Kevin D. Lafferty U.S. Geological Surveyfapesp.br/eventos/2009/11/biota/lafferty.pdf · effluent...

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Perda de biodiversidade e

doencas infecciosas

Kevin D. Lafferty

U.S. Geological Survey

Como o stress ambiental afeta doencas?

Parasite

Eutroph-

ication

Thermal

effluent

Pulp-mill

effluent Crude oil

Industrial

effluent

Sewage-

sludge

Acid

precipitation Disturbance

Heavy

metals

Ciliophora + + + +Nematoda

+ + +/- + -/+ = +/-Monogenea

+ +/- -/+ + +/- = - -Other groups

+ +/- + - - = = - +Cestoda

+ = -/+ + - - -Acanthocephala

+ +/- - - - + -Digenea

+ - -/+ - -/+ -/+ - - -

Diverse responses of parasites to stress

Lafferty 1997 Parasitology Today

Respostas variadas de parasitas ao stress

Population impact of disease versus stress

NO DISEASE

DISEASE

Par

asi

te m

ort

alit

y,

(a +

u +

m +

a)

Susceptibility, (- q)

Slope = K

Lafferty and Holt 2003 Ecol Lett

Impacto da doenca ou stress na populacao


NO DISEASE

DISEASE

Para

site

mort

alit

y, (a

+ u

+ m

+ a

)





NO DISEASE

DISEASE

Para

site

mort

alit

y, (a

+ u

+ m

+ a

)


Slope = K




NO DISEASE

DISEASE

Para

site

mort

alit

y, (a

+ u

+ m

+ a

)




Has disease increased or

decreased in the ocean?As doencas estao aumentando

no oceano?

% disease by host taxa. All wild, no duplicatesPorcentagem de doenca por tipo de hospedeiro. Todos Selvagens,

sem duplicacoes

Ward and Lafferty 2004 PLoS

% p

ubli

cati

ons

on d

isea

se

Sea Turtles

Publication Date

Tartarugas marinhas

% P

ub

lica

co

es e

m d

oe

nca

Data de publicacao


% p

ubli

cati

ons

on

dis

ease

Publication Date

% P

ub

lica

co

es e

m d

oe

nca

Data de publicacao


% p

ubli

cati

ons

on d

isea

se

Publication Date

Marine Mammals

% P

ub

lica

co

es e

m d

oe

nca

Data de publicacao

Mamiferos marinhos

% p

ubli

cati

ons

on d

isea

se

Publication Date

Echinoderms

% P

ub

lica

co

es e

m d

oe

nca

Data de publicacao

Equinodermos

Lafferty et al 2004 Ecol. Appl.

Populacoes densas sofrem mais doencas

Lafferty et al 2004 Ecol. Appl.

Lobsters

Urchins

Algae

Disease

No Fishing Fishing

Lagostas

Ourico do mar

Alga

Doenca

pesca proibida, pesca permitida


% p

ubli

cati

ons

on d

isea

se

Publication Date

Mollusca%

Pu

blic

aco

es e

m d

oe

nca

Data de publicacao

moluscos

Torchin, Lafferty et al 2003, Nature

Livrando-se de inimigos naturais(26 taxa)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Introduced Native

Pa

rasite

sp

ecie

s

transferred

colonized


% p

ubli

cati

ons

on d

isea

se

Publication Date

Peixes

% P

ub

lica

co

es e

m d

oe

nca

Data de publicacao

Amundsen and Kristoffersen. 1990, Can J. Fish 68:1187-1192

Cestodas em Peixes (Norway)

Antes

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Fish length

Num

ber

of

fish c

aught

infected uninfected

um

ero

de p

eix

es c

ole

tados

Comprimento do peixe

Amundsen and Kristoffersen. 1990, Can J. Fish 68:1187-1192

Cestodas em Peixes (Norway)

Antes Depois de pescaria intensa

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Fish length

Num

ber

of

fish c

aught

infected uninfected

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Fish lengthN

um

ber

of

fish c

aught

infected uninfected

um

ero

de p

eix

es c

ole

tados


um

ero

de p

eix

es c

ole

tados


Ransom A. Myers andﾊBoris WormNature 423, 280-283

Diminuicao global de peixes



Quic

kT

ime

™ a

nd a

deco

mp

resso

ra

re n

ee

de

d to

se

e th

is p

ictu

re.



