KROMATOGRAFIKERTAS

Oleh:

Nina Salamah, S.Si, M.Sc., Apt

Chromatography

Chromatography basically involves the separation of mixtures due to differences in the distribution coefficient of sample components between 2 different phases.

One of these phases is a mobile phase and the other is a stationary phase.

Definition:

 

Different affinity of these 2 components to stationary phase causes the separation.

Concentration of component A in stationary phase

Concentration of component A in mobile phase

Distribution Coefficient

Simplified Definition:Chromatography separates the

components of a mixture by their distinctive attraction to the mobile phase and the stationary phase.

Explanation:• Compound is placed on stationary phase• Mobile phase passes through the stationary

phase• Mobile phase solubilizes the components• Mobile phase carries the individual

components a certain distance through the stationary phase, depending on their attraction to both of the phases

Definition of Chromatography

Chromatography

Chromatogram - Detector signal vs. retention time or volume

time or volume

Det

ecto

r S

igna

l1 2

• Liquid Chromatography – separates liquid samples with a liquid solvent (mobile phase) and a column composed of solid beads (stationary phase)

• Gas Chromatography – separates vaporized samples with a carrier gas (mobile phase) and a column composed of a liquid or of solid beads (stationary phase)

• Paper Chromatography – separates dried liquid samples with a liquid solvent (mobile phase) and a paper strip (stationary phase)

• Thin-Layer Chromatography – separates dried liquid samples with a liquid solvent (mobile phase) and a glass plate covered with a thin layer of alumina or silica gel (stationary phase)

Types of ChromatographyTypes of Chromatography

MOBILE PHASELIQUID

Liquid-LiquidChromatography (Partition)

Liquid-SolidChromatography (Adsorption)

Liquid Solid

Normal Phase Reverse Phase Normal Phase Reverse Phase

Mobile Phase -

Nonpolar

Stationary phase - Polar

Mobile Phase - Polar

Stationary phase -

Nonpolar

FORMAT

STATIONARY PHASE

Types of ChromatographyTypes of Chromatography

Sifat Fisika kimia kertas untuk Kromatografi

• Kertas terdiri dari 98 -99 % selulose, 0,3-10 % selulose, dan 0,4-0,8 % pentosan. Juga mempunyai gugus karboksilat yang dapat menimbulkan muatan negatif pada kertas.

• Kertas kromatografi terdapat kontaminan asam amino yang mempunyai kadar Nitrogen 15 mg/kg kertas.Senyawa lipofilik 25 mg/kg. dan senyawa an organik (kadar abu) 0,04-0,07%,

• Senyawa kontaminan tidak mengganggu dalam pemisahan sampel pada kromatografi.Yang penting kemampuan absorbsi dan kenaikkan kapileritas masing-masing kertas.

• Whatman no.1 sebagai kertas standard yang digunakan, no. 3MM digunakan untuk preparatif. Sedangkan no. 4 untuk elusi yang cepat, dan 33 ET untuk elusi sangat cepat.

Paper Chromatography

Paper chromatography. Molecules separate as they move up the paper. The distance that the molecules travel depends on their size and solubility in the solvent.

Paper Chromatography

• Similar to TLC

• Stationary phase = H2O adsorbed by

cellulose

• Mobile phase = solvent

• Frequently used to polar compounds

– Amino acids, carbohydrates, etc.

Stationary phase:

Papers (cellulose), mechanism of separation is through partition.

Mobile phase:

As TLC but more polar mixtures are usually used. Buffers can also be used.

Sample application:

A line drawn by pencil, spot places are determined as dots. Apply sample as in TLC.

Paper Chromatography

Types of Paper Chromatography

• Radial chromatography

• Ascending chromatography

• Descending chromatography

Radial Chromatography

• In this type of chromatography, as the pigment separates, the different colours move outwards.

Radial Chromatogram

Ascending Chromatography

• The solvent moves upwards on the separating media

\

Development Type of Ascending:1- Single development: The solvent system is allowed to move through the stationary phase one time only against gravity.

