Post on 18-Oct-2020
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Perda de biodiversidade e
doencas infecciosas
Kevin D. Lafferty
U.S. Geological Survey
Como o stress ambiental afeta doencas?
Parasite
Eutroph-
ication
Thermal
effluent
Pulp-mill
effluent Crude oil
Industrial
effluent
Sewage-
sludge
Acid
precipitation Disturbance
Heavy
metals
Ciliophora + + + +Nematoda
+ + +/- + -/+ = +/-Monogenea
+ +/- -/+ + +/- = - -Other groups
+ +/- + - - = = - +Cestoda
+ = -/+ + - - -Acanthocephala
+ +/- - - - + -Digenea
+ - -/+ - -/+ -/+ - - -
Diverse responses of parasites to stress
Lafferty 1997 Parasitology Today
Respostas variadas de parasitas ao stress
Parasite
Eutroph-
ication
Thermal
effluent
Pulp-mill
effluent Crude oil
Industrial
effluent
Sewage-
sludge
Acid
precipitation Disturbance
Heavy
metals
Ciliophora + + + +Nematoda
+ + +/- + -/+ = +/-Monogenea
+ +/- -/+ + +/- = - -Other groups
+ +/- + - - = = - +Cestoda
+ = -/+ + - - -Acanthocephala
+ +/- - - - + -Digenea
+ - -/+ - -/+ -/+ - - -
Diverse responses of parasites to stress
Lafferty 1997 Parasitology Today
Respostas variadas de parasitas ao stress
Parasite
Eutroph-
ication
Thermal
effluent
Pulp-mill
effluent Crude oil
Industrial
effluent
Sewage-
sludge
Acid
precipitation Disturbance
Heavy
metals
Ciliophora + + + +Nematoda
+ + +/- + -/+ = +/-Monogenea
+ +/- -/+ + +/- = - -Other groups
+ +/- + - - = = - +Cestoda
+ = -/+ + - - -Acanthocephala
+ +/- - - - + -Digenea
+ - -/+ - -/+ -/+ - - -
Diverse responses of parasites to stress
Lafferty 1997 Parasitology Today
Respostas variadas de parasitas ao stress
Population impact of disease versus stress
NO DISEASE
DISEASE
Par
asi
te m
ort
alit
y,
(a +
u +
m +
a)
Susceptibility, (- q)
Slope = K
Lafferty and Holt 2003 Ecol Lett
Impacto da doenca ou stress na populacao
Population impact of disease versus stress
NO DISEASE
DISEASE
Par
asi
te m
ort
alit
y,
(a +
u +
m +
a)
Susceptibility, (- q)
Slope = K
Lafferty and Holt 2003 Ecol Lett
Impacto da doenca ou stress na populacao
Population impact of disease versus stress
NO DISEASE
DISEASE
Para
site
mort
alit
y, (a
+ u
+ m
+ a
)
Susceptibility, (- q)
Lafferty and Holt 2003 Ecol Lett
Impacto da doenca ou stress na populacao
Population impact of disease versus stress
NO DISEASE
DISEASE
Para
site
mort
alit
y, (a
+ u
+ m
+ a
)
Susceptibility, (- q)
Slope = K
Lafferty and Holt 2003 Ecol Lett
Impacto da doenca ou stress na populacao
Population impact of disease versus stress
NO DISEASE
DISEASE
Para
site
mort
alit
y, (a
+ u
+ m
+ a
)
Susceptibility, (- q)
Lafferty and Holt 2003 Ecol Lett
Impacto da doenca ou stress na populacao
Has disease increased or
decreased in the ocean?As doencas estao aumentando
no oceano?
% disease by host taxa. All wild, no duplicatesPorcentagem de doenca por tipo de hospedeiro. Todos Selvagens,
sem duplicacoes
Ward and Lafferty 2004 PLoS
% p
ubli
cati
ons
on d
isea
se
Sea Turtles
Publication Date
Tartarugas marinhas
% P
ub
lica
co
es e
m d
oe
nca
Data de publicacao
Ward and Lafferty 2004 PLoS
% p
ubli
cati
ons
on
dis
ease
Publication Date
% P
ub
lica
co
es e
m d
oe
nca
Data de publicacao
Ward and Lafferty 2004 PLoS
% p
ubli
cati
ons
on d
isea
se
Publication Date
Marine Mammals
% P
ub
lica
co
es e
m d
oe
nca
Data de publicacao
Mamiferos marinhos
% p
ubli
cati
ons
on d
isea
se
Publication Date
Echinoderms
% P
ub
lica
co
es e
m d
oe
nca
Data de publicacao
Equinodermos
Lafferty et al 2004 Ecol. Appl.
Populacoes densas sofrem mais doencas
Lafferty et al 2004 Ecol. Appl.
