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CONCORDE CAREER COLLEGE, PORTLANDST110
Introduction to Medical Terminology
Objectives
List the three basic word components.Identify and define word roots.Recite and apply the rules for combining
multiple roots into a compound word.
Objectives
Identify word parts and their role in forming medical terms
Analyze unfamiliar termsDefine commonly used prefixes, word roots,
combining forms, and suffixes
Objectives
Pronounce medical terms correctlyRecognize the importance of spelling
medical terms correctlyCorrectly use abbreviationsRecognize, define, spell, and pronounce
medical terms
Word Components
Important Terms:Anatomy
The study of the structure or morphology of the body and how the body parts are organized
Physiology The study of the functions of body parts, what
they do and how they do it.Pathophysiology
The study of the diseases of the body.
Word Parts
Four Types Word Roots- The foundation of medical terms.
Usually describes part of the body Combining Forms- /o Prefixes- Beginning of the word Suffixes- Added to the end of a complete word
Word Components
Word Roots The basic foundation of a word to which components
are added Use the word derm, dermat, derma Add/Subtract components to form larger words
Hypodermic Dermatologist Dermabrasion
Word Root
Usually describe body part involved heminephroplastyMay also indicate color
Examples: cyan/o, erythr/o cyanosis erythrocyteMy/o - _______Poli/o ________
Word Components
Combining Form When a word root is combined with a vowel Helps in pronunciation so the word will flow Most of the time the vowel is an “o”, but sometimes “i”
Dermatology Dermatoplasty
Prefixes
Added to beginning of word
Usually indicates location, time, or number heminephroplasty
Some can be similar in spelling, but opposite in meaning
Prefixes
Pre- Dys-Peri- Anti-Post- Ab-Dys-Hyper-Hypo-Brady-Tachy-
Suffixes
Added to the end of a word root
Usually indicates procedure, condition, disorder or disease
tonsillitistonsillectomy
Can mean pertaining to, abnormal condition
Also used as a noun, to indicate pathology, or relate to the type of procedure
Suffixes
Can be used as noun endings Name of person, place or thing
In medical terminology, suffixes can change the word root into a noun. EX. Cranium
Crani- skull Um- Single noun ending
Appendix A
Suffixes
“Pertaining to” Adjective- describes or defines a thing
In medical terminology, suffixes can change the word root into an adjective EX. Cardiac
Cardi – Heart Ac- pertaining to
Suffixes
Abnormal condition or disease EX gastrosis
Gastro- Stomach Osis- Abnormal Condition or disease
Suffixes
Related to pathology Study of all aspects of diseases.
Path - Disease Ology – Abnormal Condition or disease
Describe specific disease conditions Gastralgia
Gastr - Stomach Algia – Pain and Suffering
Common Medical Common Surgical
-osis:-ac:-algia:-itis:-malacia:-necrosis:-stenosis:
-otomy-ectomy-plasty-ostomy- rrhaphy-pexy-lysis-scopy-graphy-desis
Suffixes
“Double R” Suffixes
rrhage - ____________
rraphy - ____________
rrhea - ____________
rrhexis - ____________
How Can I Determine the Meaning of a Word Just by Looking At It?
Take the term apart
Guess
Use a medical dictionary
Use additional resources
Word Structure Rules
A prefix is placed at the beginning of the word (always) Anuria Endocardium
A suffix is placed at the end of the word root (always) Cardiology Carditis
More than one word root in a word creates the need for combining vowels to connect the roots. This creates combining forms used in compound words. Hematologist Cytology
Word Structure Rules
Compound words are usually composed in this order:combining form + word root + suffix-leuk/o/cyt/osis
Defining a medical word usually begins with defining the suffix first and continuing to read backwords through the word as you define it. Cardiomegaly
Word Structure Rules
When a medical word has a prefix, the definition of the word usually begins with defining the suffix first, the prefix second and the root(s) last.
When a medical word identifies body systems or parts, the definition of the word usually begins with defining the suffix first, then defining the organs in the order in which they are studied in the particular body system.
Using a Medical Dictionary
Spelling If you don’t know how to spell the word, sound it out
and write it down If that doesn’t work, look for alternative spellings
based on the beginning sound
Spelling
ACCURACY is extremely important
Changing just one or two letters can change the entire meaning of a word Example: “ileum” is a part of the small intestine, and
“ilium” is part of the hip bone
nephrectomy root suffix nephr/ectomy kidney/surgical removal of
The surgical removal of the a kidney
nephroplasty root cv suffix nephr/o/plasty kidney/surgical repair
Surgical repair of a kidney
gastroenteritis
root cv root suffix
gastr/o/enter/itis
stomach / small intestine /inflammation of Inflammation of the stomach & small intestine
Singulars and Plurals
There are unusual rules for changing a singular word into a plural one
The rules are foreign to us because most medical terms are of Greek or Latin origins
The Rules
If a word ends in “a”, the plural will have an “e” added. Ex. Bursa to bursae
If it ends in “ex” or “ix”, change it to “ices” Ex. Appendix becomes appendices
If the term ends in “um”, change it to an “a” Ex. Ovum changes to ova
See table 1.9 (MTHP) for the others pg. 13
Don’t Panic!!!!