2- Repeated developments:

a- Multiple developments: The plated are developed more than one time using the same solvent system. The plates must be completely dried after each development.

b- Stepwise developments: The plated are developed more than one time using different solvent systems.

3- Two-dimensional development:

Is used to verify if a given spot on TLC using the above methods of development (one Dimensional) is one pure compound or mixture of two closely related compounds. The spots are applied to one corner and the plate developed as usual. The plate is then rotated 90 ˚C and then developed again. This method allow better separation of related compounds.

..

..

One compound

Two closely related compounds

Descending Chromatography

• The solvent moves downwards on the separating media.

• Pada kromatografi kertas lebih banyak digunakan sistem menurun sehingga lebih cepat perambatan nya. Keuntungan yang lain kromatografi kertas dapat digunakan lembaran kertas yang lebih panjang sehingga dapat dipisahkan campuran yang lebih kompleks.

• Pemisahan yang terjadi berdasar atas peristiwa partisi, karena fase gerak yang digunakan adalah pelarut organik yang semi polar.

• Dan umumnya pelarut yang digunakan mengan- dung air sehingga air akan mudah terikat oleh selulosa, dan selulosa dapat mengembang menyerap air, maka air akan berfungsi sebagai fase diam.

• Komposisi Fase gerak yang dikenal dengan nama BAW (Butanol, Acetic Acid Water). Banyak digunakan untuk pemisahan flavanoid.

Fase gerak yang berupa pelarut organik akan berkompetisi melarutkan sampel yang dianalisis

Kromatografi kertas dapat diubah polaritasnya dengan cara inpregnasi atau pembaceman, antara lain dengan asetilasi, foforilasi, fomilasi. Atau dengan senyawa yang bersifat lifofilik seperti parafin, vaselin, undekan.

Pembaceman sistemnya seperti pada KLT, hanya pada kromatografi kertas dengan arah yang menurun atau desenden.

Dengan cara tersebut kromatografi kertaspun dapat digunakan sebagai kromatografi fase terbalik.

Arah elusi dari kertas untuk kromatografi biasa nya ditunjukkan oleh panah, kalau tak ada, digunakan arah yang memanjang dari kertas.

Gambaran fase diam selulose

24

PENGUBAHAN GUGUS HIDROKSILAsetilasi (CH3COOH)

(C6H12O6)n + n x 4 (CH3COOH)

25

PENGUBAHAN GUGUS HIDROKSIL OHFosforilisasi (HO-P=O = H3PO4

26

Principles of Paper Chromatography

• Capillary Action – the movement of liquid within the spaces of a porous material due to the forces of adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension. The liquid is able to move up the filter paper because its attraction to itself is stronger than the force of gravity.

• Solubility – the degree to which a material (solute) dissolves into a solvent. Solutes dissolve into solvents that have similar properties. (Like dissolves like) This allows different solutes to be separated by different combinations of solvents.

Separation of components depends on both their solubility in the mobile phase and their differential affinity to the mobile phase and the stationary phase.

Visualization (Detection of spots):A- Universal methods:

1- Destructive methods:

The plated are sprayed with corrosive reagents and then heated in oven where organic compounds will give charred spots. After this treatment the materials can not be recovered.

e.g. Anisaldehyde / H2SO4

Vanillin / H2SO4

2- Non – Destructive methods:

In these methods the materials can be recovered.

– Day light for colour compounds.– UV light for fluorescent compounds

(conjugated double bonds).

– I2 vapour for any compounds contain at least one double bond

– Spray with water where organic compounds appear as white opaque spots.

B- Specific Methods:

• These reagents are used for the detection of certain classes of compounds. They are usually destructive.

• Dragendorff΄s reagent for Alkaloids.

• Ferric Chloride (FeCl3) for phenolic compounds.

• Aniline phthalate for sugars.

• Ninhydrine for nitrogenous compounds as Amines, Amino acids.

