Post on 25-Feb-2016
description
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONEthan Bloomer, Mattew Lutz, Salvatore Presti
Decembrists planned a coup for a constitution
Nicholas took the throne, coup was unsuccessful
Westerners wanted Russia to develop with the rest of Europe
Slavophiles wanted Russia to remain “unique”
Russia
Magyars pushed for Hungarian independence
Hungarians pushed for a more representative parliament
This caused other Hapsburg rule countries to revoltWere divided by class, religion, and
language
Austria
Ran by ambassadors instead of an assemblyHad little power, most was still with the
princes
Prussia had a reasonable hold on the politics
Zollverein – Prussian customs that promoted free tradeUnified the German Confederation
economically
German Confederation
Formed a constitutional monarchy due to colony revolts
Disagreements between the church, the state, and the people
France invaded in 1823Little resistance
The constitution was disbanded after only 3 years
Spain
New rulers were under pressure from Napoleon’s rulePromised constitutions, lower taxes, peace
but the rulers were too insecure
Carbonari (charcoal burners) middle class men, these groups discussed Italy’ situationTalked of peace and equality, tyranncide
Italy
The Charter – constitution from King Louis XVIIIGranted more power to legislature but also
to the king Chamber of Peers/Deputies Ultraloyalist supported the divine-right
monarchy and for emigres land to be returnedEmigres are ones who have moved out
Such people as nobility, Catholic royalist sympathizers and anti-republicans
France
Napoleonic Era cleared way for the Revolution
Land became less of an issue Landowners could meet the needs of the
national market Guilds abolished Allowed workers to freely move Replaceable parts made machines easier
A New Era
Napoleonic code favored a open market Favored free contracts Standardized Weights and
Measures Napoleon caused highways and bridges
to be built Continental System collapsed with
Napoleon
Post-Napoleon Europe
Semi-stunted by Continental System Burdened with heavy debt after war Soldiers asking for pay Found compensation in American
markets Suffered economic slump postwar
England on the Rise
Experienced technological boom Used large amounts of resources to gain
an edge Inventions spurred new industry Revived others Factories sprang up due to capital and
workforce Factories led to roads, canals, and
railways
England on the Rise II
Scotland
Coal: Used because the forests were cut downTurned into Coke coal
Iron:New material of a new ageendorsed by the ironmaster John Wilkinson
Tech. of the Revolution
Coal on Right, Coke on Left
Originated as a pump for mines Several prototypes were invented James Watt patents the steam engine in
1782 It was three times as efficient as the first
one invented Used gears to convert pump into engine Produced 6 to 20 horse power Solved the Industrial Era power crisis
The Steam Engine
Steam technology applied to transportation
First railroad with engine built in 1825 Won prestige by outracing a horse England built up to 7000 miles of rail by
1851 Brought about a totally new industry Required multiple improvements to be
competitive
Railroads
Railroads
Brought raw materials to factories
Manufactured Products to Cities, connected cities to country and other cities
Brought chemical fertilizers to country, helped rural workers
move to find jobs
Used in conjunction with
telegraphs
Cotton!
