an LMR/PMR system will provide signifcant
broadband capabilities or the public saety agency. Solid preparation is crucial
beore deploying (see previous section) and, once the prep work is done, manag-
ing the LTE deployment properly becomes extremely important. The deployment
needs to stay on track regarding timelines, budget, logistics and more. Strong
project management is a must. There are many steps along the way purchas-
ing, installation, end-to-end integration and testing, to name a ew. Following aresome key suggestions.
Choose the right system integrator. It is vital to have a good network integrator.
Oten, the integrator is also the project manager, so there could be one company
designing, integrating, deploying and maintaining the system. An experienced inte-
grator can bring all the elements together to make the LTE project a success. Many
vendors will be required or the end-to-end implementation, so the agency needs an
integrator who can manage the contributions o all and, or example, one that can
leverage the broadband innovation and knowledge created in the ng Connect multi-
company ecosystem.
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Choose an integrator who oers
multiple types o technologies and is
amiliar with the impacts o LTE onbackhaul. Systems integration and
confguration are very important in
public saety because separate systems
such as video surveillance or 112/911
centers must be integrated into the
LTE network. The new LTE network
should be ully interoperable with oth-
er systems, technologies and services.
Be sure to select a system integrator
with extensive experience.
Hire a strong project manager. The project manager must be organized, able to
set priorities, manage risks and keep everyone aligned. Deploying an LTE net-
work is a large, complex endeavor. Many dierent components rom a variety o
vendors need to come together. There are a lot o players involved, and the projectmanager should help them work together.
Networks are more complicated than they used to be. Traditionally a network
would be built or a single purpose. Today they are built or multiple services. Todays
networks must be service-aware, and able to monitor and manage themselves to truly
give public saety agencies what they need. A strong project manager is needed to
help with the complexity o todays networks.
Deploy in phases. Implementing the LTE network in phases has several advantag-es. By going slowly, the agency can learn as it goes, and users have time to adjust.
LTE can do many things better than previous technologies although it is best not to
introduce all the changes at once! A good approach is to implement the backhaul
and core LTE network frst (in the U.S., the FirstN