Tabel Beberapa penggunaan pelacak bercak pada kromatografi kertas

•

Sebyawa fiuoresen Amin ter/kuater. Turunan karbamat HeterosikUk amin kanabinol, sulfonamida Alkaloid/Amin kuar Ter.Heksa(penta klorfenol) Ikatan rangkap, seny.organik

•

313131

Nama pereaksi

Analit Nama pereaksi

Analit

l.Sinar UV254 nm

2 lodoplatinat

3.Pereaksi furfural

4.Pereaksi Simon

5.DABdlm etanol

6.Dragendorff

7. Uap iodium8. UapNO2

Senyawa flouresenSeny.Amin ter/kuaternerTurunan Karbamat

Heterosiklik amin

Karbinol/SulfonamidaAlkaloid/amin kuater,Ter.Heksa/penta klorfenolIkatan rangkap/ senyawa organik

9. Pereaksi Marquis

10. Peraksi Millon11 .KMn04 + as.sulfet12 .Ninhidrin13. Nitroso-naftol

14. Pereaksi Mandelin

15. Vanilinas. Sulfat

Tur. morfin

Fenol, aril amin Ikatan tak jenuh

As. amino primer Ergot alkaloid Turunan ajmalin Barbiturat fenetoin,

S

Rate of flow (Rf Value): Distance traveled by the spots

Rf = ----------------------------------------- Distance traveled by the solvent

The Rf of any compound must be less than one.

Start line

Solvent front

Distance travelled by the spot

Distance travelled by the solvent

• Tailing in Paper Chromatography:

In some cases instead of getting round spots a Tailed or comet like spots are obtained leading to overlapping of the spots and poor resolution.

Tailed or comet like spot

Reasons and solution for tailing problem:

1-Ionic characters of acids and bases when they are chromatographed under neutral conditions.

Solution: add acids or bases to the developing system.

2-Application of large amounts of material.

Solution: decrease conc. of material.

3-Unproper choice of solvent system.

Solution: change the solvent system.

Application: 1- Qualitative: Identification through comparison of the Rf value with that

of Reference material. Determination of Complexity of mixtures. That will be

indicated from number of spots. Determination the purity of materials. Monitoring the progress of Chemical reactions. Monitoring of column chromatography. Development of finger print TLC for extracts, volatile oils or

pharmaceutical preparation for future identification and comparison.

In this application plates 5×5, 5×10 cm with thin film of coating material are usually used.

• 2- Quantitative:In this case an accurate volume of samples are applied using syringes. The dimensions of plates range from 5x10 to 20x20 according to the number pf spots used. The plates are developed as usual in the chromatographic tanks. After development the concentration of material can be

determined by: Spot area measurement: Which is directly proportional to the

conc. of materials. Photodensitometry: Measure transmittance, reflection or

fluorescence of spots. Radioactivity: For radioactive material.

These measurements are done using TLC Scanner connected to computer that perform all calculations.

Paper Chromatography Experiment

What Color is that Sharpie?

Overview of the Experiment

Purpose: To introduce students to the principles and terminology of chromatography and demonstrate separation of the dyes in Sharpie Pens with paper chromatography.

Time Required: Prep. time: 10 minutesExperiment time: 45 minutes

• 6 beakers or jars• 6 covers or lids • Distilled H2O• Isopropanol• Graduated cylinder• 6 strips of filter paper• Different colors of Sharpie

pens• Pencil• Ruler• Scissors• Tape

Materials List

Preparing the Isopropanol Solutions

• Prepare 15 ml of the following isopropanol solutions in appropriately labeled beakers:

- 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 50%, and 100%

Preparing the Chromatography Strips

• Cut 6 strips of filter paper • Draw a line 1 cm above

the bottom edge of the strip with the pencil

• Label each strip with its corresponding solution

• Place a spot from each pen on your starting line

Developing the Chromatograms

• Place the strips in the beakers• Make sure the solution does

not come above your start line• Keep the beakers covered• Let strips develop until the

ascending solution front is about 2 cm from the top of the strip

• Remove the strips and let them dry

Developing the Chromatograms

Developing the Chromatograms

Observing the Chromatograms

Concentration of Isopropanol

0% 20% 50% 70% 100%

Black Dye

Concentration of Isopropanol

0% 20% 50% 70% 100%

1. Dyes separated – purple and black2. Not soluble in low concentrations of

isopropanol3. Partially soluble in concentrations of

isopropanol >20%

Blue Dye

Concentration of Isopropanol

0% 20% 50% 70% 100%

1. Dye separated – blue2. Not very soluble in low

concentrations of isopropanol

3. Completely soluble in high concentrations of isopropanol

Green Dye

Concentration of Isopropanol

0% 20% 50% 70% 100%

1. Dye separated – blue and yellow

2. Blue – Soluble in concentrations of isopropanol >20%

3. Yellow – Soluble in concentrations of isopropanol >0%

Red Dye1. Dyes separated – red and yellow2. Yellow –soluble in low concentrations of isopropanol and

less soluble in high concentrations of isopropanol

Concentration of Isopropanol

0% 20% 50% 70% 100%

3. Red – slightly soluble in low concentrations of isopropanol, and more soluble in concentrations of isopropanol >20%

Case One

“Signed with a Kiss”

The Discovery… • Before third period, Marie goes to her locker to

grab her chemistry book. She and Christopher have shared this locker for the last semester when they started going together

• As she pushes Christopher’s geometry books aside, it falls to the floor and a note falls out.

– “…can’t wait to see you again, baby. Last nite was so much fun! Call me on my cell after school today.”

• Marie was already bugged out by the words of the note, but on top of that, the girl had the nerve to sign the note with nothing but a kiss!

The Plan• After school, Marie calls Mark for support. Between sobs, Marie

explains to Mark, “I was so cold to Christopher after Chem class. I’m afraid he thinks I know about the note.” Mark reassures her, “Naw, he has no idea.

• “Okay,” she says, “let’s continue with our plan.”

• Just make sure you get a sample from each of those girls. Oh yeah, and make sure that you have plenty of nail polish remover. I think that will be the best solvent to separate the mixtures. When I come over tomorrow, I’ll bring the coffee filters.”

• The next day, Marie and Mark meet up at her house to begin the investigation phase of their plan.– Begin lipstick chromatography lab– Paper Chromatography.ppt

How to Catch Your Man Cheating!

• Lipstick Chromatography Lab Protocol

Materials: Chromatography paper or Coffee filters Scissors 3 different Lipsticks similar in shade, but different brands Acetone or Nail Polish remover with Acetone Beaker or Cup large enough for 3 strips of paper (about 500 ml)Tape

Procedure: 1. The teacher has smeared samples of the lipstick from the note and each of the suspects onto filter paper. Each group will analyze one suspect or the sample from the note 3 times. 2. Carefully pour 10 ml of solvent into the beaker. 3. Place all three strips of paper into the beaker so that the paper touches the solvent, but that the level of the solvent does NOT reach the lipstick. 4. Secure the top of each paper strip to the beaker with tape if necessary to keep it from slipping. 5. After 15 minutes remove all the samples from the beaker and place the papers flat on the bench top. 6. Measure the distance the acetone traveled up each strip of paper. Also measure the distance each component moved up the paper. 7. Make a data table with average Rf value for each component in your lipstick sample.

Epilogue

• After discovering that Christopher and her girl Muhsinah were not the friends she thought they were, Marie confronted them with the evidence. Christopher and Muhsinah were shocked at her use of chemistry to catch them. Marie recovered from the nasty breakup with Christopher with the help of Mark's comforting shoulder... ;)

• This scene and laboratory protocol were adapted from, "Who's Lipstick?" in Crime Scene Investigations by Pam Walker and Elaine Wood, 1998.

The images of the kiss and paper chromatograpy where found at http://www.ausetute.com.au/ chromato.html and http://www.consumerreports.com, respectively.