#M2012104738 Public Safety LTE Global Edition En

7/29/2019 #M2012104738 Public Safety LTE Global Edition En

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P y A H- Gu GLBAL N


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3A H- Gu: PuBL SAFy L - GLBAL N

ABL F NNS

ew apabilities for Public afet / 5

Limitations of First Responder ommnications / 6

unprecedented pportnities / 8

he olution: Public afet / 11

Partnerships / 11

he utilities Advantage / 16

: What t s, What t Does / 19

h L / 19

How L Meets the Needs of Pblic Safet / 26

Preparing for / 29

Deploing an etwork / 35

Providing Reliable, Secre ommnications / 35

uilding up the ackhaul etwork to upport rafc / 39

upporting Video on the etwork / 43

ffectivel Managing Video / 44

Governance of Video ontent / 44

volving Voice upport on the etwork / 47

Spporting Roaming ot of Jrisdiction / 49

use of a ommercial ireless arrier / 50

Rollout trateg / 53

Best practices / 55nvest oda to Accelerate Benets / 58


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4 A H- Gu: PuBL SAFy L - GLBAL N


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NwCpbiiisfor pbiCsfy

We live in a changing world, where public saety and the owners and operators o

critical inrastructure must address new threats and challenges, both natural and

man-made. In addition to police, fre and emergency medical services (EMS), utili-ties and transportation agencies have critical roles to play in emergency response.

Its no longer enough or these frst responders to rely on a push-to-talk (PTT)

network or situational awareness.

Mobile technology capable o sending and receiving bandwidth-intensive data

can help emergency response organizations do their jobs more eectively and saely.

These organizations need mobile broadband networks that let them share streaming

real-time video, detailed maps and blueprints, high-resolution photographs and other

fles that todays public saety wireless networks cant handle. The same is true when

served by commerical wireless networks during major events or catastrophes.

Long Term Evolution (LTE), the new standard or wireless communication o

high-speed data or mobile phones and data terminals, will satisy the broadband


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needs o emergency response

organizations. Already de-

ployed by many o the worldslargest mobile operators, it

delivers capacity and speed and

simplifes the network archi-

tecture.

LTE will enable sharing o

incident data like never beore:

in real time, securely, and in line

with the mission-critical needs

o the 21st century. And it will

do so in a manner not typically

possible with third-generation

(3G) technologies deployed in

todays commercial networks.

LTE is a set o standards or

radio access networks, which sitbetween mobile devices such

as cell phones, tablets and laptops and the core network. As the name implies,

LTE encompasses the evolutionary path rom todays networks to tomorrows all-IP

based, ultra-ast converged networks. It enables real-time video transmission rom

a frefghter at an incident scene to the emergency operations center, transmission

o high-defnition video (some o which may be received through next-generation

112/911 systems), distribution o high-resolution photos and detailed maps to police

cars, and much more. LTE gives users the same experience in a mobile setting as onfxed networks in the workplace or home.

LTE provides unprecedented capabilities or mobile broadband networks. It has

been declared by public saety and communications experts to be the technology o

choice or mobile broadband communications or years to come.

imitations of irst Responder ommunicationsCurrent Land Mobile Radio (LMR) and Proessional Mobile Radio (PMR) networks

are limited by their lack o capacity and standardization, which prevents emergen-

cy response teams rom communicating in an efcient and cost-eective manner.

No mission-critical broadband: LMR/PMR networks rely on narrowband systems

Mobile carriers in man contriesnow have commerciall available L

networks. he Global mobile Sppliers

Association (GSA) reported in Jne 2012

that 80 L operators have lanched

commercial services, and another 144

commercial networks are expected to

be operational b the end of 2012.

Altogether, the GSA fond that 327

operators in 99 contries have committed

to commercial L network deploments

or are engaged in trials, technolog

testing or stdies.

Sorce: http://www.gsacom.com/news/gsa_352.php


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that are optimized or voice. They lack the capacity to support rich, multimedia

content, which is needed to improve response and cooperation among emergency

response organizations. While some public saety agencies have low-rate wide-band data capabilities, most do not. Video and bulk fle transers are impossible

with most public saety mobile data networks, and support or remote access

to databases and Internet is limited. Some agencies pay or broadband through

commercial providers, which allows them to have access to the Web and e-mail,

or example. However, these networks become congested during catastrophes,

emergencies or other public saety events, which is exactly when public saety

communication is most critical.

No interoperability: While eorts are underway to standardize LMR/PMR net-

works using APCO Project 25 (P25) and TETRA open standards, many LMR/PMR

systems rely on outdated proprietary technology and hence do not interoperate.

This hampers inter-agency response because LMR/PMR systems used by neigh-

boring cities or counties cannot communicate with each other. The problem is ur-

ther compounded when a multi-agency or joint public saety and utility response

is required. An agency could operate multiple dedicated networks to cater to its

voice and data needs, though this would multiply deployment and management

costs: each time a change is made to a network there are new costs or equipment,

testing, operations and devices.

MJOR P y ORGZODOR

L has been endorsed b major pblic safet organizations as the technolog of

choice for the pblic safet broadband network. Proponents inclde:

Association of PblicSafet ommnications fcials (AP)

RA + ritical ommnications Association (A)

nternational Association of hiefs of Police (AP)

nternational Association of Fire hiefs (AF)

united States National Pblic Safet elecommnications oncil (NPS)


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nprecedented Opportunities

In contrast to existing technologies, LTE provides massive capacity and lowlatency, ensuring the necessary broadband to support mission-critical applications.

It is a standards-based technology which ensures interoperability and cooperation

among agencies. As a global mobile technology, it inherently supports roaming.

Furthermore, LTE leverages a large competitive ecosystem o equipment, applica-

tions and devices made or the private (commercial) sector, which can mean lower

development and equipment costs.


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OR P y OVRVWL is a powerfl new technolog that will benet pblic safet in nmeros was

Greater interoperabilit and enhanced inter-agenc cooperation:

Standardized protocols and interfaces

Biltin roaming capabilities

Sophisticated qalit of service (QoS) toolbox inclding priorit access

mechanisms that athorize and prioritize commnication, and provide

garanteed and differentiated QoS applications

nprecedented broadband capabilities:

High capacit, allowing a wide variet of applications that rel on rich,

mltimedia content

Low latenc, enabling realtime services (VoP, video, grop calls)

Mch faster than 3G, emploing advanced technologies

ost effective:

Lowers operating costs with a simplied allP architectre Leverages a rich, open ecosstem from commercial networks

omplements existing narrowband radio networks

Makes private networks more economicall feasible

High reliabilit and securit:

Spports a geographicall redndant Pbased architectre, redcing single

points of failre

Spports encrption/ciphering on both control and ser planes, enabling secre

commnications

volution to mission-critical network:

3GPP is incorporating enhanced fnctionalit to spport featres reqired for a

missioncritical network in the pcoming release (Release 12) sch as:

ProSe (Proximit Services) for direct mode operation

(also called talk arond) between terminals

nablers for efcient grop commnications (GSL)



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h soioN:pbiC sfy

An LTE-based broadband data overlay network oers the solution or public

saety agencies. The network has high reliability and security, and users can

count on optimal perormance at all times due to its QoS capabilities. Public

saety LTE operates in dedicated bands (400 MHz or 700 MHz spectrum de-

pending on the region/country) and complements the near-term continued useo existing narrow-band LMR/PMR solutions or mission critical voice.

Public saety LTE and other critical communications users can also operate

in spectrum usually dedicated to commercial LTE systems where authorized by

the regulator. This means that, when dealing with a major disaster (e.g., earth-

quake, oods), the total frst responder team public saety, utilities, transporta-

tion agencies, and deense have real-time access to video and operational data

with a highly interoperable solution to enhance saety and decision-making.