1760: 2.5 million pounds imported to England
1830: 366 million imported to England Textile became the largest and most
important industry Almost exclusively organized in factories Price of cotton yarn fell to 1/20 the cost in
1760 Lancashire and Manchester became
textile capitals
National Differences: Start of Nationalism
Industrialization limited to Northern Europe
Areas with little coal or iron suffered Germany largely relied on trade fairs
and peddlers Eastern Europe remained agrarian Belgium become first industrialized
nation on continent
Everyone Sucks Except England
France and Germany slowly developed railways
Frances production of raw material increased threefold
England’s production was still 7x more! International financial ties began to form National banks would give loans to one
another The banking policies of the US started a
financial crisis
State Policies
Governments began to regulate and standardize
Railroads came under heavy regulation Tariffs were imposed in most of Europe When England repealed its grain tariff, it
proved an economic shift Policy was in favor of commercialists
instead of land owners
State Policies II
Bank of England had a monopoly on money issueing
Companies were forced to register with the bank
Forced to print budget guides (prototype to quarterly reports for investors)
Corporations formed to share debts and profit
Governments in Society
Most cities had subsidized improvements (sidewalks, omnibuses, street lights)
As they became costly, gov’ts took over slowly
Most gov’t set up postal services
Government Action
Subsidized public works and maintenance
Registered patents and sponsored education
Enforced contracts and prevented strikes
English gov’t employees increased fourfold
Another factor in the rise of nationalism
1851, 1st British industrial exhibition Built a giant greenhouse pavilion in
London Architectural milestone that attracted
crowds from all over Europe Major industrial countries brought
exhibits for display
THE CRYSTAL PALACE
Russia- raw materials (iron, coal, peat) Austria- luxury hand crafts (furniture,
musical instruments, etc.) Germany/Italian States- luxury goods
(some of the things that Austria brought except worse)
WHO BROUGHT WHAT: THE SUCKY COUNTRIES
America- fossils, soap, Colt revolvers, sewing machines, McCormick’s reaper
France- envelopes, submarines, other machines
Britain- everything everyone else brought but better
WHO BROUGHT WHAT
Economic growth caused social change New social problems requiring new
social policies Rise of middle class, decline of urban
poor
Social Effects
Power of technology, transformation of cities, competition
Most dominate in production of textilesPreviously a domestic taskEfficient factories increased
productionDrove older forms of production
out of businessWorkers driven by poverty,
children & women paid less
THE FACTORY
12 hour work day Employers maintained
efficiency through whips and fines
Poor conditions, poor health Law in England in 1847
limited day to 10 hours Workers had higher income
than ½ all laborers Separated work from family
life
Factory Life
Spread of specialization among groups and institutions
○ Collecting taxes, inspecting factories & schools, welfare fell to separate agencies
Nations differentiatedBritain left public matters to local gov’t and
private groupsFrance role of national gov’t increasedGermany combined centralization w/ local
autonomy
Differentiation
No longer based on rank or orderClasses based on occupation or source of
income Aristocracy – Nobles & relatives, upper
gentry, large landlords, wealthy patrician familiesDeclined after French RevolutionStill controlled most of wealthCriticized middle class for materialism
Social Structure & Aristocracy
Majority of Europeans Tied to land and tradition
Most tenants, poor & recruited for factory work
Agriculture more commercial after feudal obligations abolished
Problem integrating agricultural economy in Industrial RevolutionIn Britain peasants largely
eliminatedIn France owned 1/3 of land
Peasants
Dependence on wages set by employers
Often earned too little to support familyWomen and children worked
Many lived in slums Semiskilled workers better paid and
better offCarpenters, tailors, etc
Workers & Artisans
Skilled workers formed labor organizationsBanned everywhere
but in EnglandAssisted workers and
aimed to increase rights
Led to organization of strikes
Early Labor Movements
Most confident and assertive Opposed to aristocratic privilege Mainly urban, connected w/ cities
Fairly prosperous, only class from which one could fall
Wanted legal & economic freedom
Middle Classes
Family basic economic unit Men often migrated to find work
Women gained larger role Factories weakened family ties Middle class characterized by stay-at-
home wivesDomestic duties, unlike poorer classesStronger family ties
FAMILY LIFE
Terrible crowding in industrial areas and dependence on employers
Poor working conditions & nutrition made tuberculosis widespread
Common for 1/3 of males to be without work10% of population in poverty in
Britain & France
LIVING CONDITIONS
Wages increased in mid-1840s & 1850sWorkers forced to buy expensive goods in
company stores Alcoholism Use of soap increased health Brick construction and iron pipes
improved housing More luxuries available to lower-middle
classSugar, tea, meat
ADVANCES
Population growth – decline in diseased, increase in food, improved sanitationBetter transportation and techniques = more
foodPotato became staple of peasant diet
UrbanizationLondon reached 1 million peopleGrowth of cities
Changing Population