All of these rules may seem overwhelming, but they will soon become second nature
If in doubt, look for the plural form in a medical dictionary
Abbreviations
Frequently used as a short-hand method of writing long and complex words or phrases
Some can be confusing, so watch out! Example: BE means “below elbow” and “barium
enema” A patient would be UPSET if these two terms
were confused!
Basic Terms
SignSymptomSyndromeDiagnosisPrognosisAcuteChronicremission
Review
What are the four types of word parts?
Review
What are the four types of word parts?
Word roots, combining forms, suffixes, prefixes
Review
What does a word root usually describe?
Review
What does a word root usually describe?
The body part involved
Review
Where is a suffix added to a word?
Review
Where is a suffix added to a word?
At the end of a root word
Review
What are some examples of “Double R” suffixes?
Review
What are some examples of “Double R” suffixes?
-rrhaphy, -rrhage, -rrhea, -rrhexis
Review
What part of the root word are prefixes added to?
Review
What part of the root word are prefixes added to?
The beginning of the word
Review
Is accuracy important when spelling a medical term?
Review
Is accuracy important when spelling a medical term?
ABSOLUTELY!!!
Review
What are some examples of basic medical terms?
Review
What are some examples of basic medical terms?
Sign, symptom, syndrome, acute, chronic…
Introduction to Medical Terminology: Prefixes
CONCORDE CAREER COLLEGE, PORTLANDST110
Objectives
Identify and define prefixesRecite and apply the rules for combining a
prefix to a root word
Prefixes
Prefixes are attached directly to the beginning of a word Endocardium Dysuria
The meaning of a prefix will not change from word to word A-always means absence of Bi-always means two or double
Prefixes that Express Numbers-
indicate one, two or three or single, half, double
Bi-Hemi-Milli-Mono-Nulli-Primi-
Quadri-Semi-Tetra-Tri-Uni-
Prefixes that Express Measurement-
indicate quantity or excessive or below conditions
Hyper-Hyp-Hypo-Multi-Poly-
Prefixes that Express Position and/or Direction-
describe a locationAb-Ad-Ambi-Ante-Circum-De-Dia-Ecto-
Endo-Epi-Ex-Extra-Hypo-In-Infra-Inter-
Position/Direction Continued
Intra-Juxta-Meso-Para-Peri-Pre-Pro-
Retro-Sub-Supra-Trans-
Prefixes and Combining Forms to Express Color-
colors of reactions, infections, body fluids
Alb-Albin/oChlor/oCirrh/oCyan/oEosin/oErythr/oGlauc/o
Jaund/oLeuk/oMelan/oPoli/oPurpur/oRube-Xanth/o
Prefixes to Express Negatives-
not, without, lack of or against
A-An-Ana-Anti-Contra-
Dis-Im-In-Non-
Introduction to Medical Terminology: Suffixes &
Pleural
CONCORDE CAREER COLLEGE, PORTLANDST110
Objectives
Identify and define suffixes
Recite and apply the rules for combining a suffix to a root word
Recite and apply the rules for changing from singular to plural word forms
Objectives
Demonstrate word-building skills by effectively using accurate written and verbal communication
Identify abbreviations for medical terms
Identify and define medical specialties and specialists by recognizing the basic word components
Objectives
Identify and define medical conditions by recognizing the basic word components
Identify and define diagnostic and surgical procedures and the instruments used by recognizing the basic word components
Suffix Rules
1. When a suffix begins with a consonant, a combining vowel is used with the word root that attaches to the suffix
• Example- abdominopelvic abdomin + o +pelv(ic)
Suffix Rules
1. When a suffix begins with a vowel, the word root attaches directly to the suffix without the aid of a combining vowel
• Example- dorsal dors + al
Suffix Rules
1. When defining a medical term, begin the definition by defining the suffix first
• Example- gastritis
Plural Words-changing from singular to plural
A. Change the –a to –ae • pleura pleurae• vertebra vertebrae• ampulla ampullae
Plural Words
A. Change the –ax to –aces• thorax thoraces
Plural Words
A. Change the –is to –es crisis crises diagnosis diagnoses prognosis prognoses
Plural Words
A. Change –ix, -ex, -yx to –ices• appendix appendices• index indices• coccyx coccices
Plural Words
A. Change the –on to –a• ganglion ganglia• phenomenon phenomena
A. Change the –um to –a• bacterium bacteria• datum data• epithelium epithelia
Plural Words
Plural Words
A. Change the –us to –i• thrombus thrombi• bronchus bronchi• coccus cocci
Plural Words
A. Change the –ma to –mata • stoma stomata• fibroma fibromata• sarcoma sarcomata
Noun Suffixes
These suffixes make a word into a noun (person, place or thing)
-a -ate -e -emia-er -esis -e -ia-iatry -ion -ism -ist-ole -osis -tion -ula-ule -um -us -y
Adjective Suffixes
These describe the word root they are attached to. (The red chair.)
-ac -al -ar -ary-eal -ic -ical -ile-oid -ory -ous -tic
Specialties and Specialists
These are the most common-ician -iatrics-iatry -iatrist-ian -ist-logist -logy
Instruments and Procedures
Performed in a medical office, out-patient or hospital
-centesis -clasis -desis-ectomy -gram -graph-graphy -ize -lysis-meter -metry -pexy-plasty -rrhaphy -scope-scopy -stomy -tomy-tripsy