PartnershipsIn todays commercial mobile marketplace, operators are spectrum-starved. With

hundreds o millions o users, and multiples o that with the emergence o connected


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P y PRM

orth merican the united States, the Middle lass ax Relief and Job reation Act of 2012

(signed into law on Febrar 22, 2012) provides p to 34 MHz of 700 MHz

spectrm for pblic safet broadband se.

edicates 20 MHz of 700 MHz spectrm to pblic safet broadband se,

pairing 10 MHz of 700 MHz pblic safet broadband spectrm alread

licensed to pblic safet with the 700 MHz block for a total of 20 MHz

of dedicated broadband spectrm.

Provides pblic safet with exibilit to se the remaining 14 MHz; that is, the

12 MHz narrowband block pls the 2 MHz gard bands for broadband.

anada is following the united States band plan.

sia-Pacic, urope, Middle ast and frica

n the AsiaPacic region, the ftre AsiaPacic elecommnit (AP) plan

provides 2x45 MHz of 700 MHz spectrm. Althogh this is being discssedin most contries, no contr has identied spectrm for pblic safet.

n rope, the Middle ast, and Africa, a rst digital dividend which refers

to the spectrm freed p as a reslt of the switchover from analog to digital

terrestrial V has been allocated to commercial wireless operators (with a

few exceptions in the Middle ast). iscssions on a second digital dividend are

starting on the basis of providing a sbset of the AP band plan. t is nknown

whether there will be a dedicated spectrm for pblic safet in this second

devices (or example, machine-to-machine communication), operators are

desperate or access to new airwaves to help them address the crush o trafc on

their networks.

Utilities are in a similar situation. Unlike public saety, there is no dedicated allot-

ment o spectrum to address utility needs, either during emergency response (to keep

their networks up and running) or or the smart grid (which is critical or enhanced

efciency and security o the utility network).


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digital dividend, which is schedled as a discssion item at the next orld

Radiocommnication onference in 2015.

herefore it is nlikel that dedicated 700 MHz spectrm will be made available

soon in an contr in rope, the Middle ast, Africa, or AsiaPacic. n man

of these contries, the 400 MHz freqenc band is reserved for private mobile

radio sers, sch as those within emergenc services, transportation and tilities.

here are opportnities to se some of the spectrm in the 400 MHz band for

broadband. Reglator change is reqired to allow the se of broadband channels

that are scaled down to 1.4 MHz , 3 MHz or 5 MHz for an easier t from within

the existing bt disparate 400 MHz spectrm slices available toda. n a move in this

direction, the Spanish reglator recentl annonced it will free 2x5 MHz of spectrm

in the 450470 MHz band for pblic protection and disaster relief (PPR).

atin merica and the aribbean

Most Latin American contries are expected to adopt the AsiaPacic

elecommnit (AP) plan in 700 MHz (F: 45 MHz). Mexico, olombia, hile

and cador have alread selected this plan and Argentina, Brazil and othersare likel to as well. ach contr is also analzing whether spectrm will be

dedicated to pblic safet, or if it will be 100% commercial. Most pblic safet

agencies in Latin America and the aribbean (and government entities, as is the

case in Argentina) are hoping to gain access to at least 2x5 MHz in the 700 MHz

spectrm. he 400 MHz spectrm is mainl sed for pblic safet or government

entities in Latin America. Brazil alread dedicated the 450 to 470 MHz band to a

rral project. Mexico has the 380 to 400 MHz band dedicated to pblic safet.

LTE provides numerous benefts that make it attractive or partnerships be-

tween jurisdictions, and between public and private organizations. Experts predict

there will be more partnerships as more public saety agencies begin moving or-

ward with deployments.

First, there are the fnancial benefts. As shown in Figure 1 it is dramatically

more cost-eective to build a network as part o a public-private partnership rather

than on a standalone basis. Second, the LTE architecture makes partnering attractive


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or a number o reasons, includ-

ing the ability to keep trafc

rom multiple organizationsseparate and secure.

Sharing will be helpul be-

cause it provides great benefts

at lower cost. For example,

partnering with a utility could

provide an agency aordable

access to utility-owned inra-

structure in rural geographies

towers, rights-o-way, and net-

work backbone all o which

can save considerable time and

resources compared to a green-

feld deployment. Conversely,

public saety agency inrastruc-

ture backbone, towers couldalso be leased to partners to

provide a new revenue stream.

Agencies are also able to

gain exible coverage through

partnerships with commercial wireless operators, roaming while in other public

saety jurisdictions, and optimized cost and control when operating at home in

their private LTE network.

A larger public saety entity may possess and manage its own centralized equip-ment, enabling ull control over its subscriber base and operations. Alternatively,

core network equipment can be shared among multiple entities and managed by a

third party. This exibility gives public saety entities administrative control over their

subscribers and network.

n the united States National

Broadband Plan, the F estimateda total reqired investment of $16

billion to deplo a nationwide pblic

safet L. he Middle lass ax

Relief and Job reation Act of 2012

does not come close on the fnding

front. nstead, ongress reqired

FirstNet to look to partnerships to

make p the $9 billion in additional

resorces needed to deplo a

nationwide network. n practice,

this means partnerships that create

cash. t also means partnerships that

redce the deploment costs of the

network. Fortnatel, the new law

provides FirstNet with some powerfltools to prodce, throgh spectrm

and network infrastrctre sharing.


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Stand-alone

$21,371MTCO

10-year TCO savings 46 % = $6,718M

Public-private

$14,653M

55%CAPEX 45%

Device management

Device

Training

Coordination and monitoring

Planning and engineering

Maintenance

Roaming expenses

HSS

NOC and data center

IP core

LTE core

Backbone lease

Backhaul

Site rental

Utilities

One-time services

Spares

MW CAPEX

Hardening costs

Site acquisition cost

eNodeB

$25,000

$20,000

$15,000

$10,000

$5,000

$0

Site acquisition cost is the biggest

contributor to the standalone

network TCO

The other major contributors are

hardening costs, maintenance

costs, eNodeB, device

management and one-time

services are major contributors

Maintenance is the biggest

contributor to the public-private

partnership TCO

Other major contributors include

eNodeB, hardening costs, devices

igure 1. ell abs comparison of a .. standalone public safet network

versus public-private partnership

(as submitted on June 15, 2012 to the National Telecommunications and Inormation Administration in its

Request or Inormation on the Development o the State and Local Implementation Grant Program)


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he tilities dvantageIn many public saety emergency situations, utilities have a key role to play

along with fre, police and EMS, and as such they maintain their own emergencyresponse workorce. I a power line is involved in a fre, accident or other emer-

gency, other responders may have to wait or the utilitys sta to address the issue

beore their rescue activities can begin. A gas leak is similar: the leak must be

contained by utility personnel beore it is sae or EMS responders to enter.

Utilities are in an excellent position to partner with public agencies or an LTE

deployment:

Experience: They are well equipped and experienced at responding quickly

to emergencies.

Inrastructure: They have substantial inrastructure in place such as power

and transmission poles to which they can add other equipment. Many

have been investing in IP-based communications or years, which in turn can

provide the high bandwidth backhaul that will be required or LTE, and they

already have fber optics and microwave systems in place.

Presence: They have a particularly strong presence in rural areas and arealready ocused on end-to-end coverage. For example, utilities reach 100

percent coverage o a geographic area, which is consistent with the coverage

public saety is expected to provide. Commercial communications providers

typically reach only 97 percent o the population.

There are already many successul examples o LMR systems shared between utili-

ties and public saety agencies in the United States, which urther demonstrates

the value o cooperation.


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WORD O hen the pblic safet commnit thinks of an ideal partner for the deploment

and se of a missioncritical network, the think of a partner who has the same

missioncritical needs the do: life and death, not revenes and prot. utilities

t the bill. he are emergenc rst responders, and the also need a ve9s

network that is hardened and bilt for missioncritical needs so it wont go ofine

when the network is needed the most. he also have an existing revene base

that can spport sensible investments in the tilit bsiness smart grids.