Lobsters
Urchins
Algae
Disease
No Fishing Fishing
Lagostas
Ourico do mar
Alga
Doenca
pesca proibida, pesca permitida
Ward and Lafferty 2004 PLoS
% p
ubli
cati
ons
on d
isea
se
Publication Date
Mollusca%
Pu
blic
aco
es e
m d
oe
nca
Data de publicacao
moluscos
Torchin, Lafferty et al 2003, Nature
Livrando-se de inimigos naturais(26 taxa)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Introduced Native
Pa
rasite
sp
ecie
s
transferred
colonized
Ward and Lafferty 2004 PLoS
% p
ubli
cati
ons
on d
isea
se
Publication Date
Peixes
% P
ub
lica
co
es e
m d
oe
nca
Data de publicacao
Amundsen and Kristoffersen. 1990, Can J. Fish 68:1187-1192
Cestodas em Peixes (Norway)
Antes
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Fish length
Num
ber
of
fish c
aught
infected uninfected
um
ero
de p
eix
es c
ole
tados
Comprimento do peixe
Amundsen and Kristoffersen. 1990, Can J. Fish 68:1187-1192
Cestodas em Peixes (Norway)
Antes Depois de pescaria intensa
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Fish length
Num
ber
of
fish c
aught
infected uninfected
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Fish lengthN
um
ber
of
fish c
aught
infected uninfected
um
ero
de p
eix
es c
ole
tados
Comprimento do peixe
um
ero
de p
eix
es c
ole
tados
Comprimento do peixe
Ransom A. Myers andﾊBoris WormNature 423, 280-283
Diminuicao global de peixes
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Quic
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ime
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deco
mp
resso
ra
re n
ee
de
d to
se
e th
is p
ictu
re.
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Sandin et al. 2008 PLoS1
Kiritim
ati Tabuaera
n P
alm
yra
K
ingm
an
Recifes de coral e pescaria
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Palmyra Atoll Natl. Wildlife Refuge
Parasitos em peixes
0
5
10
15
20
25
P. arcatus A. nigricans P. dickii C. margaritifer L. bohar
Host Species
Jackn
ife p
arasit
e s
pecie
s/ f
ish
specie
s (
+/-
95
%)
Kirimati
Palmyra
Comunidades de parasitas sao mais diversas no atol
protegido do que no atol com pescaria
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Lafferty et al. 2008 EcoHealth
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
P. arcatus A. nigricans P. dickii C. margaritifer L. bohar
Host species
Pre
vale
nce o
f shark
tap
ew
orm
s (
+/- 9
5%
CL)
Kiritimati
Palmyra
Pre
vale
ncia
de t
enia
s d
e t
ubaro
es
Especie de hospedeirro
Teia alimentar com parasitos (amarelo)
Lafferty et al. 06 PNAS
Teia alimentar com parasitos (amarelo)
Teia alimentar com parasitos (amarelo)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Free-living richness
Para
sit
e r
ich
ness
Extincao secundaria de parasitos com o
desmanchamento da teia alimentae
Lafferty et al. 09 Phil transRoy Soc
Sequencia temporal, video
•5 sec/min, 12 hrs/day, 14 days = 2000 clips
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Div
ers
ida
de
de
esp
ecie
s d
e tre
ma
tod
os
Diversidade de especies de aves
Div
ers
ida
de
de
esp
ecie
s d
e tre
ma
tod
os
Diversidade de especies de aves
Huspeni and Lafferty 2004. Ecological Applications
Div
ers
ida
de
me
dia
de
esp
ecie
s d
e tre
ma
tod
os
Controle
Impacto
• Stress may increase or decrease disease
• Stress pode aumentar ou diminuir parasitas
• Increased susceptibility, increased parasite mortality, reduced host density
• Susceptibilidade aumentada, mortalidade de parasitas aumentada, densidade do hospedeiro diminuida
• Diseases have increased and decreased
• Doencas tem aumentado e diminuidoFishing reduces disease
• Pescaria diminui doencas
• Host diversity begets parasite diversity
• Diversidade de hospedeiro controla a diversidade de parasitas
Conclusions
Dawson et al. 2005 Phys Ecol.
Field Experiment: haematophagous flies and
tree swallows.
Dawson et al. 2005 Phys Ecol.
Field Experiment: haematophagous flies and
tree swallows.
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
22 24 26 28 30 32 34
Path
ogen d
evelo
pm
ent ra
te
Louis et al. 1986
Rickettsia in Crickets
Temperature response
Climate projection
Martens et al. 1995
Hypothetical temperature-transmission relationships
Martens et al. 1997 Climate Change ** Tree 18 34-350 (2003)
Process-based model for
changes in malaria
Thomas et al. 2004
Present
Contraction
Expansion
2025 2055 2085
Peterson and Shaw 2003, IJP
Projection to 2050 (change)
Sandflies
(Lutzomyia spp)Leishmaniasis vector
Contraction
Expansion
Covariates
Land-use change and malaria reduction in Britain
Kuhn et al. 2003 PNAS