Sandin et al. 2008 PLoS1

Kiritim

ati Tabuaera

n P

alm

yra

K

ingm

an

Recifes de coral e pescaria

QuickTime™ and aH.264 decompressor


Palmyra Atoll Natl. Wildlife Refuge

Parasitos em peixes

0

5

10

15

20

25

P. arcatus A. nigricans P. dickii C. margaritifer L. bohar

Host Species

Jackn

ife p

arasit

e s

pecie

s/ f

ish

specie

s (

+/-

95

%)

Kirimati

Palmyra

Comunidades de parasitas sao mais diversas no atol

protegido do que no atol com pescaria



Lafferty et al. 2008 EcoHealth

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

P. arcatus A. nigricans P. dickii C. margaritifer L. bohar

Host species

Pre

vale

nce o

f shark

tap

ew

orm

s (

+/- 9

5%

CL)

Kiritimati

Palmyra

Pre

vale

ncia

de t

enia

s d

e t

ubaro

es

Especie de hospedeirro

Teia alimentar com parasitos (amarelo)

Lafferty et al. 06 PNAS

Teia alimentar com parasitos (amarelo)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Free-living richness

Para

sit

e r

ich

ness

Extincao secundaria de parasitos com o

desmanchamento da teia alimentae

Lafferty et al. 09 Phil transRoy Soc

Sequencia temporal, video

•5 sec/min, 12 hrs/day, 14 days = 2000 clips

QuickTime™ and aYUV420 codec decompressor


Div

ers

ida

de

de

esp

ecie

s d

e tre

ma

tod

os

Diversidade de especies de aves

Div

ers

ida

de

de

esp

ecie

s d

e tre

ma

tod

os

Diversidade de especies de aves

Huspeni and Lafferty 2004. Ecological Applications

Div

ers

ida

de

me

dia

de

esp

ecie

s d

e tre

ma

tod

os

Controle

Impacto

• Stress may increase or decrease disease

• Stress pode aumentar ou diminuir parasitas

• Increased susceptibility, increased parasite mortality, reduced host density

• Susceptibilidade aumentada, mortalidade de parasitas aumentada, densidade do hospedeiro diminuida

• Diseases have increased and decreased

• Doencas tem aumentado e diminuidoFishing reduces disease

• Pescaria diminui doencas

• Host diversity begets parasite diversity

• Diversidade de hospedeiro controla a diversidade de parasitas

Conclusions

Dawson et al. 2005 Phys Ecol.

Field Experiment: haematophagous flies and

tree swallows.

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

22 24 26 28 30 32 34

Path

ogen d

evelo

pm

ent ra

te

Louis et al. 1986

Rickettsia in Crickets

Temperature response

Climate projection

Martens et al. 1995

Hypothetical temperature-transmission relationships

Martens et al. 1997 Climate Change ** Tree 18 34-350 (2003)

Process-based model for

changes in malaria

Thomas et al. 2004

Present

Contraction

Expansion

2025 2055 2085

Peterson and Shaw 2003, IJP

Projection to 2050 (change)

Sandflies

(Lutzomyia spp)Leishmaniasis vector

Contraction

Expansion

Covariates

Land-use change and malaria reduction in Britain

Kuhn et al. 2003 PNAS

Kevin D. Lafferty U.S. Geological Surveyfapesp.br/eventos/2009/11/biota/lafferty.pdf · effluent...

Documents

Transcript of Kevin D. Lafferty U.S. Geological Surveyfapesp.br/eventos/2009/11/biota/lafferty.pdf · effluent...