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:wh i is,wh i dos

LTE is a relatively new wireless technology that greatly increases the speed,

reliability and capacity o mobile phone networks. LTE standards were frst

described in Release 8 o the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Both

3GPP and 3GPP2 have declared LTE to be the next-generation global standard ormobile communications.

Wh LTE is aster, simpler and more economically easible than any other mobile com-

munication technology. The ollowing eatures and benefts combined make LTE

much more powerul and reliable than 3G, and provide unprecedented capabilities

or public saety, as well as other critical inrastructure operators such as utilities.

Better perormance The numerous technological advances o LTE bring better

overall perormance. End users will certainly notice an improved experience, and

the technology itsel will be more reliable.


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Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology, or example, is used with LTE.

MIMO puts several antennas rather than one on a single tower and on the devices.

With more antennas working or the same communication, perormance (coverageand capacity) is signifcantly improved without the need or additional bandwidth or

increased transmitting power.

Orthogonal requency division multiple access (OFDMA) is another technology that

is used with LTE. It maximizes the use o available spectrum ar better than previous

technologies. This is a key attribute because there is a fnite amount o spectrum avail-

able or use. The improved spectral efciency lets the system optimize bandwidth data

capacity, number o users, and user experience.

What it means or public saety and utilities: Improve situational awareness

Two-way voice, real-time high-defnition video, and large data fle distribution

integrated with incident management databases, including Geographic

Inormation Systems (GIS), provide or immediate, dependable communications

during incident response. With LTE, voluminous amounts o inormation can be

exchanged rom anywhere, instantly, in many ways. Collaboration utilizing these

tools ensures eective sharing o inormation in task orce operations.

Simplifed, IP-based architecture The all-IP architecture o an LTE network

requires ewer elements, which reduces complexity and results in lower capi-

tal expenditure (CAPEX) and operational expenditure (OPEX) as well as lower

latency. LTE is also extremely scalable, which makes it easy to accommodate a

signifcant number o users. All-IP architecture is also more exible, making it easy

to inter-connect nodes, build pathways between nodes or increased resiliency and

availability, and to change the logical paths between nodes i needed.

In todays commercial marketplace, operators are reducing network complexityand cost by leveraging a common IP architecture or their fxed and mobile needs.

Public saety agencies can beneft rom the same efciencies. Best o breed technolo-

gies and solutions rom the commercial sector augmented with public saety spe-

cifc eatures, such as ruggedized devices or frst responders will provide reduced

cost, reduced complexity, and superior service or the public saety market.

What it means or public saety: Uniy communications and enhance day-to-

day operations

Voice, video, and data on one end-to-end IP network results in reduced

complexity and lower costs through greater efciency. LTE supports

telemetry and remote diagnostics, which means inormation can be sent


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automatically to mobile devices and analyzed remotely. As a result,

personnel have instant remote access to databases to access vehicle records

or suspect fles, or example, or to submit reports electronically. Public

saety personnel can be more eective when paperwork and waiting times

are reduced.

What it means or utilities: Manage distributed feld assets with a single network

LTE provides a single network to enable meter collectors, substations, pole-

mounted and remote intelligent devices, feld personnel, distributed energy

resources, enterprise voice and data, as well as video surveillance.

Devices

Radio

AccessNetwork

(RAN)

Backhaul

(IP/MPLS andmicrowave)

Operations,

Administrationand Maintenance Applications

Commandcenter

Data center

eNodeB

User Equipment

(UE)

eNodeB

IP-based Architecture

EvolvedPacket Core

(EPC)

Essentialsignaling

andtransport

control

components

IP/MPLS

igure 2. Public afet solution high level


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Low latency With LTE, users typically experience a one-way latency o 10-15

ms, which is very important when it comes to demanding applications such aspush-to-talk or streaming video, and or applications that require very ast access

setup, which is oten the case with public saety applications. Too much latency

degrades the signal and can rustrate the end user.

What it means or public saety: Unprecedented video and digital imaging

LTE gives new meaning to the phrase a picture is worth a thousand words.

Seeing whats happening at an incident scene while the situation is

unolding is much more helpul than hearing about it. LTE provides near-

real-time transmission o high-defnition video, as well as detailed images o

crime and disaster scenes, suspects, and more. I an ofcer is not responding

by radio, a dispatcher can instruct the squad car to activate and/or remotely

control a camera and autonomously transmit video to the dispatcher.

PD: G P ORWRDL is mch faster than 3G theoreticall more than 15 times faster in both

download and pload speeds. rthogonal Freqenc ivision Mltiple Access(FMA) technolog is sed on the downlink while Singlearrier FMA (S

FMA) is sed on the plink. FMA provides robst data transmissions when

sed over wide channels. his enables L to be effective at bandwidths larger

than 5 MHz, which is the maximm bandwidth at which 3G can work.

For example, the maximm theoretical download speed of L is 326 Mb/s sing

20 MHz bandwidth and 4x4 MM schemes. For 3G, it is arond 20 Mb/s. Speeds

offered to sers in the real world are actall mch lower than these theoretical

or laborator gres. Both in theor and in practice, however, L is clearl

a giant leap forward. hile 3G tpicall provides 2 Mb/s in download speed

to realworld sers with a 5 MHz channel, L tpicall provides 15 Mb/s in

download with a 10 MHz channel.

Speed in the real world depends on several factors, sch as the nmber of sers

on the sstem, distance from the cell tower or the nmber of antennas on thetower. Speed also depends on the size of the bandwidth channel being sed. A

channel that is 10 MHz wide is faster than one that is 5 MHz wide.


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What it means or utilities: Realize the benefts o a smart grid

Utilities are looking or opportunities to leverage intelligent and proactivemonitoring o their inrastructure in order to be smarter about how they manage

their resources. National energy, environmental and other policies are demanding

a more efcient, clean and reliable electric grid. Smart technologies allow utilities

to keep energy owing as cost-eectively as possible. With LTE, the ability to

access extremely demanding applications will open the door to many unctions

that are not possible with current networks. For example, because LTE supports

high-defnition video in real time, a utility will be able to use a drone to y over

transmission lines and check or aults beore they aect service.

Greater interoperability LTE has a number o advantages related to interoper-

ability: commercially standardized protocols and interaces mean that more public


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saety personnel can talk to one another, agencies and individuals can be on the

same communications platorm, and there is support or an open device ecosystem.

What it means or public saety and utilities: Enhance cooperation and lower costs Move away rom special or proprietary and expensive technologies.

Allow roaming onto commercial networks when necessary, acilitating

broad partnerships between public saety and commercial carriers.

Communicate seamlessly with other emergency responders. When utilities

join other frst responders on a public saety LTE network, inter-agency

communications is greatly enhanced.

Ater next-generation 112/911 is a reality, leverage growing amounts

o inormation text, images, and video received by Public Service

Answering Points (PSAPs) rom the public through mobile devices.

Security LTE makes use o some o the most advanced mechanisms available or

air interace and network security. Air interace security eatures and capabilities

protect the LTE device, network elements, and trafc rom attacks originating over

the air interace. Network security eatures and capabilities protect the LTE net-

work elements and trafc rom security attacks generated in the wireline transportnetwork and external devices connected to the evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio

Access Network (eUTRAN) and the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) network. End-to-

end security is achieved with strong data encryption in the devices and network.

This includes encryption at the base stations which provides over-the-air cipher-

ing and integrity validation as well as security over land lines connecting the base

stations to the EPC using IPSec. Mutual authentication between the network and

devices ensures system integrity.

What it means or public saety and utilities: Communicate securely and reliably Enables secure communication

Eliminates tampering with over-the-air inormation

Throughput capability enables implementation o additional end-to-end

security layers, i needed

Mutual authentication means rogue devices will not jeopardize operations

Provides the basis or a secure and reliable communication between devices

and data centers

Network sharing The concurrent use o the network by multiple entities with dis-

tinct unctions and roles means asset-sharing must be done in a manner amenable

to all parties. Standard network-sharing methods are available to ensure multiple en-


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tities have access to their air share o resources without hindering each others op-

erations. For example, an architecture based on the Multiple Operator Core Network

(MOCN) concept is possible when utilities have access to their network identity. What it means or public saety and utilities: Share resources

Spectrum resources can be concurrently used

Spectrum-sharing can be tailored based on mutual agreements

Distinct encryption levels can be provided

Trafc can be segregated

Quality o service and prioritization With its all-IP architecture, the LTE net-

work must rely on QoS controls to handle dierent types o services and prevent

congestion. In that regard, QoS unctions are spread across the whole LTE network

domain, including the User Equipment (UE), base station, EPC, and IP/multiproto-

col label switching (MPLS) backhaul/backbone segments.

LTE standards defne a comprehensive ramework to support end-to-end QoS

rom the terminal to the edge o the EPC. Each user and each application per user

can be translated into a set o QoS parameters (data rate, latency, packet loss rate and

priority) to enable guaranteed and dierentiated delivery o each individual applica-tion end-to-end. Further, LTE introduces priority mechanisms, including pre-emption,

to distinguish between higher and lower priority sessions and UEs. In the event o

congestion, this enables the network to prioritize the most critical services/users by

pre-empting resources rom less critical applications/users.

Finally, the rules o QoS can be changed dynamically, ensuring or instance that

a group assigned to an incident will have priority over other frst responders that may

also be in the incident area but that are not part o the response team. QoS continuity

when roaming is ensured subject to local policies. What it means or public saety and utilities:

Assure QoS or mission-critical activities

Intelligent sharing o air resources and network capacity

Trafc prioritization, especially critical during incidents

Enable quality o experience

Bandwidth exibility LTE can be exibly deployed with a wide range o channel sizes,

or carrier bandwidths. These can range rom 1.4 MHz wide up to 20 MHz. LTE works

well at any level within this range. In the uture evolution o LTE (LTE-Advanced, frst

defned in 3GPP Release 10), it will be possible to aggregate multiple bandwidths

to achieve transmission bandwidth in excess o 20 MHz (up to 100 MHz).


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What it means or public saety and utilities: Flexibility and scalability Flexibility to ft in existing but disparate spectrum slices (e.g. at 400 MHz)

System perormance scalability as additional spectrum becomes available

How Meets the eeds of Public afetWorldwide, governments are striving to protect their citizens and critical

inrastructures rom threats that range rom broad-scale terrorist activities or

natural disasters to a more localized incident like a fre, crime and medical crisis.

Public saety agencies must deal with a growing number and diversity o calls orservice while also aced with tight budgets, constrained workorces, and public

expectations o increasingly more rapid and eective action.

LTE oers relie or public saety and frst responder organizations, enabling

high-speed broadband accessible over wide coverage areas, improved interoperability,

more eective use o multiple systems and applications (video, digital imagery, maps,

automatic vehicle location (AVL), Web access, remote reporting, biometric reporting,...).

Situational awareness and decision-making will be improved, which in turn will

increase the saety o the public and the frst responders themselves.

Unifed communications inrastructure With LTE, public saety agencies

can provide voice, video and data all on the same network. This type o unifed

PUBLIC SAFETY

TRANSPORTATION

UTILITIES

Information andApplication Access

Public SafetyVideo, images, sharing/greater

interoperability, etc

TransportationVideo surveillance remote sensors,trafc management, etc

Utilities

Manage distributed eld assets,inter-agency communications,

video etc

Public Safety

LTE Network

igure 3. Public safet network delivers high-speed broadband mobile access


27/60


communications has become increasingly popular in recent years, and LTE takes it

to the next level with technological advances.

With everything on one network, it is easy to add more capabilities as they areneeded, or as unding becomes available. This helps agencies manage their budgets.

That is why many public saety agencies are planning to frst roll out data services on

LTE networks, and then add voice capabilities later. They can continue to use their

LMR/PMR systems or voice until the time is right to move voice to the LTE network.

When it is time to add voice, agencies dont need to waste their investment in

LTE equipment. Instead, they just add the voice application to the LTE inrastructure,

and keep moving orward. This is much more economical than in the past, when

agencies would build a separate network to add a new capability, incurring extracosts or both deployment and operations.

Ecosystem o devices The public sector has a tremendous opportunity with

LTE to leverage commercially available equipment and devices. Applications,

devices and other equipment have been developed mostly in the private sector

or commercial purposes. It makes sense or public saety to take advantage o the

tremendous oundation that has been laid. It is easier to achieve interoperability

in a variety o situations when using devices that are available everywhere. USB

dongles, PC cards and vehicle modems are likely to be used when public saety

LTE networks are initially deployed. Cell phones, smartphones and other multime-

dia-capable devices (tablets, PC, etc.) are also available.

P y OO400 MHz: vercor, the integrated L 400 PMR soltion from AlcatelLcent and

assidian, provides an option for the existing PMR 380470 MHz band. t offershigh datarate capabilities for PMR networks that ensre the needed bandwidth

for reliable voice and eastose data, video services allowing PMR sers to

operate effectivel. As the worlds rst commercial L PMR offer at 400 MHz,

the soltion can also be integrated into existing RA and RAPL networks.

700 MHz: he AlcatelLcent soltion for the se of the 2x10 MHz of bandwidth

in the pper 700 MHz spectrm (band 14) was established to enable advanced

pblic safet wireless commnications in the united States.

dditional pectrum: Soltions for agencies with spectrm in standard L bands


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29/60


prpriNgfor

Getting ready or LTE will take some work, but the eort will be well worth it. As

public saety agencies prepare to create LTE networks, there are many key steps

along the way.

Determine user requirements. Think ahead about what users will actually

want to do once LTE is in place. What are their requirements? They could be

dierent or each public saety agency. Will users need high-defnition video all

the time? Will the agency want to do a lot o administrative or ofce work rom

a mobile environment? What will the agency use text messages or, and how o-

ten? Which databases will people need to access while out in the feld? This type

o application and user analysis is an important step in preparing or LTE. Talk

with actual users police ofcers, frefghters and EMS personnel, or example

and understand how they will use the LTE system.


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Determine which applications are needed. Once user requirements are known,

the agency can determine which kinds o applications are needed. Confrm the

throughput requirements or those applications. How much capacity will berequired to ulfll user needs? Think ahead; public saety agencies always want

more and more applications that require broadband. Consider applications that

improve situational awareness. Also look at those that improve communications

across dierent agencies and jurisdictions. Be aware that most o the commercial

service providers limit bandwidth per month, which can be a problem i video is

used requently.

Consider solution requirements. Think about users, capacity, coverage, existing

inrastructure, device ecosystem and other actors in the overall solution.

Assess what the agency has. Early on, look at what the agency has, and how it

is being used. Then determine how much o it can be leveraged when creating the

LTE network. There may be extensive acilities that can be used, which will save

a lot o money. Conduct an in-depth assessment o existing network inrastruc-

ture and backhaul. What can be used rom the LMR/PMR inrastructure? Doesthe agency have microwave? Fiber? MPLS? How is everything connected to the

network? What is owned? What is leased?

Look at the agencys physical inrastructure. I there are existing tower sites or

voice communications, it is likely these can be re-used or the LTE network. But the

agency should look closely. How many towers are there? Can they bear more weight?

Hold more antennas? Can an LTE base station (eNodeB) be added? Is there enough

power at the base o each tower to run more equipment? The agency should also con-frm how it is currently connecting to those sites, and the capacity o those connections.

Identiy system strengths and weaknesses. With LTE, there will be more data

trafc and it needs enough network capacity to get rom place to place. Where

does the agencys system have room to grow? How can the agency achieve greater

capacity? Are there bottlenecks in the network that impede adding capacity?

Identiy strengths and weaknesses, whether the agency has its own network or

is leasing rom a commercial carrier. I leasing, can the agencys carrier handle an

increase in data trafc once LTE is here?


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I the agency owns the

network, can the equipment

and inrastructure grow tomeet uture demands? Will the

network need more backhaul?

Sometimes, additional tech-

nologies can bridge the gaps.

MPLS, or example, can help

the current backhaul network

run more efciently, so the

agency can expand capacity

that way rather than building

more backhaul.

Future-proo when buying.

It is important to uture-proo

the network. The agency needs

to think about LTE now, so itdoes not go down the wrong

path in planning or purchas-

ing. Ensure everything that

is done today will pay o later when LTE goes live both or the agency and or

neighboring jurisdictions. The agency will make better purchases ater it has done a

thorough assessment o what it has and where its weaknesses are. Choose technolo-

gies that will allow the agency to grow and get the most out o LTE. The agency can

upgrade its transport network, improve connectivity to towers or make other net-work improvements as usual, but it should start to also actor LTE into its thinking.

Develop a device strategy. Identiy which groups o users can use commercially

available devices. For users who need a ruggedized or hardened device, such as some

frst responders, determine whether it is more economical or them to use a commer-

cial device or a specifc cover which will make the device drop-resistant or water-repel-

lant. Assess whether the savings will oset the potential cost to replace the damaged

device, and whether a device ailure will impact frst responder saety or the mission.

PPOR

ith its expertise in bothtelecommnications and economic

analses, Bell Labs Advisor Services

provides extensive spport for L

planning activities.

xamples of spport ma inclde:

Assess the viabilit and capacit

of backhal/backbone facilities

rafc modeling

Std of mltiple RF coverage

scenarios

Reliabilit assessment of particlar

architectres based on potential

site locations

otal cost of ownership analses;

for example, to help spread costswith secondar partners


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Partnering with other agencies. For many agencies, partnering is a sensible ar-

rangement. In the U.S., this will be a state-level decision. It may be advantageous early

in the network design and deployment process to consider the potential benefts andrequirements o a partnership with a utility and/or transportation agency. For example,

this might include a public-private partnership with a utility that provides the utility

with controlled use o the public saety LTE network. With this partnership, a speci-

fed amount o bandwidth and designated level o priority will be available or utility

communications. The utility has assets that include existing backhaul, right o way,

and unding that may enable a more rapid broadband deployment than easible when

based solely on a public saety agencys budget. In rural areas where public saety

LMR/PMR coverage may be limited and the cost or covering each citizen is higher,

it may be particularly advantageous to consider leveraging utility assets to accelerate

coverage. A partnership could provide additional benefts such as enhanced public

saety and the ability to interoperate and collaborate with utility frst responders.

In determining whether to partner with others, consider the agencys size and

network capabilities. Also consider core competencies. Are neighboring agencies

stronger in certain areas? Perhaps working together can shore up everyones weak-

nesses, and expand everyones strengths.

Establish governance and/or regional agreement. How will the new LTE net-

work be governed? I working with other agencies, it will take extra eort to create

a jurisdictional agreement everyone can support. I working alone, the agency will

still have some governance issues to sort out. Which o the users will have priority

access to the network, and in which situations? Policies should spell out the priori-

ties within the agency. Even i the agency covers a single jurisdiction, it will need

agreement between police, fre, EMS and possibly other agencies as well.Partnering with other agencies gets more complicated. LTE provides an unprec-

edented opportunity to put together regional networks, but it can only work i

jurisdictions agree on a governance model. How will each o the agencies use the

network? What is one agencys priority compared to others? How do the agencies

handle users who roam into each others regions?

Jurisdictional priority can be one way to address the issue. This gives each

agency control o a portion o the network (base stations within its jurisdiction, or

example). Thus each jurisdiction is truly part o the solution, while still retaining

some ownership and control.



33/60


Governance also plays a part during a multi-agency response to a large incident.

Much is determined by the location o the incident, as the home agency will have

the most control. In all cases, the agency should ensure personnel have the band-width and access to get the resources they need.

Create a business case. Whether the agency needs its own private LTE network or

wants to partner with others, it needs a strong business case to present to decision-

makers. A big part o this is fnancial. I the agency uses a commercial carrier, fnd

out what is spent with that carrier each month or broadband. Multiply that by the

number o users and the agency is probably paying a large sum each month. With

LTE lowering the cost o owning a network, it might be less expensive to build a

network than to continue paying or the use o someone elses. Do a cost/beneft

analysis. What is the best investment value or the organization? What makes

sense? Sometimes partnering with another agency can dramatically lower costs. I

the agency moves away rom commercial carriers to build its own network, keep

in mind that the agency will have to take on the maintenance and support o that

network as well. But it is like supporting an LMR/PMR network, and the overall

advantages could outweigh the new responsibility o maintenance and support.An agency could opt to have its own network but pay someone else to manage it

and still come out ahead.

Decide on interoperability with LMR/PMR. An important decision to make is

whether to connect the agencys LTE and LMR/PMR networks.

There are two schools o thought. One says an agency should connect them

because it will want as much interoperability and exibility as possible. The other

says there is no real problem in keeping them separate; eventually the voice willmove over onto LTE anyway and LMR/PMR will ade out o the picture. At this point,

no one seems certain about whether LMR/PMR will stick around. There would be

advantages to converging voice and data onto one LTE network. For starters, the LTE

handsets would be much less expensive than LMR/PMR devices. But they would

likely have to be proven in the feld beore everyone in public saety migrates to them.

Meanwhile, the investment in LMR/PMR has already been made, so it might be hard

to move away rom that anytime soon. People will have to wait and see. But eventu-

ally the decision will have to be made by each public saety agency.


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Providing Reliable, ecure ommunicationsA key requirement or a public saety network is that it must provide the capability

to frst responders to communicate together while in the feld and with commandand control centers rom any place and under any circumstance. To achieve this

very demanding objective (which goes well beyond what commercial cellular net-

works can oer), a combination o specifc network design and advanced solution

eatures is required.

Maximize communications reach and coverage. First, the public saety LTE

radio coverage must span both densely populated areas as well as remote and

sparsely populated areas (or example, in mountains/orested areas to fght orest

fres) where frst responder operations are also needed. A common requirement is

95%-98% outdoor coverage o the area an agency serves. Although the require-

ment is set at a high level, it is not possible to cover all the difcult environments

dpoyiNgN Nwork


36/60


(like deep inside a building/basement or canyon). With existing LMR/PMR

technology, direct terminal-to-terminal communication is available to maintain

and extend continuity o communications between frst responders where networkcoverage is not available (or example, a freman entering a basement to extin-

guish a fre).

A similar eature that will enable terminal-to-terminal communications or LTE

is being studied right now by the 3GPP under the name Proximity Services in the

Release 12 timerame (ProSe, TR22.803). Additionally, a Cell-on-Wheels (COW) can

be deployed in the vicinity o an incident to temporarily provide high quality and

high capacity local coverage. This COW can connect to the network with a conven-

tional backhaul solution such as microwave or it may be operated as a relay in the

uture (as also defned by the 3GPP standards).

Ensure non-stop communications. Another aspect o the reliability and availability

o an LTE public saety network relies on the way the nodes o an end-to-end LTE

network are deployed and interconnected. The LTE core network can be deployed in a

geo-redundant confguration to enhance solution resiliency in the event o a disaster at

a core site. On top o this, LTE oers the inherent capability to connect each base station(eNodeB) to multiple core network elements. This enables the load balancing o trafc

to maximize perormance and network capacity use under normal operating conditions;

but more importantly it provides services continuity to the frst responders i there is a

ailure o a core network element. Also, LTE is an all-IP technology and all nodes can be

interconnected with a redundant/meshed packet-based backhaul network.

When IP/MPLS is used on the backhaul network, it can be designed so that any

transmission link or transmission equipment ailure can automatically be resolved in less

than 50 ms by selecting an alternative transmission path using the Fast ReRoute eature.The battery back-up design also has a key role in the overall availability and

resiliency o the solution. In the event o a major electricity blackout (caused, or ex-

ample, by a tornado knocking down electrical poles), public saety communications

must continue to operate to support the rescue o citizens and to maintain security

in the disaster area. Consequently, the battery back-up systems must be over-sized

compared to commercial networks practices, and may include backup generators to

handle prolonged power outages.

In the event the local communications inrastructure is destroyed by a major di-

saster (such as ooding or fre), it is always possible to deploy a COW equipped with

a back-up generator to provide emergency communications.


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Deliver quality o service. The last key element relates to QoS and the specifc

management o QoS or public saety operations to deliver the required peror-

mance. LTE is an all-IP radio network where all applications share the same radiochannel and IP inrastructure. The LTE standard defnes a comprehensive toolbox

that enables a dierentiated QoS or specifc applications (such as voice, data and

video) and users. Rules can be defned or each application and user to determine

exactly how that particular trafc ow should be handled rom end to end. The

parameters that can be set include such things as data rate (guaranteed or not),

latency, packet loss and priority.

Every single packet that enters the LTE network is inspected and mapped to the

appropriate bearer channel. Hence, when selecting an LTE packet core, it is o utmost

importance to choose a solution with a high perormance Packet Data Gateway

(PGW) that is able to efciently handle the deep packet inspection (DPI) and map-

ping process or all incoming packets. During deployment, the QoS parameters or

each application/user are provisioned so that each user experiences the appropriate

perormance under any radio circumstances. It is also possible to control and modiy

the QoS parameters o a particular (group o) user(s) or applications dynamically.

This means that in an emergency situation, or example, the situation commandercould temporarily provide higher priority to the team assigned to respond to the inci-

dent. A dedicated network will provide this level o control o these parameters.


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39/60


bidiNg ph bCkhNworko sppor rffiC

Data and video applications require much more bandwidth than voice services. As

public saety deploys LTE or aster, higher quality multimedia services, the growing

demand or bandwidth will put pressure on the backhaul network. Public saety net-work operators need a more exible and cost-eective way to quickly transorm their

backhaul networks to carry this mobile data trafc. Existing backhaul networks based

on leased lines cannot deliver the required capacity in a cost-controlled manner.

Public saety agencies should leverage the optimal cost points o newer trans-

port technologies including Carrier Ethernet and MPLS to provide the high reliability,

perormance and manageability o mission-critical packet and legacy trafc. An all-IP

backhaul will accommodate the new packet-based services while simultaneously

supporting traditional services because IP/MPLS is capable o supporting all trafc

types (data, voice and video) and protocols (TDM, ATM, Ethernet, IP, etc.).

Historically, organizations have built networks or a single purpose. This has

resulted in the operation and management o multiple siloed networks. With new


40/60


BuLNG uP H BAHAuL NR SuPPR L RAFF

IP/MPLS technology, an agency can converge all o these networks and start running

this trafc over a single network to gain efciencies through load balancing, as well

as shared operating costs, management and security. For public service agencies, a

consolidated backhaul provides the additional advantage that they can leverage thisnew digital oundation to combine storage o all o the data gathered.

To meet the stringent QoS requirements o real-time trafc, the mobile backhaul

network must integrate many o the qualities and attributes o switched networks

including predictability, reliability and manageability. Rather than using multiple

overlay backhaul networks, the solution should accommodate legacy access needs

and be optimized or next generation broadband services using Ethernet and MPLS,

based on multiservice routing and switching platorms. The use o Ethernet/ATM/

TDM-based pseudowires will bring mature and efcient unctionality to the RAN and

enable the transition o the legacy RAN to packet.

When making the transormation to packet, there are some important require-

ments to keep in mind. The mobile backhaul network must:


41/60


Support current LMR/PMR services while providing the scalability and

exibility to support new LTE mobile services

Enable scalable bandwidth at lower cost (leveraging Ethernet/IP over multiple

media: copper, fber, microwave) Provide service assurance across all services (via carrier-grade Ethernet/MPLS)

Deliver accurate clock synchronization mechanisms to converge rapidly

across the packet RAN

Lower operational costs (via integrated management)

Provide QoS support or all mobile services, efciently allocating scarce

network resources in real time

Increase network optimization and capacity, improving cost per bit

transported as leased lines are replaced

Address inrastructure diversity via exible backhaul alternatives, each

providing an evolution to all-IP

P, MP D P/MPLS networks are perfectl sited for providing backhal (transport)

in L networks. P/MPLS can handle high bandwidth, mediarich servicesthat reqire endtoend QoS. And while P/MPLS can evolve with ftre

needs and L, it also integrates with mltigenerational networks that need

to incorporate legac technologies. he se of both P and MPLS has been

growing consistentl in recent ears, and that growth is expected to contine.

Man pblic safet agencies have alread transitioned to P/MPLS networks

to converge mltiple services voice, data and video onto a single platform.

ther agencies have at least started on this, b moving their LMR/PMR

commnications to P. ith P/MPLS, mltiple tpes of data from nmeros

agencies can be sent over the network, while keeping trafc separate and

secre. MPLS also provides better exibilit and performance than previos

technologies. MPLS can carr both mobile and xed services simltaneosl. t

is a matre technolog that provides man options for the ftre.


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43/60


spporiNgVido oN h Nwork

First responders and command center personnel can improve situational aware-

ness and decision-making with the ability to see what is happening beore, during

and ater an incident. There is a growing amount o video surveillance eeds romfxed cameras and camera-equipped vehicles, frst responders with tablets, and

helmet cameras which can all be shared with frst responder teams.

Because LTE enables video to be rapidly shared and adapted, the requency,

type and amount o video content will grow. For example, citizens will soon be able

to send video via 112/911 systems. In addition, camera systems with remote pan, tilt

and zoom capabilities are available, and they provide the ability to vary the rame-

rate to suit the particular application (or example, to detect an intrusion or identiy

an intruder).

As a result, there are two signifcant actors that must be addressed:

Equipping command/dispatch centers and frst responders to eectively

manage video


44/60


Implementing procedures governing the use o video, including its

management or large incidents to maximize frst responder and mobile

network perormance

ffectivel Managing VideoWithin the dispatch and/or command center, an important element to implement

as part o the initial solution deployment is a capability to eectively manage the

video selection, distribution and storage. For many agencies this will be with a

management solution (available today) that integrates inormation rom other

applications such as license plate recognition and access control systems in a

police command center to deliver a more comprehensive situational view. Using

remote camera management capabilities, the center can select the appropriate

eed(s) and push them to the frst responder(s) and agencies with whom they are

collaborating at an incident. For example, this might include remotely accessing

the DVR in a vehicle that passed a store while on patrol just minutes prior to a

burglary to determine i the vehicles camera captured inormation on the suspect

and vehicle. The command center could remotely select the appropriate level o

picture resolution and provide this in real-time to responders, along with a localstreet video surveillance eed to aid in the resolution.

First responders need the capability to quickly and easily move between dier-

ent live video eeds streamed to their device to eectively aid in increasing situational

awareness and aster, better decision-making. For example, they should be able to

easily move a video rom their vehicle laptop to a ruggedized tablet or smartphone

when leaving their vehicle without having to undertake time-consuming actions

like re-sizing and manipulating windows. The exibility to view multiple video

streams and then select the relevant one is also needed, and is not always readilyavailable on every device.

Governance of Video ontentThe use o video has legal and regulatory implications, which will become more

pressing as that use grows and videos are dynamically communicated at incidents.

It is extremely important that agencies develop and communicate procedures

or how video is to be captured, shared and stored, particularly between agen-

cies. Multiple video streams have the potential to consume a lot o bandwidth,

so when multiple agencies respond to a large incident, priorities must be clear.

Agencies should establish procedures that ocus on the number o video streams,

their resolution, and so on, to maximize frst responder and network perormance.


45/60


Modeling o video use and key applications may be helpul inputs in developing

procedures on the use o video. I the applications used and/or number o frst

responders at an incident varies signifcantly within the agencys jurisdiction, it

might be helpul to develop separate models or each key area, such as urban,

suburban and rural.

R RPODR VDOAlcatelLcent First Responder

Video enables the command/dispatch center to tailor the

nmber of video and data

views as well as the screen

laot for each device tpe and

grop of sers, so information

is delivered in a wa that is

appropriate to the sitation as

well as meaningfl in relation to

the size of the device.

nnovative software

developed b Bell Labs makes the speed deliver of this information possible

over a Pblic Safet L network and optimizes the se of network bandwidth. t

enables mltiple video feeds and operational data to be mixed into a single stream

that is sent to mobile devices. he reslting stream provides signicant bandwidth

gain (a ratio of at least the nmber of mixed ows to one) and efcient decodingand displa at the device since the complex maniplations are done in the First

Responder Video server in the command center.

First Responder Video offers two modes of operation. he dispatcher can select

the video mix to be transmitted to each specic grop of sers, and can change the mix

according to the mission needs. Also, sers can directl share video with other sers

that belong to their grop b simpl selecting a video from the mosaic and sharing it.

First Responder Video can also operate over commercial 3G and 4G networks.

his enables agencies toda to start a pilot deploment to determine operational

procedres as well as benet from enhanced safet and teamwork. hen once their

Pblic Safet L network is deploed, spport can evolve to this network which

offers additional control and a broader deploment.


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47/60


VoViNg VoiCsppor oN h Nwork

An LTE public saety network is primarily deployed to provide additional capa-

bilities to frst responders that will improve operational eectiveness, including

broadband applications such as live video and high-speed sharing o inormationsuch as maps and pictures. Initially, these capabilities will likely be available to a

subset o frst responders, and then to an increasing number over time as budgets

and applications become available.

Voice (and especially group voice calls) on existing LMR/PMR networks will

continue to be an essential mode o communication or all frst responders. However,

it is very important to also support voice on the LTE network. LTE can provide VoIP

services today and a new set o standard parameters has been already defned or

Voice over LTE (VoLTE), which provides VoIP interoperability or commercial

voice services.

Providing VoLTE on a public saety network initially enables agencies to replace

commercial wireless devices with devices that leverage the public saety network,


48/60


MO R VO: .. R&Dn the same legislative act that created FirstNet, the u.S. ongress also provided

p to $300 million to the National nstitte of Standards and echnolog to prse

research and development on pblic safet commnications needs, incldingmission critical voice over broadband. he directives from ongress inclde:

ocment pblic safet reqirements

Accelerate deploment of capabilit for commnications between narrowband

and broadband networks

Research plan addressing wireless commnications needs of pblic safet beond

that provided b crrent generation of technolog

Accelerate deploment of mission critical voice, inclding talkarond, over

broadband networks, prioritization, athentication, and standard APs for the

nationwide broadband network

Accelerate deploment of technolog and eqipment that eventall facilitates

migration from narrowband to broadband network

thus reducing the total cost o ownership. However, the requirements or voice sup-

port go well beyond the standard VoLTE service. In act, in the public saety context,what is most important is or the LTE network to interwork with P25/TETRA voice

(and low data-rate services like short message). Over the short term, this interwork-

ing enables interoperability. It also provides the necessary migration path rom P25/

TETRA with an LTE overlay to a mission-critical LTE network running all mission-

critical services (voice, video and data).

To achieve interoperability, a gateway that interconnects the narrowband sys-

tems with the LTE system is deployed. This gateway enables the extension o push to

talk (PTT) application with P25/TETRA to the LTE network. The same gateway mayalso have the role o a ull-blown PTT server or LTE. In the current approach or P25

interworking with LTE, all PTT messages (signaling, oor control, media) are trans-

ported over LTE and a PTT client is installed on the LTE terminal to emulate P25 ter-

minal behavior. As a consequence, the LTE terminal enabled with client sotware will

mimic and inherit all services available on P25. The interworking protocol is based

on the extension o the IP-based ISSI interace, which has previously been defned to

interconnect multiple P25 networks. Preliminary implementations are available that

enable a frst level o interworking. Standardization o this mechanism or P25/LTE

interworking is on-going in the TIA TR8.8 group. Similar discussions are also starting

in the TETRA/TETRAPOL community. This will ensure ull interoperability between

jurisdictions (and solutions rom dierent suppliers).


49/60


In parallel, through the

addition o new 3GPP unc-

tionalities such as ProximityServices (ProSe; providing

talkaround or direct mode

o operations), evolved

Multimedia Broadcast

Multicast Service (eMBMS)

and GCSEL (Group Commu-

nication System Enablers or

LTE), LTE public saety net-

works will be able to more

efciently handle large-scale

group communications.

This will pave the way

toward complete migra-

tion to a mission-critical

LTE network. Preliminaryimplementations are available

that enable a frst level o

interworking.

upporting roaming out of jurisdictionPublic saety users need to connect not only in their own jurisdiction, but also

in other jurisdictions, or example, to provide mutual aid. In the U.S., the Na-

tional Public Saety Broadband Network (NPSBN) will support seamless roamingrom one part o the network to another part, using the X2 and/or S1 handover

mechanisms defned in the 3GPP standards. To support roaming to other jurisdic-

tions within the NPSBN a home APN is defned that connects the user to their

home PGW to provide access to services in their home enterprise network. To

connect to the visiting jurisdictions enterprise network, a common Access Point

Name (APN) is used as defned in PSCR Public Saety 700 MHz Demonstration

Network, Network Identifer Guidelines, Version 1.0, dated January 2012. This

common APN dynamically connects the user to the visiting network or services

in that network; including a visiting portal that provides inormation on the visiting

network, such as incident inormation.

PRM OR RODDP y ROPSpectrm for broadband pblic safet in rope

is not available toda. A radio reglationgrop (P FM 49) is working on identifing

spectrm for broadband applications. his

incldes identication of potential new bands

below 1 GHz and an optimized se of the

existing PMR 400 MHz band (380470 MHz)

for broadband se. Meanwhile, ropean pblic

safet organizations have similar needs to those

in the u.S. and a few of them are considering

sing commercial networks to start. However,

commercial networks do not provide the same

level of availabilit, resilienc, secrit and

control that a private network wold. So, it is

envisaged that while a commercial operator

ma be relied on to provide RAN connectivit

now, when spectrm is available to deplo aprivate network, pblic safet organizations will

opt to deplo a mltiagenc private network.


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se of a commercial wireless carrierThe availability o dedicated bandwidth to support broadband public saety

services depends on the region or country. However, even when a dedicatedspectrum and network are deployed, it may also be desirable to take advantage

o the coverage provided by a commercial operator, particularly in regions where

the commercial network reaches areas the public saety network does not. I this

occurs, frst responders will want to be able to roam to the commercial network to

maintain communications.

Some terminals (such as the vehicular routers) include multiple radio modems

(or example, both a dedicated public saety network LTE modem and a commercial

LTE network modem). This enables the public service agency to leverage the connec-

tivity to multiple networks and enhance the throughput o that terminal i needed.

When visiting a commercial LTE network, the network interaces with the Home

Subscriber Server (HSS) in the users home network (NPSBN in the case o FirstNet)

to retrieve the specifc subscriber inormation. This includes inormation about the

home APN and common APN as discussed above. To connect to the home APN

the home-routed model is used as defned in 3GPP TS 23.401 and shown below.

Users Home PublicSafety Broadband

(In US, NPSBN)

OperatorsIP Services

Internet Packet

Exchange Provider(IPX)

Commercial LTE

Network

Home SubscriberServer (HSS)

Domain NameSystem (DNS)

Policy and ChargingRules Function

(PCRF)

MobilityManagementEntity (MME)

Serving Gateway(SGW)

Visited Charging DataFunction/ChargingGateway Function

(V-CDF/CGF)

Packet DataNetwork Gateway(PGW)

Billing Domain(BD)

Billing Domain(BD)

Charging DataFunction/ChargingGateway Function

(CDF/CGF)

eNodeB

LTEUser

IPX Diameter Agent IPX BGP Routing Billing Mediation

igure 4. onnecting a public safet network with a commercial network


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In the US, as shown in Figure 4, it is expected that FirstNet will select an Internet

Packet Exchange (IPX) provider to handle the connectivity between the NPSBN and

the various commercial networks with whom NPBSN creates roaming agreements.

When roaming onto commercial networks, it may be desirable to route certain

trafc, such as Internet trafc, locally in the commercial LTE network. The standards

defne a local breakout model to achieve this as illustrated in Figure 5. When using a

local breakout, a PGW in the commercial LTE network is used. The Policy and Charg-ing Rules Function (PCRF) in the visiting network interacts with the PCRF in the home

network to determine QoS and priority o sessions established using this method.

Either or both home-routed and local-breakout APNs can be supported or a

users device. This depends on the user APN data confgured in the HSS.

In addition to roaming to commercial LTE networks, roaming to commercial net-

works with dierent radio technologies such as HSPA, GERAN, 1xEV-Do, or eHRPD

is also supported.

Users Home PublicSafety Broadband

(In US, NPSBN)

Home OperatorsIP Services

Visited OperatorsIP Services

Internet Packet

Exchange Provider(IPX)

Commercial LTE

Network

Home SubscriberServer (HSS)

Domain NameSystem (DNS)

Home PolicyRules Function

(H-PCRF)

MobilityManagementEntity (MME)

Visited Policy andCharging Rules Function

(V-PCRF)

Packet DataNetwork Gateway

(PGW)

Serving Gateway(SGW)

Visited Charging DataFunction/ChargingGateway Function

(V-CDF/CGF)

Billing Domain(BD)

Billing Domain(BD)

eNodeB

LTEUser

IPX Diameter Agent Billing Mediation

igure 5. ocal trafc routing when roaming


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roosrgy

Public saety agencies will clearly beneft rom LTE, yet there are actors such as

budget, regulatory issues and internal resource constraints that stop deployment

rom happening sooner rather than later. As part o the deployment process itis worth considering two signifcant actors coverage and reliability in mul-

tiple phases or budget cycles. This can reect the availability o applications and

devices as well as incremental unding.

Specifc coverage and reliability requirements associated with the RAN tech-

nology and requency are two actors that drive the number o base stations, their

antenna design, backhaul requirements and cost. The initial macro network design

should ocus on the long term requirements.

A deployment plan may speciy coverage requirements that will be phased in

over time to reect the available budget. For example, the RAN design might begin by

ocusing on a goal o 95% outdoor coverage. I sufcient budget is not available, the

initial phase might ocus on coverage or a subset o the overall area the agency serves.


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In a subsequent phase, the coverage may be extended to include more areas. In-

building coverage in key areas or a growing number o buildings might be included in

initial and/or subsequent phases. Coverage goals in urban and rural areas might vary.For example, there might be a 95% coverage goal or vehicle routers in rural areas

and a 95% coverage goal or handheld and vehicle routers in urban areas.

As part o the deployment plan, in-building coverage might be provided in select

buildings. Small cells can also be included as part o the network design to efciently

address in-building coverage. Whenever possible, a network design that places base

stations as close as possible to key buildings might be implemented to help maxi-

mize the possible in-building coverage. This approach might be desirable even in the

absence o a specifc goal, due to budget constraints.

A phased rollout o LTE service to specifc agencies and departments within

an organization can also be used to reect budgets and minimize risk. For example,

smartphones might initially be deployed to a subset o the organization such as inspec-

tors and detectives in a police department. They might be provided with initial support

or only a subset o the possible applications while the agencys communications team

Phased Public Safety LTE Deployment

First create a Public Safety LTE macro network designthat reects long term requirements.

This is an example of one of many possible phased approaches

Multiplebudgetandgran

tcycles

Sp

ectrum,

regulationsand

resourcesenableLTE

de

ployment

Phase 1 Begin deploying a portion of LTE backhaul network that also

maximizes LMR/PMR coverage and performance Utilize utility/transportation backhaul in areas where public safety

lacks a presence for LMR/PMRbeginning of public/provate partner-

ship with utility or transportation operator

Phase 2 LTE outside coverage (95%) in subset of agencys area

Initial application support and rollout to subset of agency depart-ments

Voice interworking with P25/TETRA for non-critical applications

Initial shared utility/transportation access

Phase 3 Expand LTE coverage and in-building coverage at select sites Expand agency department and application support

Subsequent Phase(s) Introduce new applications and evaluate voice support Fill in coverage holes and expand coverage into new areas with

lightRadio and continue expanding in-building coverage


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ramps up its network knowledge and support. Additional departments and applica-

tions could be added in subsequent phases.

Small cells might be used to fll in holes in coverage such as stadiums or toexpand coverage into new areas. Units could be mounted on light poles, power poles

and buildings essentially disappearing into the environment. This greatly reduces

the expense and regulatory hurdles o building new towers.

For agencies acing regulatory uncertainty (either or availability o broadband

spectrum or or those in the U.S. awaiting more details on FirstNet), the initial de-

ployment phase might ocus on backhaul. Besides development o new RAN sites,

backhaul has one o the longer timelines in the overall LTE deployment schedule. To

do this, agencies should begin by creating an LTE RF design with associated back-

haul today that also reects P25/TETRA requirements. They can then begin install-

ing backhaul to improve todays voice capabilities, using the design or tomorrows

broadband with LTE to help accelerate the availability o its benefts once regulatory

and budgets constraints permit. For public saety agencies in the U.S., the specifc

backhaul resources and cost in support o LTE might be positioned as part o their

contribution to the FirstNet deployment in their state.

est practicesPutting an LTE network on top o an LMR/PMR system will provide signifcant

broadband capabilities or the public saety agency. Solid preparation is crucial

beore deploying (see previous section) and, once the prep work is done, manag-

ing the LTE deployment properly becomes extremely important. The deployment

needs to stay on track regarding timelines, budget, logistics and more. Strong

project management is a must. There are many steps along the way purchas-

ing, installation, end-to-end integration and testing, to name a ew. Following aresome key suggestions.

Choose the right system integrator. It is vital to have a good network integrator.

Oten, the integrator is also the project manager, so there could be one company

designing, integrating, deploying and maintaining the system. An experienced inte-

grator can bring all the elements together to make the LTE project a success. Many

vendors will be required or the end-to-end implementation, so the agency needs an

integrator who can manage the contributions o all and, or example, one that can

leverage the broadband innovation and knowledge created in the ng Connect multi-

company ecosystem.


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Choose an integrator who oers

multiple types o technologies and is

amiliar with the impacts o LTE onbackhaul. Systems integration and

confguration are very important in

public saety because separate systems

such as video surveillance or 112/911

centers must be integrated into the

LTE network. The new LTE network

should be ully interoperable with oth-

er systems, technologies and services.

Be sure to select a system integrator

with extensive experience.

Hire a strong project manager. The project manager must be organized, able to

set priorities, manage risks and keep everyone aligned. Deploying an LTE net-

work is a large, complex endeavor. Many dierent components rom a variety o

vendors need to come together. There are a lot o players involved, and the projectmanager should help them work together.

Networks are more complicated than they used to be. Traditionally a network

would be built or a single purpose. Today they are built or multiple services. Todays

networks must be service-aware, and able to monitor and manage themselves to truly

give public saety agencies what they need. A strong project manager is needed to

help with the complexity o todays networks.

Deploy in phases. Implementing the LTE network in phases has several advantag-es. By going slowly, the agency can learn as it goes, and users have time to adjust.

LTE can do many things better than previous technologies although it is best not to

introduce all the changes at once! A good approach is to implement the backhaul

and core LTE network frst (in the U.S., the FirstN

#M2012104738 Public Safety LTE Global Edition En

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